Identification of a novel HLA class I allele, HLA-Cw*0134 in a Chinese individual

The new human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I allele, HLA-Cw*0134, was identified in a Chinese individual. HLA-Cw*0134 differs from HLA-Cw*0124 by one nonsynonymous nucleotide change at the codon 99 (TGT to TAT) and one synonymous nucleotide change at the codon 127 (AAC to AAT).

Structure of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Palinurus versicolor in a tetragonal crystal form

D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (holo-GAPDH) from Palinurus versicolor was crystallized in a novel crystal form by the method of sitting-drop vapor diffusion. The crystals have space group P42(1)2, cell parameters a=15.49 nm, c=8.03 nm and two subunits per asymmetric unit. The crystal structure at 0.34 nm was determined by the molecular replacement method. The final model has crystallographic R(free) and R factors of 0.274 and 0.262, and r.m.s. deviations of 0.002 nm for bond lengths and 2.33 degrees for bond angles. The two subunits in asymmetric unit are similar to each other not only in the three-dimensional structure, but also in average temperature factors. This result demonstrates that the obvious difference in average temperature factors for the different subunits in C2 crystal form reported previously may be attributed to the different crystallographic environments of the subunits. This further supports that holo-GAPDH has a good 222 molecular symmetry.

Preparation and characterization of poly(styrenemethacrylic acid)/MCM-41 core/shell nanocomposite microspheres

In acidic media, poly(styrene-methacrylic acid)/MCM-41 [P(St- MAA)/MCM-41] core/shell microspheres were synthesized using monodisperse P(St-MAA) particles contained in soap-free emulsion and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as co-templates by adsorption self-assembly method. The effects of P(St- MAA) composition on shell structure of the core/shell microspheres were investigated. The morphology and composition of P(St-MAA)/MCM-41 microspheres were characterized by TEM, XRD and FTIR. The results show that the ordering degree of MCM-41 shells increased as the molar ratio of MAA to St increased. When n(MAA)/n(St) is 0.2, the average diameter and the shell thickness of nanocomposite microspheres are about 170 nm and 20 nm, respectively.

Effect of curcumin on the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells

This study was designed to investigate the effect of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) on the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). The cell line HSC-T6 (1.25 x 10(5) cells/mL) was incubated with curcumin and HSC proliferation was detected by a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium colorimetric assay. HSC apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, transmission electron microscope and agarose gel electrophoresis. HSC proliferation was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner (10.6 to 63.5%) after incubation with 20-100 microM curcumin, compared with a control group. At 20, 40, and 60 microM, after 24 h of incubation, curcumin was associated with a significant increase in the number of HSC in the G2/M phase, and a significant decrease in cell numbers in the S phase (P < 0.05). At these concentrations, curcumin was also associated with an increase in the apoptosis index of 15.3 +/- 1.9, 26.7 +/- 2.8, and 37.6 +/- 4.4%, respectively, compared to control (1.9 +/- 0.6%, P < 0.01). At 40 microM, the curcumin-induced apoptosis index at 12, 24, 36, and 48 h of incubation was 12.0 +/- 2.4, 26.7 +/- 3.5, 33.8 +/- 1.8, and 49.3 +/- 1.6%, respectively (P < 0.01). In conclusion, curcumin inhibits the in vitro proliferation of HSCs in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and also induces apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The in vivo effect of curcumin on HSCs requires further investigation.

Hypermethylation of HLA class I gene is associated with HLA class I down-regulation in human gastric cancer

Down-regulated expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules in many human cancers facilitate tumor cells to escape from immune attack. Promoter hypermethylation, one of the major epigenetic changes responsible for gene inactivation, plays an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. This study evaluated the expression and alteration of HLA class I molecules in a panel of 47 pairs of gastric cancer specimens with their noncancerous parts from Chinese patients by using immunohistochemistry (IHC), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis. The expression of HLA-A, HLA-B/C and HLA class I complex was lost or down-regulated in human gastric cancer. The percentage of promoter methylation was 59.57% for HLA-A gene, 55.32% for HLA-B gene and 48.94% for HLA-C gene in gastric cancer, while it was decreased to 19.15%, 12.77% and 6.38% in the adjacent nontumor tissues, respectively. Seven of 10 (70%), 4 of 6 (66.7%) and 3 of 4 (75%) gastric cancer specimens with promoter hypermethylation at HLA-A, -B and -C loci showed transcriptional inactivation of HLA-A,-B and -C genes, suggesting an association between promoter hypermethylation and down-regulated expression of HLA class I molecules. Human gastric cancer cell line BGC-823 showed HLA-A down-regulation with promoter methylation of HLA-A locus. Treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor restored the expression of HLA-A mRNA and surface HLA-A complex. Thus, our results showed that promoter hypermethylation might be one of the mechanisms that lead to HLA class I antigen down-regulation in gastric cancer.

Efficiency and spectrum enhancement in a tapered free-electron laser amplifier

We report the first experimental characterization of efficiency and spectrum enhancement in a laser-seeded free-electron laser using a tapered undulator. Output and spectra in the fundamental and third harmonic were measured versus distance for uniform and tapered undulators. With a 4% field taper over 3 m, a 300% (50%) increase in the fundamental (third harmonic) output was observed. A significant improvement in the spectra with the elimination of sidebands was observed using a tapered undulator. The experiment is in good agreement with predictions using the MEDUSA simulation code.

