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Fu Y, Soni R, Romero MJ, Pizarro AM, Salassa L, Clarkson GJ, Hearn JM, Habtemariam A, Wills M, Sadler PJ. Mirror-image organometallic osmium arene iminopyridine halido complexes exhibit similar potent anticancer activity. Chemistry 2013; 19:15199-209. [PMID: 24114923 PMCID: PMC4280897 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Four chiral Os(II) arene anticancer complexes have been isolated by fractional crystallization. The two iodido complexes, (S(Os),S(C))-[Os(η(6)-p-cym)(ImpyMe)I]PF6 (complex 2, (S)-ImpyMe: N-(2-pyridylmethylene)-(S)-1-phenylethylamine) and (R(Os),R(C))-[Os(η(6)-p-cym)(ImpyMe)I]PF6 (complex 4, (R)-ImpyMe: N-(2-pyridylmethylene)-(R)-1-phenylethylamine), showed higher anticancer activity (lower IC50 values) towards A2780 human ovarian cancer cells than cisplatin and were more active than the two chlorido derivatives, (S(Os),S(C))-[Os(η(6)-p-cym)(ImpyMe)Cl]PF6, 1, and (R(Os),R(C))-[Os(η(6)-p-cym)(ImpyMe)Cl]PF6, 3. The two iodido complexes were evaluated in the National Cancer Institute 60-cell-line screen, by using the COMPARE algorithm. This showed that the two potent iodido complexes, 2 (NSC: D-758116/1) and 4 (NSC: D-758118/1), share surprisingly similar cancer cell selectivity patterns with the anti-microtubule drug, vinblastine sulfate. However, no direct effect on tubulin polymerization was found for 2 and 4, an observation that appears to indicate a novel mechanism of action. In addition, complexes 2 and 4 demonstrated potential as transfer-hydrogenation catalysts for imine reduction.
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Lin Y, Huang Y, Zheng W, Wang F, Habtemariam A, Luo Q, Li X, Wu K, Sadler PJ, Xiong S. Organometallic ruthenium anticancer complexes inhibit human glutathione-S-transferase π. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhao Y, Farrer NJ, Li H, Butler JS, McQuitty RJ, Habtemariam A, Wang F, Sadler PJ. De Novo Generation of Singlet Oxygen and Ammine Ligands by Photoactivation of a Platinum Anticancer Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Romero-Canelón I, Pizarro AM, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ. Contrasting cellular uptake pathways for chlorido and iodido iminopyridine ruthenium arene anticancer complexes. Metallomics 2013; 4:1271-9. [PMID: 23138378 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20189e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathways involved in cellular uptake and accumulation of iminopyridine complexes of general formula [Ru(η(6)-p-cymene)(N,N-dimethyl-N'-[(E)-pyridine-2-ylmethylidene]benzene-1,4-diamine)X]PF(6) bearing two different halido ligands X = Cl or I, have been explored. The ratio of passive/active cellular accumulation of Ru in A2780 human ovarian cancer cells is compared and contrasted with cisplatin. Also, saturation of cellular uptake, time-dependence of cellular influx/efflux equilibria, together with endocytotic pathways such as caveolae and facilitated diffusion are investigated and discussed. Temperature dependence studies of Ru accumulation in the A2780 cells show that in contrast to cisplatin (CDDP) and chlorido complex , which are taken up largely through active transport, the iodido complex enters cells via passive transport. The cellular efflux of Ru is slow (ca. 25% retained after 72 h) and is partially inhibited by verapamil, implicating the P-gp protein in the efflux mechanism. Ouabain inhibition experiments suggest that the cellular uptake of these ruthenium complexes relies at least in part on facilitated diffusion, and in particular is dependent on the membrane potential. In addition the finding that depletion of cellular ATP with antimycin A had little effect on cellular Ru accumulation from iodido complex is consistent with passive diffusion. In contrast, ATP depletion caused a major increase in cellular accumulation of ruthenium from chlorido complex .
