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Jones A. Some experiences of professional practice and beneficial changes derived from clinical supervision by community Macmillan nurses. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2001; 10:21-30. [PMID: 11827264 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2354.2001.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This is a report of an interpretative study that explored some 'lived experiences' of community Macmillan nurses as they recounted them during clinical supervision meetings. This discussion is concerned with serious illness, dying and bereavement and the potential of supervision to reach the 'life-world' of professional practice but also potential benefits for Macmillan nurses. Accounts of professional practice are considered in the context of clinical supervision meetings. Five nurses--four women and one man--undertook individual clinical supervision with the researcher for 6 months over three phases for 18 months in total. Meetings took place in the clinics and health centres in which the Macmillan nurses worked. The method of clinical supervision drew on and developed established ideas from the health science literatures to guide supervisory practice. A synthesis of psychoanalytic ways of thinking and existential phenomenology provided a framework for understanding the data. Five salient themes were identified as emerging from accounts of professional practice: Biographical Determinants, Compulsion, Existential Concerns, Empathic Insufficiency in the Organisation of Palliative Care and Empathic Attainment in the Organisation of Palliative Care. The study shows a need to consider structuring environments that both help and protect community Macmillan nurses and fellow workers. Methods of clinical supervision should be informed by and complement lived experiences of working with serious illness, dying and bereavement.
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702
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MacLehose R, Pitt G, Will S, Jones A, Duane L, Flaherty S, Hannant D, Stuttard B, Silverwood A, Snee K, Murray V, Syed Q, House I, Bellis MA. Mercury contamination incident. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MEDICINE 2001; 23:18-22. [PMID: 11315688 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/23.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this paper is to describe an incident where elemental mercury led to widespread contamination and the exposure of 225 individuals and confirmed toxicity in 19 individuals. The paper describes the incident and difficulties found in trying to assess the risk to individuals and to identify and decontaminate the residences involved. METHODS All individuals exposed to elemental mercury in the incident were followed up for 15 months. RESULTS Thirty-seven individuals were found to be 'at risk' and 13 were symptomatic of mercury poisoning. Five patients required chelation therapy. The incident was closed when the risk of poisoning and re-exposure was minimized. CONCLUSION Incident management depends on early effective communication and collaboration between all agencies involved.
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703
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White J, Howells A, Jones A, Poole C, Lind M, Stuart N, Carmichael J. A multicentre phase II pilot study of epirubicin and Taxol (paclitaxel) in patients with advanced breast cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2001; 12:256-9. [PMID: 11005696 DOI: 10.1053/clon.2000.9168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines are the gold standard monotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Higher response rates are seen with drug combinations, especially with newer agents such as taxanes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and activity of the combination of paclitaxel and epirubicin in patients with advanced breast cancer. Thirty-five women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer (first and second relapse) were treated with epirubicin 75 mg/m2 and paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 3-weekly. Six centres recruited 35 patients; 34 (97%) were assessable for response. Eighteen had undergone prior chemotherapy, including six (17%) with anthracycline-containing regimens. Grade 4 neutropenia was found in 33 patients (94%), which was of 4 days' average duration; however, infective complications were rare, with only nine cycles (6%) complicated by neutropenic sepsis. There were two sepsis-related deaths. Symptomatic cardiotoxicity was infrequent, although a >15% decline in cardiac function was recorded in five patients (14%). Grade 3 peripheral neuropathy occurred in three patients (9%). The overall response rate was 50% (95% confidence interval 33-67) (complete response 12%; partial response 38%), with a median duration of response of 31 weeks. The median time to progression was 27 weeks, with a median survival of 48 weeks. This regimen appears to be a relatively safe, tolerable and effective treatment for advanced breast cancer. A United Kingdom Co-ordinating Committee for Cancer Research Phase III trial (AB-01) comparing this combination of epirubicin and paclitaxel with cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel completed accrual in November 1999.
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704
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Jones A, Firth JG, Jones TA. Calorimetric bead techniques for measurement of kinetic data for gas-solid heterogeneous reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/8/1/015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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705
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Jones A. Monensin toxicosis in 2 sheep flocks. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2001; 42:135-6. [PMID: 11272459 PMCID: PMC1476485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Several lambs in 2 sheep flocks died suddenly and others were examined for generalized weakness and dyspnea. Postmortem findings were suggestive of degenerative myocardial and skeletal muscle myopathy, which was confirmed histologically. Feed analysis revealed toxic levels of monensin and ionophore toxicosis was diagnosed.
