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Amador MHB, McDonald MD. The serotonin transporter and nonselective transporters are involved in peripheral serotonin uptake in the Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R1154-R1166. [PMID: 30303705 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00137.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, circulating serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is sequestered by platelets via the 5-HT transporter (SERT) to prevent unintended signaling by this potent signaling molecule. Teleost fish appear to lack a similar circulating storage pool, although the diverse effects of 5-HT in teleosts likely necessitate an alternative method of tight regulation, such as uptake by peripheral tissues. Here, a 5-HT radiotracer was used to explore the 5-HT uptake capacity of peripheral tissues in the Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, and to elucidate the primary excretion routes of 5-HT and its metabolites. Pharmacological inhibition of SERT and other transporters enabled assessment of the SERT dependence of peripheral 5-HT uptake and excretion. The results indicated a rapid and substantial uptake of 5-HT by the heart atrium, heart ventricle, and gill that was at least partly SERT dependent. The results also supported the presence of a partial blood-brain barrier that prevented rapid changes in brain 5-HT content despite fluctuating plasma 5-HT concentrations. The renal pathway appeared to be the dominant excretory route for 5-HT and its metabolites over shorter time frames (up to ~30 min), but hepatic excretion was substantial over several hours. SERT inhibition ultimately reduced the excretion of 5-HT and its metabolites by urinary, biliary, and/or intestinal pathways. In addition, branchial excretion of 5-HT and its metabolites could not be ruled out. In summary, this study reveals that the toadfish heart and gill play active roles in regulating circulating 5-HT and yields important insights into the control of peripheral 5-HT in this teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly H B Amador
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
| | - M Danielle McDonald
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
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Ren S, Chen M, Yang L, Liu Z. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Dopamine Neurons in the Cerebellum of the New-Hatching Yangtze Alligator Alligator sinensis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:861-868. [PMID: 30315688 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nissl and immunohistochemical staining methods were used to morphologically characterize the cerebellum of the new-hatching Yangtze alligator, and the cerebellar histological structure and the distribution profiles of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) neurons were investigated for the first time. The results of cerebellar histological structure showed that there was a ventriculus cerebelli in the cerebellum of the new-hatching Yangtze alligator, the surface of the cerebellar cortex was not very smooth, the cerebellar cortex could be divided into four layers, which include external granular layer, molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer and granular layer, Purkinje cell layer could be characterized specially by multilayer, two cerebellar nuclei termed as the nucleus cerebelli lateralis and the nucleus cerebelli medialis were found in the cerebellar medulla. 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) and dopamine-immunoreactive (DA-IR) neurons and fibers distributed widely in the cerebellum. The structures and profiles of 5-HT-IR and DA-IR neurons and fibers in the cerebellum of the Yangtze alligator were similar to that reported in other reptiles, but also had some specific features. The abundance of 5-HT and DA in cerebellum suggested that these highly conserved neurotransmitters would play important roles in motor control. Anat Rec, 302:861-868, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Ren
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources in Anhui, Foundation of Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
| | - Meifang Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources in Anhui, Foundation of Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
| | - Lanying Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources in Anhui, Foundation of Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
| | - Zaiqun Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources in Anhui, Foundation of Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
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103
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Dai X, Zhou LY, Cao JX, Zhang YQ, Yang FP, Wang AQ, Wei WH, Yang SM. Effect of Group Density on the Physiology and Aggressive Behavior of Male Brandt's Voles ( Lasiopodomys brandtii). Zool Stud 2018; 57:e35. [PMID: 31966275 PMCID: PMC6517712 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2018.57-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Xin Dai, Ling-Yu Zhou, Jie-Xia Cao, Yan-Qi Zhang, Feng-Ping Yang, Ai-Qin Wang, Wan-Hong Wei, and Sheng-Mei Yang (2018) Population density is well known to influence animal physiology and behavior. How population density affects the aggressive behavior of the Brandt's vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) is, however, little known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of group density on physiologic responses and aggressive behavior of male Brandt's voles and their potential underlying neuro-mechanism. The results show that increasing group density led to elevated serum corticosterone levels and increased spleen weight; it also induced more male-male aggressive behavior. By contrast, it had a negative effect on body growth and the weight of testis and epididymis. Aging also increased male-male aggressive behavior. Higher density reduced mRNA levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5HT1A), and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5HT1B) in the amygdala and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Our results demonstrate that higher population density can intensify stress reactions and male-male aggressive behavior in Brandt's voles at the price of inhibiting body growth and reproduction. Serotonergic systems in the amygdala and the DRN may take part in the control of aggressive behavior among male voles. Our results provide novel insights into the neuro-mechanism underlying the influence of population density on aggressive behavior in Brandt's vole, and imply that aggressive behavior may play an important role in the population fluctuation of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dai
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou
University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Yu Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou
University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Xia Cao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou
University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qi Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou
University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Ping Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou
University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Qin Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou
University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Hong Wei
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou
University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Mei Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou
University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
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Yao Y, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Tang L, An Z, Lu L, Yao S. Job-related burnout is associated with brain neurotransmitter levels in Chinese medical workers: a cross-sectional study. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:3226-3235. [PMID: 29808771 PMCID: PMC6134687 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518775003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between job burnout and neurotransmitter levels in medical staff. Methods A total of 80 medical staff were enrolled in the study and assessed for occupational burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey (MBI-GS). The levels of neurotransmitters in the cerebral cortex were analysed using an SP03 encephalofluctuograph. Results The levels of the neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), glutamate, acetylcholine (Achl) and dopamine (DA) were significantly lower in men than in women. Medical staff with lower levels of exhaustion had significantly higher neurotransmitter levels than staff with moderate levels of exhaustion. However, there was no significant interaction between sex and exhaustion on neurotransmitter levels. Canonical correlation showed that exhaustion was positively associated with 5-HT and DA, but negatively associated with NE and Achl, regardless of age and sex. Conclusion Neurotransmitter levels in the cerebral cortex were associated with job-related burnout in medical staff. The findings suggest that long-term job-related burnout may lead to behavioural and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcheng Yao
- 1 Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Xinxiang, China.,2 Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- 1 Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- 3 Zhengzhou Hospital for Occupational Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lixia Tang
- 3 Zhengzhou Hospital for Occupational Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen An
- 1 Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lingeng Lu
- 4 Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, USA.,5 Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- 1 Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Xinxiang, China
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Obara Y, Machida T, Takano Y, Shiga S, Suzuki A, Hamaue N, Iizuka K, Hirafuji M. Cisplatin increases the number of enterochromaffin cells containing substance P in rat intestine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:847-858. [PMID: 29766222 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that cisplatin potentiated ileal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism and caused pathological changes with an inflammatory response in the delayed phase (72 h) after administration to rats. In the present study, we further investigated the time-dependent effect of cisplatin on ileal 5-HT metabolism and the effects of combining cisplatin and anti-inflammatory drugs on ileal tryptophan hydroxylase expression and pica (the consumption of non-nutritive materials such as kaolin). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was significantly increased at 24 h after cisplatin (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) administration. Cisplatin significantly increased ileal 5-HT content at 48 h after administration and the number of L-tryptophan hydroxylase-expressing cells (i.e., enterochromaffin cells) in the ileal mucosa within 24 h after administration. It also caused a significant increase in the number of substance P-expressing cells. Immunohistochemical double staining revealed that most of the enterochromaffin cells contained substance P. Neither daily treatment with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, subcutaneous) nor meloxicam (3 mg/kg, subcutaneous), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, affected the cisplatin-induced increase in the number of enterochromaffin cells. Meloxicam had no effect on cisplatin-induced pica, although dexamethasone almost completely inhibited it. This study demonstrated that cisplatin administration induced COX-2 expression and increased the number of enterochromaffin cells in the acute phase (i.e., within 24 h). However, COX-2 expression in the ileum seems to have little direct effect on the mechanism of the induction of enterochromaffin cells and pica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Obara
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Takuji Machida
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Yuho Takano
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Saki Shiga
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Asami Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Naoya Hamaue
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Kenji Iizuka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hirafuji
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
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106
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Liu ZY, Xie WB, Ru Li M, Teng N, Liang X, Zhang ZQ. Effects of polaprezinc on gastric mucosal damage and neurotransmitters in a rat model of chemotherapy-induced vomiting. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:2436-2444. [PMID: 29756515 PMCID: PMC6023045 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518771492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of polaprezinc (PZ) on cyclophosphamide (CTX)- or cisplatin (DDP)-induced gastric mucosal injury and on a rat model of neurotransmitter-mediated vomiting. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were divided at random into Control, CTX, DDP, PZ+CTX, and PZ+DDP groups. After 20 days, brain tissues and sera were analyzed for the levels of dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of stomach, intestine, and brain tissues were examined using light microscopy. Results The levels of DA, 5-HT, and NF-κB in brain and serum samples of rats treated with CTX or DDP were significantly increased compared with those of rats in the Control group. There was a significant decrease in these values in the PZ group. Moreover, PZ reduced damage to brain tissue caused by CTX or DDP. Conclusions PZ decreased the levels of DA, 5-HT, and NF-κB in blood and brain tissues caused by CTX or DDP and reduced the chemotherapy-induced damage to the small intestine, stomach, and brain. These findings can be translated to the clinic to enhance the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang Liu
- 1 National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Bo Xie
- 2 Jilin Province Broadwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Ming Ru Li
- 2 Jilin Province Broadwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Nan Teng
- 2 Jilin Province Broadwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- 1 National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Qiang Zhang
- 1 National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Shiba T, Yokota A, Gamoh S, Tanaka-Totoribe N, Kuwabara M, Nakamura E, Hayase T, Nakamura K, Yamamoto R. Diabetes Mellitus Induces Hyperreactivity of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-Induced Constriction in Human Internal Thoracic Artery and Is Associated with Increase in the Membrane Protein Level of 5-HT 2A Receptor. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:820-823. [PMID: 29434166 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies indicate that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) released from activated platelets in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) induces 5-HT2A receptor-mediated graft spasm. We previously reported that 5-HT-induced constriction of human endothelium-denuded saphenous vein (SV) was significantly augmented in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) than in patients without DM (non-DM), without changes in the levels of the membrane-bound 5-HT2A receptor of their smooth muscle cells. Although the internal thoracic artery (ITA) is the key graft conduit for CABG, the effect of DM on the ITA graft spasm is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of DM on 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction and the level of membrane-bound 5-HT2A receptor in ITA grafts. 5-HT-induced constriction of the isolated human endothelial-denuded ITA was significantly higher in patients with DM than in patients without DM. In addition, the level of the 5-HT2A receptor in the membrane fraction of human ITA smooth muscle cells was significantly higher in patients with DM than in those without DM. These results demonstrate that DM is a risk factor for CABG in both venous and arterial conduits, and that it differentially affects the level of the membrane-bound 5-HT2A receptor in the venous and arterial smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Shiba
