701
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Shipe WD, Wolkenberg SE, Williams DL, Lindsley CW. Recent advances in positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT 2005; 8:449-57. [PMID: 16022181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are the subject of intensive research due to their emerging therapeutic potential for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders such as pain, anxiety, cognition, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Positive allosteric modulators, which are small molecules capable of enhancing agonist-mediated receptor activity while possessing no intrinsic agonist activity, have recently been described for group I (mGluR1 and mGluR5), group II (mGluR2) and group III (mGluR4) mGluRs. Relative to classical mGluR agonists, these molecules offer improved selectivity versus other mGluRs and chemical tractability, and may reduce the liability of receptor desensitization.
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702
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Lindsley CW, Bogusky MJ, Leister WH, McClain RT, Robinson RG, Barnett SF, Defeo-Jones D, Ross CW, Hartman GD. Synthesis and biological evaluation of unnatural canthine alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.02.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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703
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Barnett SF, Bilodeau MT, Lindsley CW. The Akt/PKB Family of Protein Kinases: A Review of Small Molecule Inhibitors and Progress Towards Target Validation. Curr Top Med Chem 2005; 5:109-25. [PMID: 15853641 DOI: 10.2174/1568026053507714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article describes recent advances in the development and biological evaluation of small molecule inhibitors for the serine/threonine kinase Akt (PKB). Akt plays a pivotal role in cell survival and proliferation through a number of downstream effectors. Recent studies indicate that unregulated activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is a prominent feature of many human cancers and Akt is over-expressed or activated in all major cancers. Akt is considered an attractive target for chemotherapy and it has been postulated that inhibition of Akt alone or in combination with standard cancer chemotherapeutics will reduce the apoptotic threshold and preferentially kill cancer cells. The development of specific and potent inhibitors will allow this hypothesis to be tested in animals. The majority of small molecule inhibitors in this nascent field are classic ATP-competitive inhibitors which provide little specificity. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) analogs have been reported to inhibit Akt, but these inhibitors may also have specificity problems with respect to other PH domain containing proteins and may have poor bioavailability. None of the inhibitors in these classes have been reported to have Akt isozyme specificity. Recently, novel allosteric inhibitors have been reported which are pleckstrin homology domain dependent and exhibit Akt isozyme selectivity. Inhibitors in this class may have sufficient potency and specificity to test for tumor efficacy in animal models and recently reported preliminary experiments are reviewed.
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704
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Zhao Z, Leister WH, Robinson RG, Barnett SF, Defeo-Jones D, Jones RE, Hartman GD, Huff JR, Huber HE, Duggan ME, Lindsley CW. Discovery of 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyridine derivatives as potent Akt1 and Akt2 dual inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:905-9. [PMID: 15686884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This letter describes the discovery of a novel series of dual Akt1/Akt2 kinase inhibitors, based on a 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyridine scaffold. Compounds from this series, which contain a 5-tetrazolyl moiety, exhibit more potent inhibition of Akt2 than Akt1.
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705
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DeFeo-Jones D, Barnett SF, Fu S, Hancock PJ, Haskell KM, Leander KR, McAvoy E, Robinson RG, Duggan ME, Lindsley CW, Zhao Z, Huber HE, Jones RE. Tumor cell sensitization to apoptotic stimuli by selective inhibition of specific Akt/PKB family members. Mol Cancer Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.271.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that dysregulation of the Akt/PKB family of serine/threonine kinases is a prominent feature of many human cancers. The Akt/PKB family is composed of three members termed Akt1/PKBα, Akt2/PKBβ, and Akt3/PKBγ. It is currently not known to what extent there is functional overlap between these family members. We have recently identified small molecule inhibitors of Akt. These compounds have pleckstrin homology domain-dependent, isozyme-specific activity. In this report, we present data showing the relative contribution that inhibition of the different isozymes has on the apoptotic response of tumor cells to a variety of chemotherapies. In multiple cell backgrounds, maximal induction of caspase-3 activity is achieved when both Akt1 and Akt2 are inhibited. This induction is not reversed by overexpression of functionally active Akt3. The level of caspase-3 activation achieved under these conditions is equivalent to that observed with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. We also show that in different tumor cell backgrounds inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin, a downstream substrate of Akt, is less effective in inducing caspase-3 activity than inhibition of Akt1 and Akt2. This shows that the survival phenotype conferred by Akt can be mediated by signaling pathways independent of mammalian target of rapamycin in some tumor cell backgrounds. Finally, we show that inhibition of both Akt1 and Akt2 selectively sensitizes tumor cells, but not normal cells, to apoptotic stimuli.