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706
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Fujiyama C, Jones A, Fuggle S, Bicknell R, Cranston D, Harris AL. Human bladder cancer invasion model using rat bladder in vitro and its use to test mechanisms and therapeutic inhibitors of invasion. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:558-64. [PMID: 11207054 PMCID: PMC2363759 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As well as being a passive support, the extracellular matrix also regulates key biological processes such as invasion, differentiation and angiogenesis. We have therefore developed an in vitro model of bladder cancer invasion using de-epithelialized rat bladder to allow for tumour cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Onto this we have seeded a panel of human bladder cancer cell lines (RT4, RT112, 253J and EJ28 (T24)) representing progression from well to poorly differentiated phenotypes and used as models of superficial to invasive bladder cancer. The better differentiated cell lines RT4 and RT112 reproducibly grew as stratified epithelium, whereas poorly differentiated EJ28 cells invaded across a broad front. Invasion was not simply related to proliferation rate, measured either as doubling time on plastic (non-invasive 253J and invasive EJ28 having the same doubling time) or by Ki-67 proliferation index within the model. We used the model to test the ability of 4 compounds that interfere with tumour cell-extracellular matrix interactions (suramin, N-acetylcysteine and the urokinase plasminogen activator pathway antagonists A5 compound and monoclonal antibody Mab 3936) to inhibit invasion. At non-toxic concentrations, all significantly inhibited invasion (P< 0.05), although to varying degrees, suramin and A5 almost completely and N-acetylcysteine the least. In conclusion, this model shows the urokinase system is important for bladder invasion and can be used to investigate other mechanisms of bladder cancer invasion and also for the testing of intravesical drugs.
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707
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Miranda LP, Tao T, Jones A, Chernushevich I, Standing KG, Geczy CL, Alewood PF. Total chemical synthesis and chemotactic activity of human S100A12 (EN-RAGE). FEBS Lett 2001; 488:85-90. [PMID: 11163801 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human S100A12 (extracellular newly identified RAGE (receptor for advanced glycosylation end products)-binding protein), a new member of the S100 family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins, was chemically synthesised using highly optimised 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate/tert-butoxycarbonyl in situ neutralisation solid-phase chemistry. Circular dichroism studies indicated that CaCl(2) decreased the helical content by 27% whereas helicity was marginally increased by ZnCl(2). The propensity of S100A12 to dimerise was examined by electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry which clearly demonstrated the prevalence of the non-covalent homodimer (20890 Da). Importantly, synthetic human S100A12 in the nanomolar range was chemotactic for neutrophils and macrophages in vitro.
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708
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Jones A, Fujiyama C, Hague S, Bicknell R. Assessment of angiogenic factors the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2001; 58:119-124. [PMID: 21340853 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-137-x:119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the growth of new vessels from existing vessels. It is important in the physiological processes of wound healing, embryogenesis, and the female menstrual cycle and involved in pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy and rheumatoid arthritis (1). There is now abundant evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent. Unless tumors can stimulate angiogenesis, and generate their own blood supply, they fail to grow larger than 2-3 mm(3). The angiogenic status of a tumor can be assessed directly using immunohistochem istry on pathology sections (see Chapter 13 by Kilic and Ergün in this volume and Chapter 7 by Ranieri and Gasparini and Chapter 8 by Turner and Harris in the companion volume) to count the number of blood vessels within a given area (microvessel density [MVD]). MVD is a prognostic indicator in a number of tumors including breast, bladder, and prostate (2). Angiogenic capacity can also be measured by assaying the various stimulatory and inhibitory factors that regulate angiogenesis. This can be done either by determining the mRNA level using ribonuclease protection (see Chapter 16 by Jones et al. in the companion volume) or the protein by either Western blotting (see Chapter 11 by Blancher and Jones in the companion volume) or with one of the commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Again, levels of these factors have been shown to be prognostic in a number of tumors.