- First Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare
| | - Atsuko Yokota
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Miyazaki Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki University
| | - Shuji Gamoh
- First Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare
| | - Naoko Tanaka-Totoribe
- First Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare
| | | | - Eisaku Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki University
| | - Takahiro Hayase
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Miyazaki Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital
| | | | - Ryuichi Yamamoto
- First Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare
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Lee SY, Li S, Sian K, Mejia R. Metastatic small bowel neuroendocrine tumour and carcinoid heart disease with aortic valve involvement-a rare occurrence. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:E103-E107. [PMID: 29607196 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.01.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoid disease of the heart commonly affects the tricuspid and pulmonary valves causing thickening and stenosis. However in very rare circumstances, the disease can also involve the mitral and aortic valves. We present an unusual case of left sided carcinoid heart disease (CHD) and triple valve replacement without the presence of proven intra-cardiac shunts or bronchial carcinoid lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siang Yuin Lee
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sheila Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karan Sian
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rosauro Mejia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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Kaizuka T, Hayashi T. Comparative analysis of palmitoylation sites of serotonin (5-HT) receptors in vertebrates. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2018; 38:75-85. [PMID: 30106257 PMCID: PMC7292288 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the vertebrate central nervous system as well as in the periphery, serotonin, also known as 5‐hydroxytriptamine (5‐HT), function as a neurotransmitter, a hormone or a mitogen. 5‐HT receptors are composed of 7 family 5‐HT1‐7 receptors, comprising of 14 structurally and pharmacologically distinct 5‐HT receptor subtypes. Previous experimental studies showed that mouse 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT4 and 5‐HT7 receptors are regulated by post‐translational protein palmitoylation, the reversible attachment of the lipid palmitate to intracellular cysteine residues. Here, we further focused on conservation of these putative palmitoylation sites found in vertebrate 5‐HT receptor orthologs. Methods and Results Analysis of sequence databases provides evidence to suggest that palmitoylation sites of these 5‐HT receptors have been extremely conserved in the vertebrate lineages from jawless fishes to human, in spite of the divergence of 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT4 or 5‐HT7 receptors full‐length amino acid sequences during molecular evolution. Conclusion Our findings mean that dynamic regulation of 5‐HT receptors made possible by reversible post‐translational protein palmitoylation may be critical for refined functions of the vertebrate serotonergic systems. Reversible post‐translational protein palmitoylation sites of 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT4, and 5‐HT7 receptors have been extremely conserved in the vertebrate lineages against mutation pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Kaizuka
- Section of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Section of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
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Vazhayil BK, Rajagopal SS, Thangavelu T, Swaminathan G, Rajagounder E. Neuroprotective effect of Clerodendrum serratum Linn. leaves extract against acute restraint stress-induced depressive-like behavioral symptoms in adult mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2017; 49:34-41. [PMID: 28458420 PMCID: PMC5351235 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.201028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to study the effect of ethanol extract of Clerodendrum serratum (EECS) Linn. on acute restraint stress (ARS)-induced depressive-like behavior and biochemical alterations in mice. Materials and Methods: Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of EECS were analytically characterized for the flavonoid components, apigenin (API) and luteolin (LUT) by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Behavioral tests, namely, forced-swim test and tail-suspension test were performed for assessing antidepressant-like effect and anxiolytic activity in mice. Oxidative stress parameters and biochemical alterations in mice brain tissue were also performed. Statistical Analysis: Expression of data was done as mean ± standard error of mean. The normally distributed data were subjected to two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study showed that flavonoids, API and LUT were present in ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of EECS, which significantly reversed ARS-induced depressive-like behavior without affecting locomotion. EECS also attenuated oxidative damage caused by ARS. The level of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine was also significantly restored by pretreatment with EECS for 7 days. Conclusion: EECS significantly alleviated ARS-induced depressive-like behavior without affecting locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babitha K Vazhayil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. K. K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmuga Sundaram Rajagopal
- Department of Pharmacology, J. K. K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thiyagarajan Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, J. K. K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gomathi Swaminathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. K. K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elavarasi Rajagounder
- Department of Pharmacology, J. K. K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), characterized by chronically recurring abdominal pain or discomfort and altered bowel habits and/or stool characters, is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder. Patients with IBS are more likely to suffer from coexistent mood disorder, depression, anxiety, and neuroticism. The mechanism of IBS may be related to such factors as abnormal intestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, disorder of brain-gut interactions, psychological disturbance and so on. General measures, such as antispasmodics, prokinetic agents, antidiarrheal agents, cathartic agent, and antidepressants are essential for effective IBS management. Anticholinergic agents and monoamine neurotransmitters, including their receptor agonists and antagonists, are all effective treatments for IBS; low-dose therapy can not only mitigate gastrointestinal motility, spasmolysis, and analgesia but also reduce psychological symptoms including anxiety and depression and improve the quality of life. Further larger-scale, long-term, randomized controlled clinical trials are warranted to confirm therapeutic effect and safety of neurotransmitter mediators for treatment of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhou Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology Ⅱ, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ying-Xia Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology Ⅱ, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
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Jing FC, Zhang J, Feng C, Nian YY, Wang JH, Hu H, Yang BD, Sun XM, Zheng JY, Yin XR. Potential rat model of anxiety-like gastric hypersensitivity induced by sequential stress. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7594-7608. [PMID: 29204059 PMCID: PMC5698252 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i42.7594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To establish a rat model of anxiety-like gastric hypersensitivity (GHS) of functional dyspepsia (FD) induced by novel sequential stress.
METHODS Animal pups were divided into two groups from postnatal day 2: controls and the sequential-stress-treated. The sequential-stress-treated group received maternal separation and acute gastric irritation early in life and restraint stress in adulthood; controls were reared undisturbed with their mothers. Rats in both groups were followed to adulthood (8 wk) at which point the anxiety-like behaviors and visceromotor responses to gastric distention (20-100 mmHg) and gastric emptying were tested. Meanwhile, alterations in several anxiety-related brain-stomach modulators including 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nesfatin-1 in the rat hippocampus, plasma and gastric fundus and the 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) in the hippocampal CA1 subfield and the mucosa of the gastric fundus were examined.
RESULTS Sequential-stress-treated rats simultaneously demonstrated anxiety-like behaviors and GHS in dose-dependent manner compared with the control group. Although rats in both groups consumed similar amount of solid food, the rate of gastric emptying was lower in the sequential-stress-treated rats than in the control group. Sequential stress significantly decreased the levels of 5-HT (51.91 ± 1.88 vs 104.21 ± 2.88, P < 0.01), GABA (2.38 ± 0.16 vs 5.01 ± 0.13, P < 0.01) and BDNF (304.40 ± 10.16 vs 698.17 ± 27.91, P < 0.01) in the hippocampus but increased the content of nesfatin-1 (1961.38 ± 56.89 vs 1007.50 ± 33.05, P < 0.01) in the same site; significantly decreased the levels of 5-HT (47.82 ± 2.29 vs 89.45 ± 2.61, P < 0.01) and BDNF (257.05 ± 12.89 vs 536.71 ± 20.73, P < 0.01) in the plasma but increased the content of nesfatin-1 in it (1391.75 ± 42.77 vs 737.88 ± 33.15, P < 0.01); significantly decreased the levels of 5-HT (41.15 ± 1.81 vs 89.17 ± 2.31, P < 0.01) and BDNF (226.49 ± 12.10 vs 551.36 ± 16.47, P < 0.01) in the gastric fundus but increased the content of nesfatin-1 in the same site (1534.75 ± 38.52 vs 819.63 ± 38.04, P < 0.01). The expressions of 5-HT1AR in the hippocampal CA1 subfield and the mucosa of the gastric fundus were down-regulated measured by IHC (Optical Density value: Hippocampus 15253.50 ± 760.35 vs 21149.75 ± 834.13; gastric fundus 15865.25 ± 521.24 vs 23865.75 ± 1868.60; P < 0.05, respectively) and WB (0.38 ± 0.01 vs 0.57 ± 0.03, P < 0.01) (n = 8 in each group).
CONCLUSION Sequential stress could induce a potential rat model of anxiety-like GHS of FD, which could be used to research the mechanisms of this intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chun Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Baoji People’s Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Yan’an University, Baoji 721000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Nian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jin-Hai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
- Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bao-De Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
- Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
- Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jian-Yun Zheng
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710077, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital Affiliated to the Medical School of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
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Wang CT, Mao CJ, Zhang XQ, Zhang CY, Lv DJ, Yang YP, Xia KL, Liu JY, Wang F, Hu LF, Xu GY, Liu CF. Attenuation of hyperalgesia responses via the modulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine signalings in the rostral ventromedial medulla and spinal cord in a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806917691525. [PMID: 28326933 PMCID: PMC5302179 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917691525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although pain is one of the most distressing non-motor symptoms among patients with Parkinson's disease, the underlying mechanisms of pain in Parkinson's disease remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and spinal cord in pain sensory abnormalities in a 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rat model of Parkinson's disease. Methods The rotarod test was used to evaluate motor function. The radiant heat test and von Frey test were conducted to evaluate thermal and mechanical pain thresholds, respectively. Immunofluorescence was used to examine 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons and fibers in the rostral ventromedial medulla and spinal cord. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels. Results The duration of running time on the rotarod test was significantly reduced in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Nociceptive thresholds of both mechanical and heat pain were reduced compared to sham-treated rats. In addition to the degeneration of cell bodies and fibers in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the number of rostral ventromedial medulla 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons and 5-hydroxytryptamine fibers in the spinal dorsal horn was dramatically decreased. 5-Hydroxytryptamine concentrations in both the rostral ventromedial medulla and spinal cord were reduced. Furthermore, the administration of citalopram significantly attenuated pain hypersensitivity. Interestingly, Intra-rostral ventromedial medulla (intra-RVM) microinjection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine partially reversed pain hypersensitivity of 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Conclusions These results suggest that the decreased 5-hydroxytryptamine contents in the rostral ventromedial medulla and spinal dorsal horn may be involved in hyperalgesia in the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Tao Wang
- 1 Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,2 Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Mao
- 1 Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cai-Yi Zhang
- 1 Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dong-Jun Lv
- 1 Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,2 Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- 1 Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai-Lin Xia
- 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fen Wang
- 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Fang Hu
- 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- 1 Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,2 Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Zhou J, Wang F, Xu C, Zhou Z, Zhang W. The histone demethylase JMJD2A regulates the expression of BDNF and mediates neuropathic pain in mice. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:155-62. [PMID: 29054488 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
JMJD2A is a JmjC histone demethylase that catalyzes the demethylation of di- and trimethylated Lys9 and Lys36 in histone H3 (H3K9me2/3 and H3K36me2/3). The role of spinal JMJD2A-dependent histone demethylation in nociception hypersensitivity development remains elusive. Here we reported that the JMJD2A responded to neuropathic pain and participated in the maintenance of neuropathic pain. The mRNA and protein levels of Jmjd2a were significantly increased in the neurons of mouse undergoing neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve chronic constrictive injury (CCI) or unilateral spared nerve injury (SNI). Jmjd2a responded to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and promoted the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), which is a protein critically involved in neuropathic pain. JMJD2A bound to the promoter of Bdnf and demethylated H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 at Bdnf promoter to promote the expression of Bdnf. Finally, we showed that JMJD2A promoted the expression of Bdnf during neuropathic pain and neuron-specific knockout of Jmjd2a blocked the hypersensitivity of mice undergoing chronic neuropathic pain induced by CCI and SNI. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that up-regulation of JMJD2A promotes neuropathic pain and it may serve as a promising target for treatment of chronic neuropathic pain.