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706
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Lindsley CW, Zhao Z, Leister WH, Robinson RG, Barnett SF, Defeo-Jones D, Jones RE, Hartman GD, Huff JR, Huber HE, Duggan ME. Allosteric Akt (PKB) inhibitors: discovery and SAR of isozyme selective inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:761-4. [PMID: 15664853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This letter describes the development of two series of potent and selective allosteric Akt kinase inhibitors that display an unprecedented level of selectivity for either Akt1, Akt2 or both Akt1/Akt2. An iterative analog library synthesis approach quickly provided a highly selective Akt1/Akt2 inhibitor that induces apoptosis in tumor cells and inhibits Akt phosphorylation in vivo.
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707
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DeFeo-Jones D, Barnett SF, Fu S, Hancock PJ, Haskell KM, Leander KR, McAvoy E, Robinson RG, Duggan ME, Lindsley CW, Zhao Z, Huber HE, Jones RE. Tumor cell sensitization to apoptotic stimuli by selective inhibition of specific Akt/PKB family members. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:271-9. [PMID: 15713898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that dysregulation of the Akt/PKB family of serine/threonine kinases is a prominent feature of many human cancers. The Akt/PKB family is composed of three members termed Akt1/PKBalpha, Akt2/PKBbeta, and Akt3/PKBgamma. It is currently not known to what extent there is functional overlap between these family members. We have recently identified small molecule inhibitors of Akt. These compounds have pleckstrin homology domain-dependent, isozyme-specific activity. In this report, we present data showing the relative contribution that inhibition of the different isozymes has on the apoptotic response of tumor cells to a variety of chemotherapies. In multiple cell backgrounds, maximal induction of caspase-3 activity is achieved when both Akt1 and Akt2 are inhibited. This induction is not reversed by overexpression of functionally active Akt3. The level of caspase-3 activation achieved under these conditions is equivalent to that observed with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. We also show that in different tumor cell backgrounds inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin, a downstream substrate of Akt, is less effective in inducing caspase-3 activity than inhibition of Akt1 and Akt2. This shows that the survival phenotype conferred by Akt can be mediated by signaling pathways independent of mammalian target of rapamycin in some tumor cell backgrounds. Finally, we show that inhibition of both Akt1 and Akt2 selectively sensitizes tumor cells, but not normal cells, to apoptotic stimuli.
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708
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Lindsley CW, Wisnoski DD, Leister WH, O'brien JA, Lemaire W, Williams DL, Burno M, Sur C, Kinney GG, Pettibone DJ, Tiller PR, Smith S, Duggan ME, Hartman GD, Conn PJ, Huff JR. Discovery of positive allosteric modulators for the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 from a series of N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H- pyrazol-5-yl)benzamides that potentiate receptor function in vivo. J Med Chem 2005; 47:5825-8. [PMID: 15537338 DOI: 10.1021/jm049400d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the discovery of the first centrally active allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5). Appropriately substituted N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamides (e.g., 8) have been identified as a novel class of potent positive allosteric modulators of mGluR5 that potentiate the response to glutamate. An iterative analogue library synthesis approach provided potentiators with excellent potency and selectivity for mGluR5 (vs mGluRs 1-4, 7, 8). Compound 8q demonstrated in vivo proof of concept in an animal behavior model where known antipsychotics are active, supporting the development of new antipsychotics based on the NMDA hypofunction model for schizophrenia.