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709
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Blancher C, Jones A. SDS -PAGE and Western Blotting Techniques. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2001; 57:145-162. [PMID: 21340897 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-136-1:145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The goal of Western blotting, or more correctly, immunoblotting, is to identify with a specific antibody a particular antigen within a complex mixture of proteins that has been fractionated in a polyacrylamide gel and immobilized onto a membrane. Immunoblotting can be used to determine a number of important characteristics of protein antigens-the presence and quantity of an antigen, the relative molecular weight of the polypeptide chain, and the efficiency of extraction of the antigen.Immunoblotting occurs in six stages: (1) extraction and quantification of protein samples; (2) resolution of the protein sample in sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide denaturing gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); (3) transfer of the separated polypeptides to a membrane support; (4) blocking nonspecific binding sites on the membrane; (5) addition of antibodies; and (6) detection.Sample preparation is important for obtaining accurate separation of the proteins on the basis of molecular weight. Depending on whether an antigen is primarily extracellular, cytoplasmic, or membrane-associated different procedures might be required to prepare the sample initially. Although there are exceptions, many soluble nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins can be solubilized by lysis buffers that contain the nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) and either no salt at all or relatively high concentrations of salt (e.g., 0.5 M NaCl). However, the efficiency of extraction is often greatly affected by pH of the buffer and the presence or absence of chelating agents such EDTA.
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710
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Blumenthal DS, Jones A, McNeal M. Evaluating a community-based multiprofessional course in community health. EDUCATION FOR HEALTH (ABINGDON, ENGLAND) 2001; 14:251-255. [PMID: 14742023 DOI: 10.1080/13576280110051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate student response to a community health course taught using a small-group, interdisciplinary, service-learning approach. METHOD Student evaluations for the course were reviewed for a 3-year period (1994 1997). RESULTS Student evaluations of the course improved over the 3-year period. A total of 60-76% of the students indicated that they preferred the small-group experiential approach to lectures. Examination of evaluation scores for individual small groups showed that some small groups gave the course very high ratings, while others found the experience inadequate. CONCLUSION A course in community health is best taught in the community rather than the classroom. A small-group approach may result in a course with considerable variation among groups as a result of variations in community receptivity, faculty skills, and perhaps other factors.
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711
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Villa A, Sobacchi C, Notarangelo LD, Bozzi F, Abinun M, Abrahamsen TG, Arkwright PD, Baniyash M, Brooks EG, Conley ME, Cortes P, Duse M, Fasth A, Filipovich AM, Infante AJ, Jones A, Mazzolari E, Muller SM, Pasic S, Rechavi G, Sacco MG, Santagata S, Schroeder ML, Seger R, Strina D, Ugazio A, Väliaho J, Vihinen M, Vogler LB, Ochs H, Vezzoni P, Friedrich W, Schwarz K. V(D)J recombination defects in lymphocytes due to RAG mutations: severe immunodeficiency with a spectrum of clinical presentations. Blood 2001; 97:81-8. [PMID: 11133745 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) comprises a heterogeneous group of primary immunodeficiencies, a proportion of which are due to mutations in either of the 2 recombination activating genes (RAG)-1 and -2, which mediate the process of V(D)J recombination leading to the assembly of antigen receptor genes. It is reported here that the clinical and immunologic phenotypes of patients bearing mutations in RAGs are more diverse than previously thought and that this variability is related, in part, to the specific type of RAG mutation. By analyzing 44 such patients from 41 families, the following conclusions were reached: (1) null mutations on both alleles lead to the T-B-SCID phenotype; (2) patients manifesting classic Omenn syndrome (OS) have missense mutations on at least one allele and maintain partial V(D)J recombination activity, which accounts for the generation of residual, oligoclonal T-lymphocytes; (3) in a third group of patients, findings were only partially compatible with OS, and these patients, who also carried at least one missense mutation, may be considered to have atypical SCID/OS; (4) patients with engraftment of maternal T cells as a complication of a transplacental transfusion represented a fourth group, and these patients, who often presented with a clinical phenotype mimicking OS, may be observed regardless of the type of RAG gene mutation. Analysis of the RAG genes by direct sequencing is an effective way to provide accurate diagnosis of RAG-deficient as opposed to RAG-independent V(D)J recombination defects, a distinction that cannot be made based on clinical and immunologic phenotype alone.