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Singh PB, Tiwary P, Singh SK, Pandey R, Roy A, Kar AG, Basu S, Tiwari AK. Effect of Agonist and Antagonist on the In Vitro Contractility of Inflamed Vermiform Appendix. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:CC25-CC30. [PMID: 28764154 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/28804.10124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Appendicitis poses a great health problem worldwide. Previous studies demonstrated structural damage to neuronal network and interstitial cell of Cajal in appendicitis. Above observations suggest for the alterations in appendicular motility/contractility in appendicitis. But the mechanisms involved in mediating the contractility in inflamed vermiform appendix is not known till date. AIM The present in vitro study was performed to find out the mechanisms responsible for contractility in the inflamed human vermiform appendix. MATERIALS AND METHODS Contractions of the longitudinal muscle strips of inflamed appendix were recorded in vitro at 37±0.5°C. Control contractions were recorded for 30 min after an initial tension of 0.5 gram. Initially dose-response experiments of agonists (acetylcholine, serotonin and histamine) were performed separately and the dose that produced maximum contraction was determined with each agonist. This maximal dose of agonist was used to elicit contractions in next series of experiments before and after pre-treatment with appropriate antagonists like atropine, ondansetron (5-HT3 antagonist) and chlorpheniramine maleate respectively. RESULTS Acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin (5-HT) elicited maximum amplitude of contraction at 10 µM and 1 µM concentration respectively. These contractions were significantly blocked by prior exposure of muscle strips with atropine (100 µM) and ondansetron (10 µM). Histamine produced very low amplitude of contractions in comparison to ACh or 5-HT and did not exhibit dose-response relations. The histamine induced contractions were blocked by H1 antagonist chlorpheniramine maleate (100 µM). CONCLUSION The observations suggested that the contractility of longitudinal muscle strips of inflamed vermiform appendix in human beings was predominantly mediated by muscarinic and serotonergic (5-HT3) mechanisms, whereas, histaminergic mechanisms played a minor role in mediating the contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phani Bhushan Singh
- Senior Resident, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpakant Tiwary
- Colonel, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Military Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev K Singh
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ratna Pandey
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Atanu Roy
- Senior Resident, Department of Physiology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Amrita Ghosh Kar
- Professor, Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Somprakas Basu
- Professor, Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Tiwari
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] plays an important role in many organs as a peripheral hormone. Most of the body’s serotonin is circulating in the bloodstream, transported by blood platelets and is released upon activation. The functions of serotonin are mediated by members of the 7 known mammalian serotonin receptor subtype classes (15 known subtypes), the serotonin transporter (SERT), and by covalent binding of serotonin to different effector proteins. Almost all immune cells express at least one serotonin component. In recent years, a number of immunoregulatory functions have been ascribed to serotonin. In monocytes/macrophages, for example, serotonin modulates cytokine secretion. Serotonin can also suppress the release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β by activating serotonin receptors. Furthermore, neutrophil recruitment and T-cell activation can both be mediated by serotonin. These are only a few of the known immunomodulatory roles of serotonin that we will review here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Herr
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Jiang SH, Li J, Dong FY, Yang JY, Liu DJ, Yang XM, Wang YH, Yang MW, Fu XL, Zhang XX, Li Q, Pang XF, Huo YM, Li J, Zhang JF, Lee HY, Lee SJ, Qin WX, Gu JR, Sun YW, Zhang ZG. Increased Serotonin Signaling Contributes to the Warburg Effect in Pancreatic Tumor Cells Under Metabolic Stress and Promotes Growth of Pancreatic Tumors in Mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:277-291.e19. [PMID: 28315323 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Desmoplasia and poor vascularity cause severe metabolic stress in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). Serotonin (5-HT) is a neuromodulator with neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine functions that contributes to tumorigenesis. We investigated the role of 5-HT signaling in the growth of pancreatic tumors. METHODS We measured the levels of proteins that regulate 5-HT synthesis, packaging, and degradation in pancreata from KrasG12D/+/Trp53R172H/+/Pdx1-Cre (KPC) mice, which develop pancreatic tumors, as well as in PDAC cell lines and a tissue microarray containing 81 human PDAC samples. We also analyzed expression levels of proteins involved in 5-HT synthesis and degradation by immunohistochemical analysis of a tissue microarray containing 311 PDAC specimens, and associated expression levels with patient survival times. 5-HT level in 14 matched PDAC tumor and non-tumor tissues were analyzed by ELISA. PDAC cell lines were incubated with 5-HT and cell survival and apoptosis were measured. We analyzed expression of the 5-HT receptor HTR2B in PDAC cells and effects of receptor agonists and antagonists, as well as HTR2B knockdown with small hairpin RNAs. We determined the effects of 5-HT stimulation on gene expression profiles of BxPC-3 cells. Regulation of glycolysis by 5-HT signaling via HTR2B was assessed by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation analyses, as well as by determination of the extracellular acid ratio, glucose consumption, and lactate production. Primary PDACs, with or without exposure to SB204741 (a selective antagonist of HTR2B), were grown as xenograft tumors in mice, and SB204741 was administered to tumor-bearing KPC mice; tumor growth and metabolism were measured by imaging analyses. RESULTS In immunohistochemical analysis of a tissue microarray of PDAC specimens, increased levels of TPH1 and decreased level of MAOA, which regulate 5-HT synthesis and degradation, correlated with stage and size of PDACs and shorter patient survival time. We found levels of 5-HT to be increased in human PDAC tissues compared with non-tumor pancreatic tissues, and PDAC cell lines compared with non-transformed pancreatic cells. Incubation of PDAC cell lines with 5-HT increased proliferation and prevented apoptosis. Agonists of HTR2B, but not other 5-HT receptors, promoted proliferation and prevented apoptosis of PDAC cells. Knockdown of HTR2B in PDAC cells, or incubation of cells with HTR2B inhibitors, reduced their growth as xenograft tumors in mice. We observed a correlation between 5-HT and glycolytic flux in PDAC cells; levels of metabolic enzymes involved in glycolysis, the phosphate pentose pathway, and hexosamine biosynthesis pathway increased significantly in PDAC cells following 5-HT stimulation. 5-HT stimulation led to formation of the HTR2B-LYN-p85 complex, which increased PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling and the Warburg effect by increasing protein levels of MYC and HIF1A. Administration of SB204741 to KPC mice slowed growth and metabolism of established pancreatic tumors and prolonged survival of the mice. CONCLUSIONS Human PDACs have increased levels of 5-HT, and PDAC cells increase expression of its receptor, HTR2B. These increases allow for tumor glycolysis under metabolic stress and promote growth of pancreatic tumors and PDAC xenograft tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Yuan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian-Yu Yang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - De-Jun Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Min-Wei Yang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Liang Fu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Feng Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Miao Huo
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Feng Zhang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Nature Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen-Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ren Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Wei Sun
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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Fukudo S, Matsueda K, Haruma K, Ida M, Hayase H, Akiho H, Nakashima Y, Hongo M. Optimal dose of ramosetron in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea: A randomized, placebo-controlled phase II study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 28205278 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that 5 μg of ramosetron, a serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT)-3 receptor antagonist, is only effective in male patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with diarrhea (IBS-D). We hypothesized that either dose 1.25, 2.5, or 5 μg of ramosetron would be effective in female patients with IBS-D. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II dose-finding exploratory trial included 409 female outpatients with IBS-D treated in Japan. They were administered oral placebo (n=102), or 1.25 μg (n=104), 2.5 μg (n=104), or 5 μg (n=99) of ramosetron once daily for 12 weeks after a 1-week baseline period. The primary endpoint was monthly responder rates of global improvement of IBS symptoms in the first month. Secondary endpoints included global improvement in the other months, abdominal pain/discomfort, weekly mean changes in the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), and IBS-QOL. KEY RESULTS Middle dose (2.5 μg) of ramosetron significantly improved abdominal pain/discomfort at second month (62.5%, P=.002), third month (60.6%, P=.005), and the last evaluation point (63.5%, P=.002) and weekly BSFS (P<.05) except at Week 8, 11, and 12 than placebo. IBS-QOL did not change. Ramosetron induced more constipation than placebo. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The trial suggested that 2.5 μg of ramosetron is the most effective and least harmful option for treating female patients with IBS-D (Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT01274000).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fukudo
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - K Haruma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kawasaki Medical University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - M Ida
- Japan-Asia Planning & Administration, Medical & Development, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Hayase
- Japan-Asia Clinical Development 2, Development, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Akiho
- Japan-Asia Clinical Development 2, Development, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Nakashima
- Japan-Asia Data Science, Development, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Hongo
- Kurokawa Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
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Yang QQ, Xu XP, Zhao HS, Cai YQ, Pan YM, Xu JQ, Ma QX, Chen ML. Differential expression of microRNA related to irritable bowel syndrome in a rabbit model. J Dig Dis 2017; 18:330-342. [PMID: 28509372 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the differential expressions of microRNAs (miRNAs) in white hair black eye (WHBE) rabbits of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS WHBE and Japanese white (JW) rabbits were divided into the control and IBS groups. The IBS groups were exposed to moist heat, stress and low-dose laxatives. Their intestinal movement rate was measured. Blood samples were taken to detect serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine levels and colonic tissues were obtained to detect c-Fos expression by immunohistochemistry. Deep sequencing technology was used to obtain miRNA sequences in the intestinal tissues of WHBE and JW control groups. Expressions of 14 miRNAs were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction in both the control and the IBS model groups. RESULTS Serum 5-HT and dopamine levels, intestinal movement rate and c-Fos expressions in the WHBE rabbits were significantly increased compared with the control group. MiR-29a-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-221-3p, let-7f-5p, let-7g-5p, let-7i-5p, miR-192-5p, miR-126-3p and miR-130b-3p expressions in WHBE IBS rabbits at day 14 were significantly higher than those in the control group while miR-324-3p and miR-132 were downregulated. MiR-29a-3p, let-7i-5p, miR-192-5p and miR-126-3p were significantly upregulated only in JW IBS rabbits at day 14 and miR-324-3p, miR-223-3p and miR-132 were significantly downregulated in JW IBS group. MiR-24-3p, miR-221-3p, let-7f-5p, miR-126-3p and miR-130b-3p expressions in WHBE IBS rabbits were higher than that in JW IBS rabbits. CONCLUSIONS Twelve miRNAs were differentially expressed in IBS rabbits. Five are specific in WHBE IBS rabbits, suggesting that they play a role in increased sensitivity to IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qin Yang
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao Ping Xu
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong Shu Zhao
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Qin Cai
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yong Ming Pan
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Qin Xu
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Quan Xin Ma
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Min Li Chen