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Liu Z, Deeth RJ, Butler JS, Habtemariam A, Newton ME, Sadler PJ. Reduction of Quinones by NADH Catalyzed by Organoiridium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu Z, Deeth RJ, Butler JS, Habtemariam A, Newton ME, Sadler PJ. Reduction of quinones by NADH catalyzed by organoiridium complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4194-7. [PMID: 23471835 PMCID: PMC3660790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ragazzon G, Bratsos I, Alessio E, Salassa L, Habtemariam A, McQuitty RJ, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Design of photoactivatable metallodrugs: Selective and rapid light-induced ligand dissociation from half-sandwich [Ru([9]aneS3)(N–N′)(py)]2+ complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Soldevila-Barreda JJ, Bruijnincx PCA, Habtemariam A, Clarkson GJ, Deeth RJ, Sadler PJ. Improved Catalytic Activity of Ruthenium–Arene Complexes in the Reduction of NAD+. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om3006307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Betanzos-Lara S, Novakova O, Deeth RJ, Pizarro AM, Clarkson GJ, Liskova B, Brabec V, Sadler PJ, Habtemariam A. Bipyrimidine ruthenium(II) arene complexes: structure, reactivity and cytotoxicity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 17:1033-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Betanzos-Lara S, Liu Z, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM, Qamar B, Sadler PJ. Organometallic ruthenium and iridium transfer-hydrogenation catalysts using coenzyme NADH as a cofactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:3897-900. [PMID: 22415924 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Artificial enzymes: half-sandwich arene ruthenium(II) and cyclopentadienyl iridium(III) complexes containing N,N-chelated ligands can use NADH as a source of hydride for the reduction of ketones. Moreover, cyclopentadienyl phenanthroline iridium(III) derivatives at micromolar concentrations are robust catalysts for the production of H(2) from NADH in water and can raise the NAD(+)/NADH ratio in cancer cells.
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Betanzos-Lara S, Liu Z, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM, Qamar B, Sadler PJ. Organometallic Ruthenium and Iridium Transfer-Hydrogenation Catalysts Using Coenzyme NADH as a Cofactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Betanzos-Lara S, Salassa L, Habtemariam A, Novakova O, Pizarro AM, Clarkson GJ, Liskova B, Brabec V, Sadler PJ. Photoactivatable Organometallic Pyridyl Ruthenium(II) Arene Complexes. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om201177y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kisova A, Zerzankova L, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ, Brabec V, Kasparkova J. Correction to “Differences in the Cellular Response and Signaling Pathways between Cisplatin and Monodentate Organometallic Ru(II) Antitumor Complexes Containing a Terphenyl Ligand”. Mol Pharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300064z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fu Y, Romero MJ, Habtemariam A, Snowden ME, Song L, Clarkson GJ, Qamar B, Pizarro AM, Unwin PR, Sadler PJ. The contrasting chemical reactivity of potent isoelectronic iminopyridine and azopyridine osmium(ii) arene anticancer complexes. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20220d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Noffke AL, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM, Sadler PJ. Designing organometallic compounds for catalysis and therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5219-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30678f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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66
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Fu Y, Habtemariam A, Basri AMBH, Braddick D, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Structure-activity relationships for organometallic osmium arene phenylazopyridine complexes with potent anticancer activity. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:10553-62. [PMID: 21860862 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterisation of 32 half sandwich phenylazopyridine Os(II) arene complexes [Os(η(6)-arene)(phenylazopyridine)X](+) in which X is chloride or iodide, the arene is p-cymene or biphenyl and the pyridine and phenyl rings contain a variety of substituents (F, Cl, Br, I, CF(3), OH or NO(2)). Ten X-ray crystal structures have been determined. Cytotoxicity towards A2780 human ovarian cancer cells ranges from high potency at nanomolar concentrations to inactivity. In general the introduction of an electron-withdrawing group (e.g. F, Cl, Br or I) at specific positions on the pyridine ring significantly increases cytotoxic activity and aqueous solubility. Changing the arene from p-cymene to biphenyl and the monodentate ligand X from chloride to iodide also increases the activity significantly. Activation by hydrolysis and DNA binding appears not to be the major mechanism of action since both the highly active complex [Os(η(6)-bip)(2-F-azpy)I]PF(6) (9) and the moderately active complex [Os(η(6)-bip)(3-Cl-azpy)I]PF(6) (23) are very stable and inert towards aquation. Studies of octanol-water partition coefficients (log P) and subcellular distributions of osmium in A2780 human ovarian cancer cells suggested that cell uptake and targeting to cellular organelles play important roles in determining activity. Although complex 9 induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A2780 cells, the ROS level did not appear to play a role in the mechanism of anticancer activity. This class of organometallic osmium complexes has new and unusual features worthy of further exploration for the design of novel anticancer drugs.