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712
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Abstract
Treatment in an intensive care unit can be stressful and may leave patients with persisting psychological symptoms that impair quality of life. This postal questionnaire study of patients who had previously been treated in a general adult intensive care unit showed that 38 (47%) of 80 patients who returned fully completed questionnaires reported clinically significant anxiety and depression as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Thirty (38%) reported significant symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, of whom 12 (15%) reached levels consistent with a diagnosis of full post-traumatic stress disorder as measured by the Trauma Symptom Checklist 33 and the Impact of Events Scale. We describe a new measure of psychological distress specifically related to the experience of intensive care management, the Experience after Treatment in Intensive Care 7 Item Scale, and compare it to the other scales. The Experience after Treatment in Intensive Care 7 Item Scale shows that at least a proportion of the post-traumatic stress reported was directly attributable to the experience of treatment in the intensive care unit.
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713
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Abstract
Greater emphasis is being placed on reducing clinical variation in managing patient groups in the reformed National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom (UK). The use of a care pathway to enable greater control over the process and quality of care will be explored for patients suffering from schizophrenia. The paper addresses three main factors for the development of care pathways for people suffering from schizophrenia: predictability of the illness; nature of standardized care; and role autonomy. It is argued that the diagnosis of schizophrenia does not lend itself easily to predicting care and treatment within a care pathway framework. However, a care pathway may bring other benefits, such as standardized care and a greater control over the delivery of care. Development and implementation of hospital care pathways require extensiv research. Qualitative research directions are advocated due to the possib difficulties of conducting an experimental study.
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714
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Moore KH, Cass LM, Dallow N, Hardman TC, Jones A, Boyce M, Prince WT. Pharmacokinetics and safety of escalating single and repeat oral doses of GW420867X, a novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 56:805-11. [PMID: 11294370 DOI: 10.1007/s002280000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of escalating oral doses of GW420867X, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, was investigated in healthy male volunteers in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. METHODS Study subjects were divided into four groups of 12 subjects (10, 50, 100 and 200-mg dose groups) with eight subjects from each group receiving active treatment and the remaining four matched placebo. Subjects were initially administered a single dose of GW420867X or placebo, and following a 24- to 28-day washout period, re-exposed to the same treatment for 14 consecutive days. Safety measurements including clinical laboratory evaluations, ECG and vital signs were performed before, during and after dosing. RESULTS Geometric mean GW420867X peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) following single oral doses of 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg were 160, 608, 1,000 and 1,662 ng/ml, respectively. Time to Cmax (tmax) increased from a median value of 1 h following the 10-mg dose, to 3 h after the 200-mg dose. Geometric mean plasma areas under the curves (AUC) were 4,325 (10 mg), 17,862 (50 mg), 35,295 (100 mg) and 62,338 ng/ml per hour (200 mg) and were proportionally less than the increase in the administered dose. Apparent terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) was approximately 50 h. Following repeat dosing, accumulation ratios based on plasma AUC were: 3.0+/-1.0 (10mg), 2.6+/-0.9 (50mg), 1.8+/-0.3 (100 mg) and 1.9+/-0.8 (200 mg) after 14 days of dosing compared to the corresponding single dose. In general, oral clearance (CL/F) was greater after 14 days and greater with higher doses except for the 10-mg dose group. Steady-state CL/F was 2.2, 3.4, 4.2, and 5.1 l/h for 10, 50, 100, and 200 mg, respectively. Steady-state was generally achieved within 7-10 days. Comparison of single and repeat dosing with GW420867X showed that Cmax increased by a factor of between 1.4 to 1.8, after 14 days of daily dosing to 288 (10 mg), 1,006 (50 mg), 1,401 (100 mg) and 2,613 (200 mg) ng/ml. These increases were proportionally less than the increase in the administered dose. GW420867X was well tolerated by subjects both after single and repeated dosing. Adverse effects reported by subjects on the active drug were similar to those receiving placebo. All episodes were rated as mild to moderate in severity and resolved spontaneously without further intervention. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetic findings of this study imply that systemic exposure to GW420867X decreases with increasing dose and displays time-variant pharmacokinetics, which suggests decreased absorption and/or increased clearance of GW420867X. The relatively long plasma half-life, of approximately 50 h, makes it suitable for once-daily dosing.