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Diwakarla S, Fothergill LJ, Fakhry J, Callaghan B, Furness JB. Heterogeneity of enterochromaffin cells within the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:10.1111/nmo.13101. [PMID: 28485065 PMCID: PMC5475263 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterochromaffin cells were the first endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract to be chemically distinguished, almost 150 years ago. It is now known that the chromaffin reaction of these cells was due to their content of the reactive aromatic amine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, also known as serotonin). They have commonly been thought to be a special class of gut endocrine cells (enteroendocrine cells) that are distinct from the enteroendocrine cells that contain peptide hormones. The study by Martin et al. in the current issue of this journal reveals that the patterns of expression of nutrient receptors and transporters differ considerably between chromaffin cells of the mouse duodenum and colon. However, even within regions, chromaffin cells differ; in the duodenum there are chromaffin cells that contain both secretin and 5-HT, cholecystokinin and 5-HT, and all three of secretin, cholecystokinin, and 5-HT. Moreover, the ratios of these different cell types differ substantially between species. And, in terms of function, 5-HT has many roles, including in appetite, motility, fluid secretion, release of digestive enzymes and bone metabolism. The paper thus emphasizes the need to define the many different classes of enterochromaffin cells and relate this to their roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Diwakarla
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Josiane Fakhry
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Wu YY, Jiang YL, He XF, Zhao XY, Shao XM, Sun J, Shen Z, Shou SY, Wei JJ, Ye JY, Yan SS, Fang JQ. 5-HT in the dorsal raphe nucleus is involved in the effects of 100-Hz electro-acupuncture on the pain-depression dyad in rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:107-114. [PMID: 28672900 PMCID: PMC5488474 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pain-depression dyad is becoming widespread in the clinic and is attracting increasing attention. A previous study by our group found that 100-Hz electro-acupuncture (EA), but not 2-, 50- and 2/100-Hz EA, was effective against the reserpine-induced pain-depression dyad. This finding is in contrast to the fact that low-frequency EA is commonly used to treat supraspinal-originating diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the effects of 100-Hz EA on the pain-depression dyad. Repeated reserpine injection was found to induce allodynia and depressive behaviors in rats. It decreased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels and immunoreactive expressions in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). 100-Hz EA alleviated the pain-depression dyad and upregulated 5-HT in the DRN of reserpine-injected rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of para-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of 5-HT resynthesis, suppressed the upregulation of 5-HT in the DRN by 100-Hz EA and partially counteracted the analgesic and anti-depressive effects of 100-Hz EA. The present study was the first to demonstrate that 5-HT in the DRN is involved in mediating the analgesic and anti-depressive effects of 100-Hz EA on the pain-depression dyad. This finding provided a scientific basis for high-frequency EA as a potential treatment for the pain-depression dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fen He
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Shanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xian, Shanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Zui Shen
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Shen-Yun Shou
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Jun Wei
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Yu Ye
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Si-Si Yan
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Qiao Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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122
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Abstract
The naming of 5-HT receptors has been challenging, especially in the early days when the concept of multiple receptors for a single neurotransmitter was considered to be unrealistic at best. Yet pharmacological (rank orders of potency in functional or biochemical settings) and transductional evidence (second messengers, electrophysiology) clearly indicated the existence of receptor families and subfamilies. The genetic revolution, with the cloning and study of recombinantly expressed receptors, and eventually the cloning of the human and other genomes have made such reservations obsolete. Further, the advances in structural biology, with the possibility to study ligand receptor complexes as crystals and/or using solution NMR have largely confirmed the complexity of the 5-HT receptor system: species differences, existence of multiple receptor active and inactive states, splice variants, editing variants, complexes with multiple interacting proteins and transduction bias. This is a short personal history on how advances in biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, imaging and medicinal chemistry, some lateral thinking, and a decent amount of collaborative spirit within the 5-HT receptor nomenclature committee and the 5-HT community at large have helped to better define the pharmacology of the 5-HT receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and
Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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123
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Abstract
All brain regions contain fibers that store and release 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin). Since these fibers often do not have well-defined trajectories, most studies have focused on their overall densities, a measure that can be associated with local 5-HT tone in heathy and diseased brains. However, the observed fiber densities are the consequence of the behavior of single fibers. Evidence is presented as to why understanding single-fiber trajectories is important for basic and clinical neuroscience. In particular, serotonergic fibers can be viewed as natural, readily detectable stochastic probes that sample the invisible microarchitecture of brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skirmantas Janušonis
- Department of Psychological
and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9660, United States
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Fakhry J, Wang J, Martins P, Fothergill LJ, Hunne B, Prieur P, Shulkes A, Rehfeld JF, Callaghan B, Furness JB. Distribution and characterisation of CCK containing enteroendocrine cells of the mouse small and large intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:245-253. [PMID: 28413860 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is general consensus that enteroendocrine cells, EEC, containing the enteric hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) are confined to the small intestine and predominate in the duodenum and jejunum. Contrary to this, EEC that express the gene for CCK have been isolated from the large intestine of the mouse and there is evidence for EEC that contain CCK-like immunoreactivity in the mouse colon. However, the human and rat colons do not contain CCK cells. In the current study, we use immunohistochemistry to investigate CCK peptide presence in endocrine cells, PCR to identify cck transcripts and chromatography to identify CCK peptide forms in the mouse small and large intestine. The colocalisation of CCK and 5-HT, hormones that have been hypothesised to derive from cells of different lineages, was also investigated. CCK immunoreactivity was found in EEC throughout the mouse small and large intestine but positive cells were rare in the rectum. Immunoreactive EEC were as common in the caecum and proximal colon as they were in the duodenum and jejunum. CCK gene transcripts were found in the mucosa throughout the intestine but mRNA for gastrin, a hormone that can bind some anti-CCK antibodies, was only found in the stomach and duodenum. Characterisation of CCK peptides of the colon by extraction, chromatographic separation and radioimmunoassay revealed bioactive amidated and sulphated forms, including CCK-8 and CCK-33. Moreover, CCK-containing EEC in the large intestine bound antibodies that target the biologically active sulfated form. Colocalisation of CCK and 5-HT occurred in a proportion of EEC throughout the small intestine and in the caecum but these hormones were not colocalised in the colon, where there was CCK and PYY colocalisation. It is concluded that authentic, biologically active, CCK occurs in EEC of the mouse large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Fakhry
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joyce Wang
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Patricia Martins
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Pierre Prieur
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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125
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Liu Z, Wu Y, Liu T, Li R, Xie M. Serotonin regulation in a rat model of exercise-induced chronic fatigue. Neuroscience 2017; 349:27-34. [PMID: 28257895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanisms underlying regulation of the serotonin system in the rat brain during exercise-induced chronic fatigue. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was performed to measure serum tryptophan of the fatigued rat. HPLC was conducted to measure 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In addition, 5-HT1A receptor and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) mRNA expressions were measured at the same locations using real-time PCR. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in the serum tryptophan level in rats with exercise-induced chronic fatigue. Moreover, increased 5-HT and decreased 5-HIAA levels were detected in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, and these alterations were significant. Further, 5-HTT expression was significantly increased and 5-HT1A receptor expression was significantly decreased. These results indicate that the 5-HT system plays an important role in the development of exercise-induced chronic fatigue. The 5-HT levels in different parts of the brain increased simultaneously, especially at synapses, and these alterations were associated with changes in 5-HTT and 5-HT1A mRNA expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yanjue Wu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta 30329, USA
| | - Tianhui Liu
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ren Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Minhao Xie
- China Institute of Sports Medicine, 2-A Sidegate, Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100061, China
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126
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Zhang HQ, Zhang Y, Liu L, Li JL, Lu YC, Yu YY, Li H, Zhang T, Chan YS, Zhang FX, Li YQ. Neural connection supporting endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine influence on autonomic activity in medial prefrontal cortex. Auton Neurosci 2016; 203:25-32. [PMID: 27932203 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) enhances or suppresses signal outflow to influence emotion-/cognition-based function performances and, putatively, the autonomic responses. The top-down cortical modulation of autonomic activities may be mediated in part through projections from mPFC to brain stem dorsal vagal complex (DVC). The abundant and heterogeneous densities of 5-HT fibers across laminae in mPFC suggest serotonergic innervation of mPFC-DVC projection neurons whereby endogenous 5-HT acts to regulate autonomic activities. The present study investigated the physical relationship between 5-HT fibers and the autonomic-related mPFC neurons by examining and quantitatively characterizing the 5-HT contacts upon retrogradely labeled mPFC-DVC projection neurons in pre- and infra-limbic cortices (PrL/IL) with light and electron microscopies combined with immunocytochemistry for 5-HT and presynaptic vesicle marker synaptophysin (Syn). 5-HT varicosities were observed, under confocal microscope, to form close appositions to or, at ultrastructural level, to form asymmetric axodendritic synapses and direct contacts upon the target neurons. About 16% of the entire 5-HTergic varicosities in lamina V of PrL/IL coexpressed Syn and about 24% of the peri-somatic 5-HTergic swellings demonstrated Syn-immunoreactivity (ir), suggesting a low frequency of putative synapses estimated at optical level. Ultrastructurally, examination of thirty-seven serially cut thin 5-HT boutons closely apposed to the labeled dendritic profiles demonstrated that only three contacts presented with identifiable asymmetric, synaptic membrane specializations. These data provide the first and direct morphological evidence supporting that endogenous 5-HT may be released mainly via direct contacts bearing no identifiable synaptic specializations as well as synapses, targeting autonomic-related mPFC neurons for autonomic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopedics, Xi-Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Dermatology, Xi-Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Lian Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Cheng Lu
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Yu
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- Department of Physiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Xing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
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127