Regulation of miRNA expression by Src and contact normalization: effects on nonanchored cell growth and migration

Transformation by the Src tyrosine kinase (Src) promotes nonanchored cell growth and migration. However, nontransformed cells can force Src-transformed cells to assume a normal morphology and phenotype by a process called 'contact normalization'. It has become clear that microRNA (miRNA) can affect tumorigenesis by targeting gene products that direct cell growth and migration. However, the roles of miRNA in Src transformation or contact normalization have not yet been reported. We examined the expression of 95 miRNAs and found 9 of them significantly affected by Src. In this study, we report that miR-218 and miR-224 were most significantly induced by Src, but not affected by contact normalization. In contrast, miR-126 was most significantly suppressed by Src and was induced by contact normalization in transformed cells. Mir-126 targets Crk, a component of the focal adhesion network that participates in events required for tumor cell migration. Accordingly, we show that miR-126 expression correlates inversely with Crk levels, motility and the invasive potential of human mammary carcinoma cells. Moreover, we show that miR-224 expression promotes nonanchored growth of nontransformed cells. These data reveal novel insights into how Src regulates miRNA expression to promote hallmarks of tumor cell growth and invasion, and how nontransformed cells can affect miRNA expression in adjacent tumor cells to inhibit this process.

Lifespan influences on mid- to late-life cognitive function in a Chinese birth cohort

OBJECTIVE

To explore factors throughout the lifespan that influence cognition in midlife to late life.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective birth cohort study of 2,062 individuals born during 1921-1954 in Beijing, China. In 2003-2005, birth records were abstracted, and participants then 50-82 years old received standardized examinations for health, cognition, and socio-environmental measures. Using cumulative logit models, we assessed adjusted relative effects of prenatal, early life, and adult factors on mid- to late-life cognition.

RESULTS

Most prenatal factors were associated with mid- to late-life cognition in the unadjusted models. However, when childhood and adult factors were sequentially added to the models, the impact of prenatal factors showed successive attenuation in effect size, and became insignificant. In contrast, early life factors remained significantly associated with mid- to late-life cognition even after full life-course adjustments. Specifically, those whose fathers had laborer vs professional occupations (odds ratio [OR](Laborer) 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25-2.42) had poorer cognitive outcomes, while individuals who drank milk daily in childhood (OR 0.65; 95% CI: 0.54-0.80), had more years of education (OR(10-12 years) 0.60; 95% CI: 0.45-0.81; OR(13+ yrs) 0.29; 95% CI: 0.23-0.38), and were taller adults (OR(height > or = SD) 0.65; 95% CI: 0.49-0.86) had better cognition. The high prenatal risk infants had similar patterns with a trend toward a stronger association between cognition and socioenvironmental factors.

CONCLUSION

Mid- to late-life cognition is influenced by factors over the entire lifespan with the greatest impact coming from early life exposures. Nutrition, education, social, and family environment in early life may have a long-term impact on cognition in developing countries.

Multidrug resistant gram-negative bacilli as predominant bacteremic pathogens in liver transplant recipients

BACKGROUND

Bacteremias, which are often caused by gram-negative bacteria, are the most frequently occurring infectious complications after liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study was to investigate bacteremic incidence, pathogenic spectrum, risk factors for bacteremia due to multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacilli, and its impact on mortality after LT.

METHODS

A cohort analysis of prospectively recorded data was done in 475 LT recipients, who were divided into 3 categories: cases with gram-negative bacteremia, cases with MDR gram-negative bacteremia, and cases without bacteremia as controls.

RESULTS

In 475 LT recipients, there were 152 (32.0%) patients with gram-negative bacillus bacteremia in the first 6 months after LT. Out of 152 patients, there were 225 bacteremic episodes, which accounted for 69.7% in a total 323 bacteremic episodes. A total of 190 bacteremic episodes were caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Enterobacteriaceae, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter baumanii, all of which were the most frequent gram-negative isolates in this study, and MDR bacilli constituted 56.3%. The most frequent source was intravascular catheters. There were 70 patients with MDR gram-negative bacillus bacteremia. Independent risk factors for bacteremia due to MDR gram-negative bacillus were as follows: post-LT abdominal infection (P<0.0001, odds ratio [OR] 0.066, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.019-0.226), post-LT reoperative episodes (P<0.0001, OR 10.505, 95% CI 3.055-36.121), or one or more episodes of acute rejection (P=0.042, OR 4.457, 95% CI 0.988-20.103). In the first 6 months after LT, MDR gram-negative bacillus bacteremia-related mortality was significantly higher than that due to antibiotic-susceptible bacillus (38.6% vs. 14.6%, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Post-LT bacteremias caused by MDR gram-negative bacilli are common, and associated with allograft acute rejection, post-LT reoperation, and abdominal infection. The increasing isolates of MDR gram-negative bacilli pose a great challenge for clinical treatment.