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709
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Kinney GG, O'Brien JA, Lemaire W, Burno M, Bickel DJ, Clements MK, Chen TB, Wisnoski DD, Lindsley CW, Tiller PR, Smith S, Jacobson MA, Sur C, Duggan ME, Pettibone DJ, Conn PJ, Williams DL. A novel selective positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 has in vivo activity and antipsychotic-like effects in rat behavioral models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 313:199-206. [PMID: 15608073 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.079244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) is a potent and selective positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5). In Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human mGluR5, CDPPB potentiated threshold responses to glutamate in fluorometric Ca2+ assays more than 7-fold with an EC50 value of approximately 27 nM. At 1 microM, CDPPB shifted mGluR5 agonist concentration response curves to glutamate, quisqualate, and (R,S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine 3- to 9-fold to the left. At higher concentrations, CDPPB exhibited agonist-like activity on cells expressing mGluR5. No other activity was observed on any other mGluR or cell type at concentrations up to 10 microM. CDPPB had no effect on [3H]quisqualate binding to mGluR5 but did compete for binding of [3H]methoxyPEPy, an analog of the selective mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator MPEP. CDPPB was found to be brain penetrant and reversed amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and amphetamine-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition in rats, two models sensitive to antipsychotic drug treatment. These results demonstrate that positive allosteric modulation of mGluR5 produces behavioral effects, suggesting that such modulation serves as a viable approach to increasing mGluR5 activity in vivo. These effects are consistent with the hypothesis that allosteric potentiation of mGluR5 may provide a novel approach for development of antipsychotic agents.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Amino Acids/pharmacology
- Amphetamine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amphetamine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Benzamides/pharmacokinetics
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/antagonists & inhibitors
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology
- Cricetinae
- Dogs
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Female
- Haplorhini
- Humans
- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
- In Vitro Techniques
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Models, Statistical
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Phthalimides/pharmacokinetics
- Phthalimides/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/drug effects
- Reflex, Startle/drug effects
- Xanthenes/pharmacology
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710
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711
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Wolkenberg SE, Wisnoski DD, Leister WH, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Lindsley CW. Efficient Synthesis of Imidazoles from Aldehydes and 1,2-Diketones Using Microwave Irradiation. Org Lett 2004; 6:1453-6. [PMID: 15101765 DOI: 10.1021/ol049682b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A simple, high-yielding synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles from 1,2-diketones and aldehydes in the presence of NH(4)OAc is described. Under microwave irradiation, alkyl-, aryl-, and heteroaryl-substituted imidazoles are formed in yields ranging from 80 to 99%. Short syntheses of lepidiline B and trifenagrel illustrate the utility of this approach.
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712
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Williams DL, O'Brien JA, Lemaire W, Chen TB, Chang RSL, Jacobson MA, Ha SN, Wisnoski DD, Lindsley CW, Sur C, Duggan ME, Pettibone DJ, Conn PJ. Difference in mGluR5 interaction between positive allosteric modulators from two structural classes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1003:481-4. [PMID: 14684495 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1300.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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713
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O'Brien JA, Lemaire W, Wittmann M, Jacobson MA, Ha SN, Wisnoski DD, Lindsley CW, Schaffhauser HJ, Rowe B, Sur C, Duggan ME, Pettibone DJ, Conn PJ, Williams DL. A novel selective allosteric modulator potentiates the activity of native metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 in rat forebrain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:568-77. [PMID: 14747613 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.061747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that N-[4-chloro-2-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]phenyl]-2-hydroxybenzamide (CPPHA), is a potent and selective positive allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5). CPPHA alone had no agonist activity and acted as a selective positive allosteric modulator of human and rat mGluR5. CPPHA potentiated threshold responses to glutamate in fluorometric Ca(2+) assays 7- to 8-fold with EC(50) values in the 400 to 800 nM range, and at 10 microM shifted mGluR5 agonist concentration-response curves to glutamate, quisqualate, and (R,S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) 4- to 7-fold to the left. The only effect of CPPHA on other mGluRs was weak inhibition of mGluR4 and 8. Neither CPPHA nor the previously described 3,3'-difluorobenzaldazine (DFB) affected [(3)H]quisqualate binding to mGluR5, but although DFB partially competed for [(3)H]3-methoxy-5-(2-pyridinylethynyl)pyridine binding, CPPHA had no effect on the binding of this 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine analog to mGluR5. Although the binding sites for the two classes of allosteric modulators seem to be different, these different allosteric sites can modulate functionally and mechanistically similar allosteric effects. In electrophysiological studies of brain slice preparations, it had been previously shown that activation of mGluR5 receptors by agonists increased N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor currents in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices. We found that CPPHA (10 microM) potentiated NMDA receptor currents in hippocampal slices induced by threshold levels of DHPG, whereas having no effect on these currents by itself. Similarly, 10 microM CPPHA also potentiated mGluR5-mediated DHPG-induced depolarization of rat subthalamic nucleus neurons. These results demonstrate that allosteric potentiation of mGluR5 increases the effect of threshold agonist concentrations in native systems.