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Hartung H, Tan SKH, Temel Y, Sharp T. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modulates neuronal activity in the lateral habenula nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2698-2707. [PMID: 27623306 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is often used to treat movement disability in advanced Parkinson's disease, but some patients experience debilitating psychiatric effects including depression. Interestingly, HFS of the STN modulates 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) which are linked to depression, but the neural substrate of this effect is unknown. Here, we tested the effect of STN stimulation on neuronal activity in the lateral habenula nucleus (LHb), an important source of input to DRN 5-HT neurons and also a key controller of emotive behaviours. LHb neurons were monitored in anaesthetized rats using single-unit extracellular recording, and localization within the LHb was confirmed by juxtacellular labelling. HFS of the STN (130 Hz) evoked rapid changes in the firing rate of the majority of LHb neurons tested (38 of 68). Some LHb neurons (19/68) were activated by HFS, while others (19/68), distinguished by a higher basal firing rate, were inhibited. LHb neurons that project to the DRN were identified using antidromic activation and collision testing (n = 17 neurons). Some of these neurons (5/17) were also excited by HFS of the STN, and others (7/17) were inhibited although this was only a statistical trend. In summary, HFS of the STN modulated the firing of LHb neurons, including those projecting to the DRN. The data identify that the STN impacts on the LHb-DRN pathway. Moreover, this pathway may be part of the circuitry mediating the psychiatric effects of STN stimulation experienced by patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Hartung
- University Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Sonny K H Tan
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yasin Temel
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor Sharp
- University Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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128
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Rao SS, Najam R. Young coconut water ameliorates depression via modulation of neurotransmitters: possible mechanism of action. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1165-70. [PMID: 27377560 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the current era, plants are frequently tested for its antidepressant potential. Therefore young coconut water, a commonly used plant based beverage, was selected to explore its antidepressant potential. Rodents were selected for this study and forced swim test was conducted to explore antidepressant activity. Analysis of brain biogenic amines using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection and potentiation of noradrenaline toxicity model were also incorporated in this study to demonstrate probable antidepressant mechanism of action. Coconut water was administered orally at the dose of 4 ml/100 g. Young coconut water showed highly significant increase in struggling time (p < 0.001) in forced swim test. This suggests antidepressant effect of young coconut water. In noradrenaline toxicity model, it was observed that young coconut water is not a good adrenergic component as its lethality percentage in this test was observed 0 % unlike imipramine which showed lethality of 100 %. High performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection of rodent's brain revealed decline in 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and dopamine, with concomitant decline in metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and increase in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/5-hydroxytryptamine ratio. Findings from the exploration of monoamines suggest antidepressant effect of young coconut water via homeostasis of monoamines synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Saleem Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Main University Road, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Rahila Najam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Main University Road, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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129
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Kadihasanoglu M, Kilciler M, Kilciler G, Yucetas U, Erkan E, Karabay E, Toktas MG, Kendirci M. Relation between blood vitamin B12 levels with premature ejaculation: case-control study. Andrologia 2016; 49. [PMID: 27681841 DOI: 10.1111/and.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether vitamin B12 levels are associated with premature ejaculation (PE). A total of 109 subjects (56 PE and 53 controls) were included in this study. PE was defined as self-reported intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV criteria and those who had had an IELT of <2 min was considered as PE. All participants were evaluated using premature ejaculation diagnostic tool (PEDT), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The vitamin 12 levels were measured in all subjects. The mean age between the PE and controls was comparable (p = .084). Mean IIEF and BDI scores between the two groups did not statistically differ. The mean IELT values in the PE group were significantly lower than in the control group (p < .0001). PE patients reported significantly lower vitamin B12 levels compared with the controls (213.14 vs. 265.89 ng ml-1 ; p < .001). The ROC analysis showed a significant correlation between the diagnosis of PE and lower vitamin B12 levels. This study has demonstrated that lower vitamin B12 levels are associated with the presence of PE. This work also shows a strong correlation between vitamin B12 levels and the PEDT scores as well as the IELT values.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kadihasanoglu
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Kilciler
- Department of Urology, Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Park Bursa Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - G Kilciler
- Gulhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi, Gastroenteroloji Bilim Dalı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - U Yucetas
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Erkan
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Karabay
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M G Toktas
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Kendirci
- Department of Urology, Istinye University, Faculty of Medicine, Liv Hospital Ulus, Istanbul, Turkey
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130
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Lemes EV, Colombari E, Zoccal DB. Generation of active expiration by serotoninergic mechanisms of the ventral medulla of rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:1135-1144. [PMID: 27660299 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00470.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal expiratory activity is absent at rest and is evoked during metabolic challenges, such as hypercapnia and hypoxia, or after the exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH). The mechanisms engaged during this process are not completely understood. In this study, we hypothesized that serotonin (5-HT), acting in the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG), is able to generate active expiration. In anesthetized (urethane, ip), tracheostomized, spontaneously-breathing adult male Holtzman rats we microinjected a serotoninergic agonist and antagonist bilaterally in the RTN/pFRG and recorded diaphragm and abdominal muscle activities. We found that episodic (3 times, 5 min apart), but not single microinjections of 5-HT (1 mM) in the RTN/pFRG elicited an enduring (>30 min) increase in abdominal activity. This response was amplified in vagotomized rats and blocked by previous 5-HT receptor antagonism with ketanserin (10 µM). Episodic 5-HT microinjections in the RTN/pFRG also potentiated the inspiratory and expiratory reflex responses to hypercapnia. The antagonism of 5-HT receptors in the RTN/pFRG also prevented the long-term facilitation (>30 min) of abdominal activity in response to acute IH exposure (10 × 6-7% O for 45 s every 5 min). Our findings indicate the activation of serotoninergic mechanisms in the RTN/pFRG is sufficient to increase abdominal expiratory activity at resting conditions and required for the emergence of active expiration after IH in anesthetized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo V Lemes
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Uzun AU, Mannhardt I, Breckwoldt K, Horváth A, Johannsen SS, Hansen A, Eschenhagen T, Christ T. Ca(2+)-Currents in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Effects of Two Different Culture Conditions. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:300. [PMID: 27672365 PMCID: PMC5018497 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) provide a unique opportunity to study human heart physiology and pharmacology and repair injured hearts. The suitability of hiPSC-CM critically depends on how closely they share physiological properties of human adult cardiomyocytes (CM). Here we investigated whether a 3D engineered heart tissue (EHT) culture format favors maturation and addressed the L-type Ca2+-current (ICa,L) as a readout. The results were compared with hiPSC-CM cultured in conventional monolayer (ML) and to our previous data from human adult atrial and ventricular CM obtained when identical patch-clamp protocols were used. HiPSC-CM were two- to three-fold smaller than adult CM, independently of culture format [capacitance ML 45 ± 1 pF (n = 289), EHT 45 ± 1 pF (n = 460), atrial CM 87 ± 3 pF (n = 196), ventricular CM 126 ± 8 pF (n = 50)]. Only 88% of ML cells showed ICa, but all EHT. Basal ICa density was 10 ± 1 pA/pF (n = 207) for ML and 12 ± 1 pA/pF (n = 361) for EHT and was larger than in adult CM [7 ± 1 pA/pF (p < 0.05, n = 196) for atrial CM and 6 ± 1 pA/pF (p < 0.05, n = 47) for ventricular CM]. However, ML and EHT showed robust T-type Ca2+-currents (ICa,T). While (−)-Bay K 8644, that activates ICa,L directly, increased ICa,Lto the same extent in ML and EHT, β1- and β2-adrenoceptor effects were marginal in ML, but of same size as (−)-Bay K 8644 in EHT. The opposite was true for serotonin receptors. Sensitivity to β1 and β2-adrenoceptor stimulation was the same in EHT as in adult CM (−logEC50: 5.9 and 6.1 for norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi), respectively), but very low concentrations of Rp-8-Br-cAMPS were sufficient to suppress effects (−logEC50: 5.3 and 5.3 respectively for NE and Epi). Taken together, hiPSC-CM express ICa,L at the same density as human adult CM, but, in contrast, possess robust ICa,T. Increased effects of catecholamines in EHT suggest more efficient maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet U Uzun
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany; Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingra Mannhardt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany; Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kaja Breckwoldt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany; Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Hamburg, Germany
| | - András Horváth
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany; Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Hamburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Silke S Johannsen
- Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Hamburg, Germany; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center HamburgHamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hansen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany; Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany; Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Christ
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany; Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Hamburg, Germany
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Yokoyama C, Mawatari A, Kawasaki A, Takeda C, Onoe K, Doi H, Newman-Tancredi A, Zimmer L, Onoe H. Marmoset Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor Mapping with a Biased Agonist PET Probe 18F-F13714: Comparison with an Antagonist Tracer 18F-MPPF in Awake and Anesthetized States. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw079. [PMID: 27608810 PMCID: PMC5203761 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo mapping by positron emission tomography of the serotonin 1A receptors has been hindered by the lack of suitable agonist positron emission tomography probes. 18F-labeled F13714 is a recently developed biased agonist positron emission tomography probe that preferentially targets subpopulations of serotonin 1A receptors in their "active state," but its brain labeling pattern in nonhuman primate has not been described. In addition, a potential confound in the translatability of PET data between nonhuman animal and human arise from the use of anesthetics that may modify the binding profiles of target receptors. METHODS Positron emission tomography scans were conducted in a cohort of common marmosets (n=4) using the serotonin 1A receptor biased agonist radiotracer, 18F-F13714, compared with a well-characterized 18F-labeled antagonist radiotracer, 18F-MPPF. Experiments on each animal were performed under both consciousness and isoflurane-anesthesia conditions. RESULTS 18F-F13714 binding distribution in marmosets by positron emission tomography differs markedly from that of the 18F-MPPF. Whereas 18F-MPPF showed highest binding in hippocampus and amygdala, 18F-F13714 showed highest labeling in other regions, including insular and cingulate cortex, thalamus, raphe, caudate nucleus, and putamen. The binding potential values of 18F-F13714 were about one-third of those observed with 18F-MPPF, with marked individual- and region-specific differences under isoflurane-anesthetized vs conscious conditions. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of investigating the brain imaging of serotonin 1A receptors using agonist probes such as 18F-F13714, which may preferentially target subpopulations of serotonin 1A receptors in specific brain regions of nonhuman primate as a biased agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hirotaka Onoe
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan (Dr Yokoyama, Ms Mawatari, Mr Kawasaki, Ms Takeda, Ms K. Onoe, Dr Doi, Dr H. Onoe); Neurolixis Inc, Dana Point, CA (Dr Newman-Tancredi); Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France (Dr Zimmer).