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Barragán F, López-Senín P, Salassa L, Betanzos-Lara S, Habtemariam A, Moreno V, Sadler PJ, Marchán V. Photocontrolled DNA binding of a receptor-targeted organometallic ruthenium(II) complex. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14098-108. [PMID: 21797210 DOI: 10.1021/ja205235m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A photoactivated ruthenium(II) arene complex has been conjugated to two receptor-binding peptides, a dicarba analogue of octreotide and the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptide. These peptides can act as "tumor-targeting devices" since their receptors are overexpressed on the membranes of tumor cells. Both ruthenium-peptide conjugates are stable in aqueous solution in the dark, but upon irradiation with visible light, the pyridyl-derivatized peptides were selectively photodissociated from the ruthenium complex, as inferred by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy. Importantly, the reactive aqua species generated from the conjugates, [(η(6)-p-cym)Ru(bpm)(H(2)O)](2+), reacted with the model DNA nucleobase 9-ethylguanine as well as with guanines of two DNA sequences, (5')dCATGGCT and (5')dAGCCATG. Interestingly, when irradiation was performed in the presence of the oligonucleotides, a new ruthenium adduct involving both guanines was formed as a consequence of the photodriven loss of p-cymene from the two monofunctional adducts. The release of the arene ligand and the formation of a ruthenated product with a multidentate binding mode might have important implications for the biological activity of such photoactivated ruthenium(II) arene complexes. Finally, photoreactions with the peptide-oligonucleotide hybrid, Phac-His-Gly-Met-linker-p(5')dCATGGCT, also led to arene release and to guanine adducts, including a GG chelate. The lack of interaction with the peptide fragment confirms the preference of such organometallic ruthenium(II) complexes for guanine over other potential biological ligands, such as histidine or methionine amino acids.
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Liu Z, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Organometallic Iridium(III) Cyclopentadienyl Anticancer Complexes Containing C,N-Chelating Ligands. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om2005468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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69
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Betanzos-Lara S, Habtemariam A, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Organometallic cis-Dichlorido Ruthenium(II) Ammine Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011; 2011:3257-3264. [PMID: 23956682 PMCID: PMC3744359 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bifunctional neutral half-sandwich RuII complexes of the type [(η6-arene)Ru(NH3)Cl2] where arene is p-cym (1) or bip (2) were synthesised by the reaction of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine (dmba), NH4PF6 and the corresponding RuII arene dimer, and were fully characterised. X-ray crystallographic studies of [(η6-p-cym)Ru(NH3)Cl2]·{(dmba-H)(PF6)} (1a) and [(η6-bip)Ru(NH3)Cl2] (2) show extensive H-bond interactions in the solid state, mainly involving the NH3 and the Cl ligands, as well as weak aromatic stacking interactions. The half-lives for the sequential hydrolysis of 1 and 2 determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy at 310 K ranged from a few minutes for the first aquation to ca. 45 min for the second aquation; the diaqua adducts were the predominant species at equilibrium. Arene loss during the aquation of complex 2 was observed. Upon hydrolysis, both complexes readily formed mono- and di-9-ethylguanine (9-EtG) adducts in aqueous solution at 310 K. The reaction reached equilibrium after ca. 1.8 h in the case of complex 1 and was slower but more complete for complex 2 (before the onset of arene loss at ca. 2.7 h). Complexes 1 and 2 were not cytotoxic towards A2780 human ovarian cancer cells up to the maximum concentration tested (100 μM).