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714
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O'Brien JA, Lemaire W, Chen TB, Chang RSL, Jacobson MA, Ha SN, Lindsley CW, Schaffhauser HJ, Sur C, Pettibone DJ, Conn PJ, Williams DL. A family of highly selective allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 64:731-40. [PMID: 12920211 DOI: 10.1124/mol.64.3.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a family of highly selective allosteric modulators of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5). This family of closely related analogs exerts a spectrum of effects, ranging from positive to negative allosteric modulation, and includes compounds that do not themselves modulate mGluR5 agonist activity but rather prevent other family members from exerting their modulatory effects. 3,3'-Difluorobenzaldazine (DFB) has no agonist activity, but it acts as a selective positive allosteric modulator of human and rat mGluR5. DFB potentiates threshold responses to glutamate, quisqualate, and 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine in fluorometric Ca2+ assays 3- to 6-fold, with EC50 values in the 2 to 5 microM range, and at 10 to 100 microM, it shifts mGluR5 agonist concentration-response curves approximately 2-fold to the left. The analog 3,3'-dimethoxybenzaldazine (DMeOB) acts as a negative modulator of mGluR5 agonist activity, with an IC50 of 3 microM in fluorometric Ca2+ assays, whereas the analog 3,3'-dichlorobenzaldazine (DCB) does not exert any apparent modulatory effect on mGluR5 activity. However, DCB seems to act as an allosteric ligand with neutral cooperativity, preventing the positive allosteric modulation of mGluRs by DFB as well as the negative modulatory effect of DMeOB. None of these analogs affects binding of [3H]quisqualate to the orthosteric (glutamate) site, but they do inhibit [3H]3-methoxy-5-(2-pyridinylethynyl)pyridine binding to the site for 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine, a previously identified negative allosteric modulator. With the use of these compounds, we provide evidence that allosteric sites on GPCRs can respond to closely related ligands with a range of pharmacological activities from positive to negative modulation as well as to neutral competition of this modulation.
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715
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Lindsley CW, Wisnoski DD, Wang Y, Leister WH, Zhao Z. A ‘one pot’ microwave-mediated synthesis of the basic canthine skeleton: expedient access to unnatural β-carboline alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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716
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Lindsley CW, Zhao Z, Leister WH, Strauss KA. Fluorous-tethered amine bases for organic and parallel synthesis: scope and limitations. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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717
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Lindsley CW, Zhao Z, Leister WH. Fluorous-tethered quenching reagents for solution phase parallel synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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718
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Tallarico JA, Depew KM, Pelish HE, Westwood NJ, Lindsley CW, Shair MD, Schreiber SL, Foley MA. An alkylsilyl-tethered, high-capacity solid support amenable to diversity-oriented synthesis for one-bead, one-stock solution chemical genetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 3:312-8. [PMID: 11350255 DOI: 10.1021/cc000107i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and use of an alkylsilyl-tethered large (500-600 microm) polystyrene resin (1) are disclosed. An optimized Suzuki coupling of bromine-functionalized polystyrene and a silicon-functionalized alkylborane generates the silicon-substituted polystyrene 1 in large scale (>100 g). Resin loading is accomplished by activation as the silyl triflate, which can accommodate even sterically encumbered secondary alcohols and phenols. Treatment with HF/pyridine for linker cleavage is mild, efficient, and amenable to an automated, large-scale distribution system. This platform delivers, minimally, 50 nmol of each small molecule derived from a diversity-oriented, split-pool synthesis on a per bead basis for use in both forward and reverse chemical genetic assays. This technology satisfies many requirements of a one bead-one stock solution approach to chemical genetics.
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719
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Lindsley CW, Chan LK, Goess BC, Joseph R, Shair MD. Solid-Phase Biomimetic Synthesis of Carpanone-like Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja993674m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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720
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Lipshutz BH, Wood MR, Lindsley CW. Spectroscopic experiments on the role of Me3SiCl in lithium dialkylamide deprotonations. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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721
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Lindsley CW, DiMare M. Metal alkoxide catalysis of catecholborane and borane reductions. Mechanistic studies. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)77048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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