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Moro C, Edwards L, Chess-Williams R. 5-HT 2A receptor enhancement of contractile activity of the porcine urothelium and lamina propria. Int J Urol 2016; 23:946-951. [PMID: 27531585 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) on the contractile properties of the urothelium and lamina propria, as a better understanding of bladder physiology might aid the development of new treatments. METHODS Strips of porcine urothelium and lamina propria were suspended in gassed Krebs-bicarbonate solution, and cumulative concentration-response curves for 5-HT were generated in the absence and presence of 5-HT antagonists, Nω-nitro-l-arginine and indomethacin. Responses to α-methyl-5-HT were also examined. RESULTS Strips of urothelium/lamina propria developed spontaneous contractions, whereas the addition of 5-HT induced concentration-dependent increases in contractile tone with maximal contractions of 50.43 ± 2.78 mN/g tissue weight (n = 100). Tonic contractions to 5-HT were unchanged in the presence of Nω-nitro-l-arginine (100 μmol/L) or indomethacin (5 μmol/L). Selective concentrations of the antagonists methiothepin (5-HT1&2 , 100 nmol/L), RS102221 (5-HT2C , 30 nmol/L), ondansetron (5-HT3 , 30 nmol/L), GR113808, (5-HT4 , 100 nmol/L), SB699551 (5-HT5 , 10 nmol/L), SB399885 (5-HT6 , 100 nmol/L) and SB269970 (5-HT7 , 10 nmol/L) did not influence responses to 5-HT. However, the 5-HT2A antagonist, ketanserin (30-300 μmol/L), caused a shift of the 5-HT curve yielding an affinity estimate of 7.9. CONCLUSIONS The results show that contractile responses of the urothelium/lamina propria to 5-HT are predominantly mediated through the 5-HT2A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moro
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Lily Edwards
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Russ Chess-Williams
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Yuan Y, Liu HY, Chen Y, Xiao RP, Bu P. Correlation between plasma galanin and 5-hydroxytryptamine and psychological status in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1247-1251. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i8.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the difference in plasma galanin (GAL) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in patients with different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and their relationship with patients' anxiety and depression.
METHODS: The Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to assess anxiety and depression in GERD patients and healthy controls. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze the contents of 5-HT and GAL in plasma of GERD patients and healthy controls.
RESULTS: Compared with the healthy control group, GERD patients without anxiety or depression had increased 5-HT and decreased GAL (t = 1.97, P < 0.05). Compared with reflux esophagitis (RE) patients, non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) patients had more serious anxiety and depression (F = 55.92, 36.51, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, 5-HT decreased and GAL increased in NERD patients (F = 54.53, 8.00, P < 0.05). 5-HT had a negative correlation with SAS and SDS scores (r = -0.789, -0.787, P < 0.05), but GAL had a positive correlation with SAS and SDS scores (r = 0.688, 0.705, P< 0.05). 5-HT was negatively correlated with GAL (r = -0.744, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: In GERD patients without anxiety or depression, 5-HT increases and GAL decreases. NERD patients have more serious anxiety and depression problems than RE patients, and 5-HT decreases and GAL increases. The more serious anxiety and depression problems, the lower 5-HT and the higher GAL.
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Yokota A, Gamoh S, Tanaka-Totoribe N, Shiba T, Kuwabara M, Nakamura E, Hayase T, Hisa H, Nakamura K, Yamamoto R. Angiotensin II, as well as 5-hydroxytriptamine, is a potent vasospasm inducer of saphenous vein graft for coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with diabetes mellitus. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 6:82-87. [PMID: 28955866 PMCID: PMC5600313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for adverse outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting. The bypass grafts harvested from patients with DM tend to go into spasm after their implantation into the coronary circulation. To clarify the contribution of 5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT) and angiotensin II (AngII) in the bypass graft spasm, we examined the contractile reactivity to 5-HT or AngII of isolated human endothelium-denuded saphenous vein (SV) harvested from DM and non-DM patients. The 5-HT-induced constriction of the SV was significantly augmented in the DM group than in the non-DM group, which is similar to our previous report. AngII-induced constriction of the SV was also significantly augmented in the DM group than the non-DM group. Especially in the non-DM group, the AngII-induced maximal vasoconstriction was markedly lower than the 5-HT-induced one. Meanwhile, the increasing rates of AngII-induced vasoconstriction in the DM group to the non-DM group were significantly greater than those of 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction. These results indicate that 5-HT is a potent inducer of SV graft spasm in both DM and non-DM patients, while AngII is a potent inducer of SV graft spasm only in patients with DM. Furthermore, the protein level of AngII AT1 receptor (AT1R), but not the protein level of 5-HT2A receptor, in the membrane fraction of the SV smooth muscle cells of DM patients was significantly increased as compared with that of the non-DM patients. These results suggest that the mechanism for hyperreactivity to AngII in the SV from DM patients is due to, at least in part, the increase in the amount of AT1R on membrane of the SV smooth muscle cells. The vasoconstrictive reactivity to 5-HT was significantly enhanced in the DM. The vasoconstrictive reactivity to AngII was significantly enhanced in the DM. In DM patients, the hyperreactivity to AngII was significantly higher than that to 5-HT. The protein level AT1 R in membrane fraction of saphenous vein smooth muscle was significantly increased in the DM. AngII could be a potent inducer of SV graft spasm only in DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Yokota
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Miyazaki Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital, Nobeoka 882-0835, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Shuji Gamoh
- First Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan
| | - Naoko Tanaka-Totoribe
- First Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shiba
- First Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan
| | | | - Eisaku Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hayase
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Miyazaki Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital, Nobeoka 882-0835, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hisa
- Second Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan
| | - Kunihide Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Yamamoto
- First Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan
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Abstract
Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (known also as neuropsychiatric symptoms) are essential features of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. The near universal presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia (up to 90% of cases) has brought significant attention of clinicians and experts to the field. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions are recommended for various types of neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, most pharmacological interventions for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are used off-label in many countries. Cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric symptoms can be linked to alterations in multiple neurotransmitter systems, so modification of abnormalities in specific systems may improve clinical status of patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Use of serotonergic compounds (novel particles acting on specific receptors and widely acting drugs) in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Magierski
- a Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Tomasz Sobow
- b Department of Medical Psychology , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Wang YH, Zhao SW, Chen GH, Liu YL, Hu N, Du HY, Jin JW, Yu HL, Zhang XF. Influence of Jianpi Huashi granule on 5-HT, 5-HTR3, and 5-HTR4 expression in the brain of rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:255-261. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i2.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of Jianpi Huashi granule on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3 (5-HTR3), and 5-HTR4 expression in the brain of rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS) to evaluate their implications in the therapeutic effects of Jianpi Huashi granule in improving colonic motility and visceral sensitivity.
METHODS: A rat model of D-IBS was established by intragastric administration of Sennae decoction combined with restraint stress. Rats were divided into several groups. Jianpi Huashi granule was given to rats in Jianpi Huashi groups, Pinaverium bromide tablets to rats in the positive group and water to the other groups. ELISA was used to detect the content of 5-HT in the hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry assay was used to detect the expression of 5-HT, 5-HTR3, and 5-HTR4 in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of 5-HTR3 and 5-HTR4 in the hippocampus.
RESULTS: In the D-IBS model group, the content of 5-HT in the hippocampus (327.30 ± 22.35 vs 265.33 ± 13.60) and the expression of 5-HT in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus (0.16 ± 0.02 vs 0.08 ± 0.01, 0.19 ± 0.02 vs 0.09 ± 0.01, 0.17 ± 0.02 vs 0.08 ± 0.01, P < 0.01 for all) were increased significantly compared to the normal group. The expression of 5-HTR3 (0.29 ± 0.02 vs 0.10 ± 0.01, 0.23 ±0.02 vs 0.09 ± 0.01, 0.22 ± 0.02 vs 0.09 ± 0.02, P < 0.01 for all) and 5-HTR4 (0.25 ± 0.02 vs 0.11 ± 0.01, 0.28 ± 0.02 vs 0.10 ± 0.02, 0.27 ± 0.02 vs 0.11 ± 0.02, P < 0.01 for all) in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus, and the expression of 5-HTR3 and 5-HTR4 mRNAs (0.54 ± 0.01 vs 0.17 ± 0.05, 0.73 ± 0.08 vs 0.10 ± 0.02, P < 0.01 for all) in the hippocampus were significantly increased in the model group compared with the normal group. After treatment, the contents of 5-HT in the hippocampus in the positive control group, medium- and high-dose Jianpi Huashi granule groups were significantly decreased (298.92 ± 12.16, 286.29 ± 24.43, 279.86 ± 20.05 vs 327.30 ± 22.35, P < 0.05, P < 0.01), the expression of 5-HT in the prefrontal cortex in medium- and high-dose Jianpi Huashi granule groups was significantly reduced (0.12 ± 0.01, 0.11 ± 0.01 vs 0.16 ± 0.02, P < 0.01 for both), and the expression of 5-HT in the hippocampus and hypothalamus in the positive control group, medium- and high-dose Jianpi Huashi granule groups was significantly decreased. The expression of 5-HTR3 mRNA in the hippocampus in all treatment groups was significantly reduced.
CONCLUSION: Jianpi Huashi granule regulates colonic motility and visceral sensitivity in rats with D-IBS possibly by modulating the expression of 5-HT, 5-HTR3, and 5-HTR4 in the brain.