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715
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Des Jarlais DC, Jones A. Small world, big challenges: a report from the 9th International Congress of the World Federation of Public Health Associations. Am J Public Health 2001; 91:14-5. [PMID: 11189810 PMCID: PMC1446506 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.91.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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716
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Jones A, Pill R, Adams S. Qualitative study of views of health professionals and patients on guided self management plans for asthma. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2000; 321:1507-10. [PMID: 11118179 PMCID: PMC27554 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.321.7275.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the views held by general practitioners, practice nurses, and patients about the role of guided self management plans in asthma care. DESIGN Qualitative study using nine focus groups that each met on two occasions. SETTING South Wales. SUBJECTS 13 asthma nurses, 11 general practitioners (six with an interest in asthma), and 32 patients (13 adults compliant with treatment, 12 non-compliant adults, and seven teenagers). RESULTS Neither health professionals nor patients were enthusiastic about guided self management plans, and, although for different reasons, almost all participants were ambivalent about their usefulness or relevance. Most professionals opposed their use. Few patients reported sustained use, and most felt that plans were largely irrelevant to them. The attitudes associated with these views reflect the gulf between the professionals' concept of the "responsible asthma patient" and the patients' view. CONCLUSIONS Attempts to introduce self guided management plans in primary care are unlikely to be successful. A more patient centred, patient negotiated plan is needed for asthma care in the community.
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717
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Wells RMG, Jones A, Clout MN, Sarre SD, Anderson RK. Seasonal Effects on the Haematology and Blood Chemistry of Wild Brushtail Possums, Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) in New Zealand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/s005800070010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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718
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Jones A. Vo2 slow component and performance in endurance sports. Br J Sports Med 2000; 34:473. [PMID: 11131242 PMCID: PMC1724253 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.34.6.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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719
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Barnes J, Kroll L, Burke O, Lee J, Jones A, Stein A. Qualitative interview study of communication between parents and children about maternal breast cancer. West J Med 2000; 173:385-9. [PMID: 11112750 PMCID: PMC1071188 DOI: 10.1136/ewjm.173.6.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine parents' communication with their children about the diagnosis and initial treatment of breast cancer in the mother. DESIGN Qualitative interview study within a cross-sectional cohort. SETTING Two breast cancer treatment centers. PARTICIPANTS 32 women with stage I or stage II breast cancer with 56 school-aged children. Main outcome measures Semistructured interview regarding timing and extent of communication with children about the diagnosis and initial treatment of the mother's illness, reasons for talking to children or withholding information, and help available and requested from health professionals. RESULTS Women were most likely to begin talking to their children after their diagnosis had been confirmed by biopsy, but a few waited until after surgery or said nothing at all. Family discussion did not necessarily include mention of cancer. There was considerable consistency in the reasons given for either discussing or not discussing the diagnosis. The most common reason for not communicating was to avoid children's questions, particularly those about death. Although most women had helpful discussion with a physician concerning their illness, few were offered help with talking to their children; many would have liked help, particularly the opportunity for both parents to talk to a health professional with experience in understanding and talking to children. CONCLUSION Parents diagnosed with cancer or other serious illnesses should be offered help to think about whether, what, and how to tell their children and about what children can understand, especially as they may well be struggling themselves to come to terms with their illness.