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Liu Z, Salassa L, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Contrasting Reactivity and Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity of Isoelectronic Organometallic Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:5777-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200607j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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71
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Kisova A, Zerzankova L, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ, Brabec V, Kasparkova J. Differences in the cellular response and signaling pathways between cisplatin and monodentate organometallic Ru(II) antitumor complexes containing a terphenyl ligand. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:949-57. [PMID: 21480648 DOI: 10.1021/mp200105d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The new monofunctional Ru(II)-arene complex [(η⁶-arene)Ru(II)(en)Cl]+, where en = 1,2-diaminoethane and the arene is para-terphenyl (complex 1) exhibits promising cytotoxic effects in human tumor cells including those resistant to conventional cisplatin (J. Med. Chem.2008, 51, 5310). The present study is focused on the cellular pharmacology of 1 to elucidate more deeply the mechanisms underlying its antitumor effects. We have identified several cellular mechanisms induced by 1 in human ovarian carcinoma cells, including inhibition of DNA synthesis, overexpression and activation of p53, expression of proapoptotic proteins p21(WAF1) and Bax, G₀/G₁ arrest, and nuclear fragmentation as a result of apoptotic, and, to a much lower extent, also necrotic processes. Thus, 1 inhibits growth of the cancer cells through induction of apoptotic cell death and G₀/G₁ cell cycle arrest. Further investigations have shown that 1 induces apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. There were significant differences in cellular responses to the treatment with 1 and with conventional cisplatin, particularly in the kinetics and the extent of these responses. In addition, the distinct p53 activation profile of 1 compared with cisplatin provides an explanation for the activity of this ruthenium drug against cisplatin-resistant cells. Hence complex 1 may provide an alternative therapy in patients with acquired cisplatin resistance, particularly with respect to its very low mutagenicity and different mode of action compared to platinum antitumor drugs in clinical use.
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Liu Z, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM, Fletcher SA, Kisova A, Vrana O, Salassa L, Bruijnincx PCA, Clarkson GJ, Brabec V, Sadler PJ. Organometallic Half-Sandwich Iridium Anticancer Complexes. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3011-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2000932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Shnyder SD, Fu Y, Habtemariam A, van Rijt SH, Cooper PA, Loadman PM, Sadler PJ. Anti-colorectal cancer activity of an organometallic osmium arene azopyridine complex. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00075f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fu Y, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM, van Rijt SH, Healey DJ, Cooper PA, Shnyder SD, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Organometallic osmium arene complexes with potent cancer cell cytotoxicity. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8192-6. [PMID: 20977192 DOI: 10.1021/jm100560f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iodido osmium(II) complexes [Os(η(6)-arene)(XY)I](+) (XY = p-hydroxy or p-dimethylaminophenylazopyridine, arene = p-cymene or biphenyl) are potently cytotoxic at nanomolar concentrations toward a panel of human cancer cell lines; e.g., IC(50) = 140 nM for [Os(η(6)-bip)(azpy-NMe(2))I](+) toward A2780 ovarian cancer cells. They exhibit low toxicity and negligible deleterious effects in a colon cancer xenograft model, giving rise to the possibility of a broad therapeutic window. The most active complexes are stable and inert toward aquation. Their cytotoxic activity appears to involve redox mechanisms.
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Pizarro AM, Melchart M, Habtemariam A, Salassa L, Fabbiani FPA, Parsons S, Sadler PJ. Controlling the Reactivity of Ruthenium(II) Arene Complexes by Tether Ring-Opening. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:3310-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902243q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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