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Greco MC, Navarra P, Tringali G. The analgesic agent tapentadol inhibits calcitonin gene-related peptide release from isolated rat brainstem via a serotonergic mechanism. Life Sci 2015; 145:161-5. [PMID: 26706288 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study we tested the hypothesis that tapentadol inhibits GGRP release from the rat brainstem through a mechanism mediated by the inhibition of NA reuptake; as a second alternative hypothesis, we investigated whether tapentadol inhibits GGRP release via the inhibition of 5-HT reuptake. METHODS Rat brainstems were explanted and incubated in short-term experiments. CGRP released in the incubation medium was taken as a marker of CGRP release from the central terminals of trigeminal neurons within the brainstem. CGRP levels were measured by radioimmunoassay under basal conditions or in the presence of tapentadol; NA, 5-HT, clonidine, yohimbine and ondansetron were used as pharmacological tools to investigate the action mechanism of tapentadol. RESULTS The α2-antagonist yohimbine failed to counteract the effects of tapentadol. Moreover, neither NA nor the α2-agonist clonidine per se inhibited K(+)-stimulated CGRP release, thereby indicating that the effects of tapentadol are nor mediated through the block of NA reuptake. Further experiments showed that 5-HT and tramadol, which inhibits both NA and 5-HT reuptake, significantly reduced K(+)-stimulated CGRP release. Moreover, the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron was able to counteract the effects of tapentadol in this system. SIGNIFICANCE This study provided pharmacological evidence that tapentadol inhibits stimulated CGRP release from the rat brainstem in vitro through a mechanism involving an increase in 5-HT levels in the system and the subsequent activation of 5-HT3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Tringali
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
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Raz L, Hunter LV, Dowling NM, Wharton W, Gleason CE, Jayachandran M, Anderson L, Asthana S, Miller VM. Differential effects of hormone therapy on serotonin, vascular function and mood in the KEEPS. Climacteric 2015; 19:49-59. [PMID: 26652904 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1116504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is modulated by sex steroid hormones and affects vascular function and mood. In the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Cognitive and Affective Ancillary Study (KEEPS-Cog), women randomized to oral conjugated equine estrogens (oCEE) showed greater benefit on affective mood states than women randomized to transdermal 17β-estradiol (tE2) or placebo (PL). This study examined the effect of these treatments on the platelet content of 5-HT as a surrogate measure of 5-HT synthesis and uptake in the brain. METHODS The following were measured in a subset (n = 79) of women enrolled in KEEPS-Cog: 5-HT by ELISA, carotid intima-medial thickness (CIMT) by ultrasound, endothelial function by reactive hyperemic index (RHI), and self-reported symptoms of affective mood states by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. RESULTS Mean platelet content of 5-HT increased by 107.0%, 84.5% and 39.8%, in tE2, oCEE and PL groups, respectively. Platelet 5-HT positively correlated with estrone in the oCEE group and with 17β- estradiol in the tE2 group. Platelet 5-HT showed a positive association with RHI, but not CIMT, in the PL and oCEE groups. Reduction in mood scores for depression-dejection and anger-hostility was associated with elevations in platelet 5-HT only in the oCEE group (r = -0.5, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Effects of oCEE compared to tE2 on RHI and mood may be related to mechanisms involving platelet, and perhaps neuronal, uptake and release of 5-HT and reflect conversion of estrone to bioavailable 17β-estradiol in platelets and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Raz
- a Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - L V Hunter
- a Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - N M Dowling
- b Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA ;,c Department of Medicine , University of Wisconsin and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Madison VA Hospital , Madison , WI , USA
| | - W Wharton
- d Department of Neurology , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - C E Gleason
- c Department of Medicine , University of Wisconsin and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Madison VA Hospital , Madison , WI , USA
| | - M Jayachandran
- a Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - L Anderson
- a Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - S Asthana
- c Department of Medicine , University of Wisconsin and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Madison VA Hospital , Madison , WI , USA
| | - V M Miller
- a Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA ;,e Department of Surgery , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
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Matsumoto-Miyai K, Yamada E, Shinzawa E, Koyama Y, Shimada S, Yoshizumi M, Kawatani M. Serotonergic regulation of distention-induced ATP release from the urothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 310:F646-F655. [PMID: 26582760 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00024.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is involved in both motor and sensory functions in hollow organs, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the involvement of 5-HT in visceral sensation of the urinary bladder remains unknown. Because distention-induced ATP release from the urothelium plays an essential role in visceral sensation of the urinary bladder, we investigated the regulation of urothelial ATP release by the 5-HT signaling system. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses of the urothelium revealed specific expression of 5-HT1D and 5-HT4 receptors. The addition of 5-HT did not affect urothelial ATP release without bladder distention, but it significantly reduced distention-induced ATP release by physiological pressure during urine storage (5 cmH2O). The inhibitory effect of 5-HT on distention-elicited ATP release was blocked by preincubation with the 5-HT1B/1D antagonist GR-127935 but not by the 5-HT4 antagonist SB-204070. mRNA encoding tryptophan hydroxylase 1 was detected in the urinary bladder by nested RT-PCR amplification, and l-tryptophan or the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram also inhibited ATP release, indicating that 5-HT is endogenously synthesized and released in the urinary bladder. The addition of GR-127935 significantly enhanced the distention-elicited ATP release 40 min after distention, whereas SB-204070 reduced the amount of ATP release 20 min after distention. These data suggest that 5-HT4 facilitates the distention-induced ATP release at an earlier stage, whereas 5-HT1D inhibits ATP release at a later stage. The net inhibitory effect of 5-HT indicates that the action of 5-HT on the urothelium is mediated predominantly by 5-HT1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Matsumoto-Miyai
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan; .,Kansai University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Hyogo, Japan; and.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erika Yamada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Eriko Shinzawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Koyama
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoichi Shimada
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshizumi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawatani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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141
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Li X, Fan Y, Xiao S, Peng S, Dong X, Zheng X, Liu CC, Li H, Xiao Z. Decreased platelet 5-hydroxytryptamin (5-HT) levels: a response to antidepressants. J Affect Disord 2015; 187:84-90. [PMID: 26321259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet 5-hydroxytryptamin (serotonin, 5-HT) has been examined for its use as a peripheral biomarker for depression or other mental disorders; however, it remains unclear whether blood 5-HT levels can reflect the brain's levels of serotonin. METHODS Platelet 5-HT levels in 45 drug-naïve, 32 citalopram-treated patients with major depression and 32 healthy control were assayed, Hamilton Depression scale (HAMD) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) were assessed. We then measured 5-HT in platelet, in platelet-poor plasma and in the nuclei of brain tissues obtained from chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats with or without citalopram treatment, and from the controls rats that were treated with vehicle. Toward this end, we analyzed whether correlations exist between platelet and brain. RESULTS No differences were observed among drug-naïve patients, citalopram-treated patients and health control according to gender and age (p>0.05). Drug-naïve depressed patients had highest scores in HAMD and HAMA among the three groups (F=223.3, p<0.01; F=70.7, p<0.01, respectively) Citalopram-treated patients had significantly lower platelet 5-HT levels,compared to control subjects (Mean 58.1±36.8ng/10(9) versus 558.0±199.4ng/10(9), p<0.01) and compared to drug-naïve patients (Mean 58.1 ±36.8ng/10(9) versus 646.4±259.0ng/10(9), p<0.01), while drug-naïve patients had similar 5-HT platelet concentrations as controls(p>0.05). Consistent with clinical results, in comparison with control (1473.4±391.0ng/10(9)) and drug-naive CUMS rats (1559.0±424.4ng/10(9)), the citalopram-treated CUMS rats (684.2±335.6ng/10(9)) demonstrated a significant reduction in platelet 5-HT levels (p<0.01), but there were no difference among the three groups in platelet-poor plasma 5-HT(F=0.11, p>0.05). Hippocampal 5-HT levels were higher among CUMS rats treated with saline (98.2±59.0ng/g) than vehicle animals (31.9±18.3ng/g, p<0.01) or citalopram-treated rats (42.1±33.9ng/g, p<0.05); however, 5-HT concentrations in prefrontal cortex and Raphe Nuclei were consistent among citalopram-treated or saline-treated CUMS rats(p>0.05). Furthermore, the levels of platelet 5-HT did not correlate with neuronal 5-HT levels (p>0.05). LIMITATIONS Dosages was fix for citalopram-treat rats, and the citalopram-treated vehicle arm did not set up. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that platelet 5-HT levels might respond to SSRI treatment, but this peripheral index is not a direct reflector of central 5-HT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuan Fan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Sufang Peng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaowei Dong
- Brain Function Research Laboratory, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xianjie Zheng
- Brain Function Research Laboratory, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville FL 32224, USA
| | - Huafang Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Zeping Xiao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
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142
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Abstract
We investigated alterations of cardiac Ca(v)1.2 and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) associated with positional asphyxia. Male rats were divided into five groups: a control group with no restraint, group 1 restrained for 1 h, group 2 restrained for 2 h, group 3 restrained for 4 h, and group 4 restrained for 8 h. The rats that were restrained for 8 h ultimately suffered fatal asphyxia. After the restraint periods, the rats were sacrificed and immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expressions of Ca(v)1.2 and 5-HT in the heart. Sections were analyzed by digital image analysis. Cardiac expression of Ca(v)1.2 and 5-HT proteins were significantly decreased by positional asphyxia in the rat, shown by integrated optical density (IOD) compared to controls. Our findings indicate that Ca(v)1.2 and 5-HT alterations could cause abnormal cardiac function, and the proteins investigated here may be useful for investigating the mechanisms underlying positional asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-F Li
- a Library of Dali University , Dali, Yunnan Province , China
| | - Q-Y Huang
- b Department of Pathology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University , Yunnan Province , China
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143
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Ju L, Sun JH, Lu G, Wu XL. Colonic migrating motor complex: Generation and propagation mechanism. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4221-4226. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i26.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The colonic migrating motor complex (CMMC) is a critical neurally mediated, cyclical contractile and electrical event. CMMC is the primary motor pattern underlying fecal pellet propulsion along the murine colon. Abnormal CMMC has important implications in a number of gastrointestinal disorders, especially slow transit constipation. This review focuses on the mechanisms involved in producing and propagating the CMMC, which is likely dependent on mucosal and neuronal serotonin and pacemaker interstitial cells of Cajal networks and how peristaltic reflexes or occult reflexes affect them, and emphasizes the important role of intrinsic primary afferent neurons, ascending excitatory and descending inhibitory neural pathways. In addition to these, we also introduce some new tools to detect specific neuronal activity so as to offer some exciting insights into the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in colonic motility.