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720
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Lieb JD, de Solorzano CO, Rodriguez EG, Jones A, Angelo M, Lockett S, Meyer BJ. The Caenorhabditis elegans dosage compensation machinery is recruited to X chromosome DNA attached to an autosome. Genetics 2000; 156:1603-21. [PMID: 11102361 PMCID: PMC1461385 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/156.4.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dosage compensation machinery of Caenorhabditis elegans is targeted specifically to the X chromosomes of hermaphrodites (XX) to reduce gene expression by half. Many of the trans-acting factors that direct the dosage compensation machinery to X have been identified, but none of the proposed cis-acting X chromosome-recognition elements needed to recruit dosage compensation components have been found. To study X chromosome recognition, we explored whether portions of an X chromosome attached to an autosome are competent to bind the C. elegans dosage compensation complex (DCC). To do so, we devised a three-dimensional in situ approach that allowed us to compare the volume, position, and number of chromosomal and subchromosomal bodies bound by the dosage compensation machinery in wild-type XX nuclei and XX nuclei carrying an X duplication. The dosage compensation complex was found to associate with a duplication of the right 30% of X, but the complex did not spread onto adjacent autosomal sequences. This result indicates that all the information required to specify X chromosome identity resides on the duplication and that the dosage compensation machinery can localize to a site distinct from the full-length hermaphrodite X chromosome. In contrast, smaller duplications of other regions of X appeared to not support localization of the DCC. In a separate effort to identify cis-acting X recognition elements, we used a computational approach to analyze genomic DNA sequences for the presence of short motifs that were abundant and overrepresented on X relative to autosomes. Fourteen families of X-enriched motifs were discovered and mapped onto the X chromosome.
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Elrod SL, Jones A, Berka RM, Cherry JR. Cloning of the Aspergillus oryzae 5-aminolevulinate synthase gene and its use as a selectable marker. Curr Genet 2000; 38:291-8. [PMID: 11191214 DOI: 10.1007/s002940000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hemA gene encoding 5-aminolevulinate synthase, the first enzyme in heme biosynthesis, was cloned from Aspergillus oryzae and evaluated as a selectable marker for the transformation of filamentous fungi. Deletion of the hemA gene resulted in a lethal phenotype that could be rescued either by the supplementation of culture media with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or by transformation with the wild-type hemA gene, but not by growth on rich media, nor by the addition of exogenous heme. Transformation of a hemA deletion strain with the hemA gene linked to a lipase expression cassette yielded ALA prototrophs expressing lipase. The hemA gene can therefore be used as a selectable marker for the transformation of A. oryzae.
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722
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Simpsom JM, Jones A, Callaghan N, Sharland GK. Accuracy and limitations of transabdominal fetal echocardiography at 12-15 weeks of gestation in a population at high risk for congenital heart disease. BJOG 2000; 107:1492-7. [PMID: 11192105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of transabdominal fetal echocardiography at 12-15 weeks of gestation. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTING Tertiary fetal cardiology unit. SAMPLE Two hundred twenty-nine consecutive fetuses imaged at 12-15 weeks of gestation over a 45-month period. METHODS Retrospective analysis of echocardiography and autopsy reports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Accuracy of early echocardiography for the detection of abnormalities of the cardiac connections. RESULTS Diagnostic images were obtained in 226/229 fetuses (98.7%). Abnormalities of the cardiac connections were detected in 13 fetuses (5.7%) on the initial scan. Where information was available (n = 11), the echocardiographic findings were confirmed at autopsy or postnatally. In two of the 13 cases of congenital heart disease, repeat echocardiography was necessary to provide additional cardiological information. Of the 213 cases in whom a normal initial report was issued, four (1.7%) had congenital heart disease diagnosed later in pregnancy (n = 3) or postnatally (n = 1). Three of these fetuses had haemodynamically insignificant ventricular septal defects and one developed a dilated cardiomyopathy later in gestation. CONCLUSIONS Transabdominal fetal echocardiography can be performed at 12-15 weeks of gestation permitting accurate early detection of major congenital heart defects in a high risk population. Some forms of congenital heart disease, usually minor, may not be detectable at such an early stage.
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723
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Dean E, Frownfelter D, Wong WP, Al-Basarah K, Fagevik-Ols N M, Gosselink R, Habib Z, Hopkins-Rosseel D, Jones A, Lomi C, Pryor JA, Ravindra S, Skinner M. Cardiovascular/cardiopulmonary physical therapy sinks or swims in the 21st century: addressing the health care issues of our time. Phys Ther 2000; 80:1275-8. [PMID: 11087309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Walsh PT, Gentry SJ, Jones A, Jones TA. A combined infrared and electrical conductance cell for the study of adsorbed gas phase species on solids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/14/3/011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Russell-Jones R, Calonje E, Healy C, Doherty M, Butler P, Jones A, Whittaker S, Acland K. Sentinel node biopsy for malignant melanoma. Staging procedures predict outcome and identify patients needing further treatment. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2000; 321:1286-7. [PMID: 11082100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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