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144
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Brenneis G, Scholtz G. Serotonin-immunoreactivity in the ventral nerve cord of Pycnogonida--support for individually identifiable neurons as ancestral feature of the arthropod nervous system. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:136. [PMID: 26156705 PMCID: PMC4496856 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The arthropod ventral nerve cord features a comparably low number of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons, occurring in segmentally repeated arrays. In different crustaceans and hexapods, these neurons have been individually identified and even inter-specifically homologized, based on their soma positions and neurite morphologies. Stereotypic sets of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons are also present in myriapods, whereas in the investigated chelicerates segmental neuron clusters with higher and variable cell numbers have been reported. This led to the suggestion that individually identifiable serotonin-immunoreactive neurons are an apomorphic feature of the Mandibulata. To test the validity of this neurophylogenetic hypothesis, we studied serotonin-immunoreactivity in three species of Pycnogonida (sea spiders). This group of marine arthropods is nowadays most plausibly resolved as sister group to all other extant chelicerates, rendering its investigation crucial for a reliable reconstruction of arthropod nervous system evolution. RESULTS In all three investigated pycnogonids, the ventral walking leg ganglia contain different types of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons, the somata of which occurring mostly singly or in pairs within the ganglionic cortex. Several of these neurons are readily and consistently identifiable due to their stereotypic soma position and characteristic neurite morphology. They can be clearly homologized across different ganglia and different specimens as well as across the three species. Based on these homologous neurons, we reconstruct for their last common ancestor (presumably the pycnogonid stem species) a minimal repertoire of at least seven identified serotonin-immunoreactive neurons per hemiganglion. Beyond that, each studied species features specific pattern variations, which include also some neurons that were not reliably labeled in all specimens. CONCLUSIONS Our results unequivocally demonstrate the presence of individually identifiable serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the pycnogonid ventral nerve cord. Accordingly, the validity of this neuroanatomical feature as apomorphy of Mandibulata is questioned and we suggest it to be ancestral for arthropods instead. The pronounced disparities between the segmental pattern in pycnogonids and the one of studied euchelicerates call for denser sampling within the latter taxon. By contrast, overall similarities between the pycnogonid and myriapod patterns may be indicative of single cell homologies in these two taxa. This notion awaits further substantiation from future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Brenneis
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Scholtz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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145
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Abstract
The role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) in gastrointestinal motility has been studied for over 50 years. Most of the 5-HT in the body resides in the gut wall, where it is located in subsets of mucosal cells (enterochromaffin cells) and neurons (descending interneurons). Many studies suggest that 5-HT is important to normal and dysfunctional gut motility and drugs affecting 5-HT receptors, especially 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors, have been used clinically to treat motility disorders; however, cardiovascular side effects have limited the use of these drugs. Recently studies have questioned the importance and necessity of 5-HT in general and mucosal 5-HT in particular for colonic motility. Recent evidence suggests the importance of 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors for initiation and generation of one of the key colonic motility patterns, the colonic migrating motor complex (CMMC), in rat. The findings suggest that 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors are differentially involved in two different types of rat CMMCs: the long distance contraction (LDC) and the rhythmic propulsive motor complex (RPMC). The understanding of the role of serotonin in colonic motility has been influenced by the specific motility pattern(s) studied, the stimulus used to initiate the motility (spontaneous vs induced), and the route of administration of drugs. All of these considerations contribute to the understanding and the controversy that continues to surround the role of serotonin in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Kendig
- Virginia Commonwealth University Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences; Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - J. R. Grider
- Virginia Commonwealth University Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences; Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
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146
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Abstract
The receptor pharmacology of many antipsychotic drugs includes actions at various serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) receptors. The 5-HT neurotransmitter system is thought to be involved in many of the consequences of treatment with antipsychotic drugs, including both symptom response, primarily of negative and depressive symptoms, and adverse effects, notably extrapyramidal side effects and weight gain. There is substantial interindividual variability in these drug effects, to which genetic variability contributes. We review here the influence of functional polymorphisms in genes associated with 5-HT function, including the various processes of neurotransmitter synthesis, receptors, transporters and metabolism, on the clinical response to, and adverse effects of, antipsychotic drugs. The relatively young field of epigenetics also contributes to the variability of 5-HT-related genes in influencing drug response. Several of these findings inform our understanding of the mechanisms of antipsychotic drug action, and also provide the opportunity for the development of genetic testing for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Neurology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650021 China
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147
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Liu Y, Yuan JM, Zhang LS, Zhang YR, Cai SM, Yu JH, Xia ZF. Effects of tryptophan supplementation on growth performance, antioxidative activity, and meat quality of ducks under high stocking density. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1894-901. [PMID: 26089478 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High stocking density (STD) could affect duck welfare and production. The objective of our study was to investigate whether dietary tryptophan (TRP) supplementation could alleviate the detrimental effects of high STD on ducks. White Pekin ducks at 4 to 6 wk of age were raised at 11 birds/m(2) and fed diets containing 0.18, 0.48, 0.78, or 1.08% TRP for 21 d. Growth performance, concentrations of TRP and metabolites in the blood and hypothalamus, antioxidative activities in serum and tissue, meat quality, serum uric acid, and urea nitrogen were measured. Weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly improved by TRP supplementation at ≥ 0.48 and ≥ 0.78% (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Serum TRP, hypothalamic TRP, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacitic acid (5-HIAA), and 5-HIAA/5-HT were also increased significantly (P < 0.01). These increases plateaued at 0.48% TRP, and no further improvement was obtained by adding more TRP to the diet. Dietary TRP supplementation significantly increased levels of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in serum; GSH-Px in liver; and GSH-Px and CAT in breast muscle (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde levels in breast muscle decreased (P < 0.001). Drip loss of breast muscle and pH decline at 45 min postmortem were reduced by TRP supplementation (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Meat color was similar among different treatments (P > 0.05). Breast muscle shear force was increased significantly when dietary TRP level increased to 1.08% (P < 0.01). For ducks raised at 11 birds/m², dietary TRP supplementation could alleviate stress and improve growth performance, antioxidative activity, and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J M Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - L S Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y R Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S M Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J H Yu
- Animal Department, Beijing Aquarium, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Z F Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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148
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Yin Y, Zhong L, Wang JW, Zhao XY, Zhao WJ, Kuang HX. Tong Xie Yao Fang relieves irritable bowel syndrome in rats via mechanisms involving regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4536-4546. [PMID: 25914462 PMCID: PMC4402300 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i15.4536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether the Chinese medicine Tong Xie Yao Fang (TXYF) improves dysfunction in an irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) rat model.
METHODS: Thirty baby rats for IBS modeling were separated from mother rats (1 h per day) from days 8 to 21, and the rectum was expanded by angioplasty from days 8 to 12. Ten normal rats were used as normal controls. We examined the effects of TXYF on defection frequency, colonic transit function and smooth muscle contraction, and the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and substance P (SP) in colonic and hypothalamus tissues by Western blot and RT-PCT techniques in both normal rats and IBS model rats with characterized visceral hypersensitivity.
RESULTS: Defecation frequency was 1.8 ± 1.03 in normal rats and 4.5 ± 1.58 in IBS model rats (P < 0.001). However, the defecation frequency was significantly decreased (3.0 ± 1.25 vs 4.5 ± 1.58, P < 0.05), while the time (in seconds) of colon transit function was significantly increased (256.88 ± 20.32 vs 93.36 ± 17.28, P < 0.001) in IBS + TXYF group rats than in IBS group rats. Increased colonic smooth muscle tension and contract frequency in IBS model rats were significantly decreased by administration of TXYF. Exogenous agonist stimulants increased spontaneous activity and elicited contractions of colon smooth muscle in IBS model rats, and all of these actions were significantly reduced by TXYF involving 5-HT and SP down-regulation.
CONCLUSION: TXYF can modulate the activity of the enteric nervous system and alter 5-HT and SP activities, which may contribute to the symptoms of IBS.
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149
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Xu HF, Zhang HX, Zhou L, Feng C. Electro-acupuncture regulates plasma NOS and 5-HT levels in patients with severe functional constipation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1849-1854. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i11.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the effect of electro-acupuncture on plasma levels of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in patients with severe functional constipation, and to explore the underlying mechanism.
METHODS: Sixty patients with severe functional constipation were randomly divided into two groups to receive electro-acupuncture (EA group) or sham electro-acupuncture (sham EA group), respectively. Cleveland clinic score (CCS) score and plasma NOS and 5-TH levels were compared between the two groups before and after treatment, and the therapeutic effect on severe functional constipation was assessed.
RESULTS: After treatment, the clinical curative effect was better in the EA group than in the sham EA group (P < 0.01), and plasma levels of NOS and 5-HT were significantly reduced in the EA group (NOS: 0.83 ng/mL ± 0.22 ng/mL vs 1.70 ng/mL ± 0.08 ng/mL, P < 0.01; 5-HT: 496.97 ng/mL ± 25.53 ng/mL vs 394.36 ng/mL ± 20.38 ng/mL, P < 0.01) and sham EA group (NOS: 0.83 ng/mL ± 0.22 ng/mL vs 1.04 ng/mL ± 0.19 ng/mL, P < 0.01; 5-HT: 496.97 ng/mL ± 25.53 ng/mL vs 452.29 ng/mL ± 20.19 ng/mL, P < 0.01). The improvement or reduction was more significant in the EA group than in the sham EA group.
CONCLUSION: Electro-acupuncture exerts its therapeutic effects possibly by regulating expression of NOS and 5-HT in the intestinal mucosa of patients with severe functional constipation.
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150
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Reigstad CS, Salmonson CE, Rainey JF, Szurszewski JH, Linden DR, Sonnenburg JL, Farrugia G, Kashyap PC. Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells. FASEB J 2014; 29:1395-403. [PMID: 25550456 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-259598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 733] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota alterations have been described in several diseases with altered gastrointestinal (GI) motility, and awareness is increasing regarding the role of the gut microbiome in modulating GI function. Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is a key regulator of GI motility and secretion. To determine the relationship among gut microbes, colonic contractility, and host serotonergic gene expression, we evaluated mice that were germ-free (GF) or humanized (HM; ex-GF colonized with human gut microbiota). 5-HT reduced contractile duration in both GF and HM colons. Microbiota from HM and conventionally raised (CR) mice significantly increased colonic mRNAs Tph1 [(tryptophan hydroxylase) 1, rate limiting for mucosal 5-HT synthesis; P < 0.01] and chromogranin A (neuroendocrine secretion; P < 0.01), with no effect on monoamine oxidase A (serotonin catabolism), serotonin receptor 5-HT4, or mouse serotonin transporter. HM and CR mice also had increased colonic Tph1 protein (P < 0.05) and 5-HT concentrations (GF, 17 ± 3 ng/mg; HM, 25 ± 2 ng/mg; and CR, 35 ± 3 ng/mg; P < 0.05). Enterochromaffin (EC) cell numbers (cells producing 5-HT) were unchanged. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) promoted TPH1 transcription in BON cells (human EC cell model). Thus, gut microbiota acting through SCFAs are important determinants of enteric 5-HT production and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Reigstad
- *Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Charles E Salmonson
- *Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John F Rainey
- *Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joseph H Szurszewski
- *Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David R Linden
- *Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- *Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- *Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- *Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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