GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State

On 17 August 2017, the LIGO and Virgo observatories made the first direct detection of gravitational waves from the coalescence of a neutron star binary system. The detection of this gravitational-wave signal, GW170817, offers a novel opportunity to directly probe the properties of matter at the extreme conditions found in the interior of these stars. The initial, minimal-assumption analysis of the LIGO and Virgo data placed constraints on the tidal effects of the coalescing bodies, which were then translated to constraints on neutron star radii. Here, we expand upon previous analyses by working under the hypothesis that both bodies were neutron stars that are described by the same equation of state and have spins within the range observed in Galactic binary neutron stars. Our analysis employs two methods: the use of equation-of-state-insensitive relations between various macroscopic properties of the neutron stars and the use of an efficient parametrization of the defining function p(ρ) of the equation of state itself. From the LIGO and Virgo data alone and the first method, we measure the two neutron star radii as R_{1}=10.8_{-1.7}^{+2.0}  km for the heavier star and R_{2}=10.7_{-1.5}^{+2.1}  km for the lighter star at the 90% credible level. If we additionally require that the equation of state supports neutron stars with masses larger than 1.97  M_{⊙} as required from electromagnetic observations and employ the equation-of-state parametrization, we further constrain R_{1}=11.9_{-1.4}^{+1.4}  km and R_{2}=11.9_{-1.4}^{+1.4}  km at the 90% credible level. Finally, we obtain constraints on p(ρ) at supranuclear densities, with pressure at twice nuclear saturation density measured at 3.5_{-1.7}^{+2.7}×10^{34}  dyn cm^{-2} at the 90% level.

Evaluation of large clinically atypical vulvar pigmentation with RCM: atypical melanosis or early melanoma?

BACKGROUND

Vulvar melanosis can occasionally be clinically challenging by mimicking an early melanoma.

OBJECTIVE

To report our experience of initial evaluation and follow-up in this peculiar subset of vulvar melanosis using reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM).

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated 18 consecutive cases referred for atypical vulvar pigmentation or for which melanoma was considered and that underwent both RCM examination and histopathological assessment. In 13 cases with available dermoscopic pictures, RCM classification was compared to dermoscopic diagnosis, and in all cases, the density of melanocytes was evaluated on biopsies using MelanA immunostaining.

RESULTS

Among the 18 atypical pigmented lesions, 17 vulvar melanosis and one melanoma were histologically determined. RCM concluded a benign vulvar melanosis in 10 of 17 cases, whereas dermoscopy did so in three of 12 cases. RCM identified the only early malignant lentiginous melanoma. In several cases of vulvar melanosis, RCM could identify foci of melanocytic hyperplasia in an otherwise benign pattern.

CONCLUSIONS

In this clinically and dermoscopically challenging subset of vulvar pigmentations, RCM appears relevant for initial extensive evaluation, especially to target initial biopsy sampling, and to perform non-invasive monitoring of foci of melanocytic hyperplasia.

Determinants of primary healthcare seeking behaviours for children during the first 18 months of life in Benin

Background

Primary healthcare is a key element of management of childhood illness in Africa. The objectives were to identify primary care seeking determinants among infants and young children up to 18 mo in a birth cohort from Benin.

Methods

From 2007 to 2009 in Benin, a birth cohort was followed until the age of 18 mo in three health centres. Multilevel Poisson regression models were fitted to identify the factors related to the monthly number of consultations. Maternal and newborn characteristics and infant general health parameters were considered.

Results

A total of 566 children were followed. On average, 0.46 consultations per month per child were recorded. The number of consultations was significantly lower after the first 6 mo of life (p<0.001). A distance >1000 m was associated with fewer consultations (p=0.01). Primiparity was significantly associated with higher care seeking (relative risk 1.17 [95% CI 1.05 to 1.30], p<0.01). No child characteristics at birth were significantly associated with the number of consultations (all p>0.16).

Conclusions

Development of health structures and improvement of access remain important goals for strengthening of the primary care health system. Studying factors of care seeking behaviour, like parity, can help to identify women more prone to seek care for their child during the first year of life.

Prevention of Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy-Induced Vomiting: A Double Blind, Randomized Crossover Study to Compare Pancopride (LAS 30451) and Pancopride plus Dexamethasone

Aims

Pancopride (PNC) is a new 5HT3 receptor antagonist which has demonstrated complete protection from nausea and vomiting in 25-73% of patients treated with highly emetogenic chemotherapy. A double-blind, randomized crossover study was carried out to assess whether the addition of dexamethasone (DXM) to PNC increases the antiemetic efficacy.

Methods

PNC (0.2 mg/kg. i.v. 30 min before chemotherapy) plus placebo (PLC) was compared with PNC (same dose and schedule) plus DXM (20 mg. i.v. immediately before PNC). In the second cycle, patients received the alternative antiemetic treatment. Eighty patients were included in the study (PNC+DXM=39, PNC+PLC=41), 29 of whom were women and 51 men. Fifty-four percent of the patients in the PNC+DXM group and 59% of those in the PNC+PLC group received chemotherapy containing cisplatin. Seventy-seven patients completed the first cycle and 70 the second.

Results

Complete protection was obtained in 19/16 patients (50/46%) with PNC+PLC and in 32/22 (82/63%) with PNC+DXM (P<0.001). Latency was significantly longer in the PNC+DXM group. The efficacy of both treatments was unaffected by the order of administration. Side effects were mild in both groups.

Conclusions

The combination of PNC+DXM is more efficacious than PNC+PLC in protection against highly emetogenic chemotherapy-induced vomiting.

Correlation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate Measured With the Use of DTPA-Tc99m in Live Kidney Donors With Equations Based on Creatinine and Cystatin C

BACKGROUND

Renal donation leads to a risk of developing chronic kidney disease, with an incidence of 0.47%. To evaluate for its presence, formulas based on serum creatinine are used, but up to 80% of these formulas underestimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in donors. The aim of this work was to confirm the highest correlation of the GFR as measured with the use of DTPA-Tc99m with the GFR as estimated by means of the formula based on serum cystatin C (CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C) in healthy kidney donors.

METHODS

In this observational, analytic, cross-sectional study, the GFR of kidney donors was determined ≥1 year after donation by means of DTPA gammagram and estimation with the use of conventional formulations and with cystatin C.

RESULTS

Of 112 donors, 38 (34%) were included, 20 (60%) were female, with an overall average age of 40 years, 36.5 months after donation, and body mass index of 25.5 kg/m². Correlation with the GFR as measured by means of DTPA gammagram was better with the use of CKD-EPI cystatin C (0.402; P = .020) and CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin (0.549; P < .001) than the conventional formulas. Linear correlation with serum cystatin C was 0.825 (P < .001; 95% confidence interval, -105.3 to -63.2) for the CKD-EPI cystatin C formula, 0.77 (P < .001; -89.9 to -48.1) for the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin formula, and 0.525 (P = .002; -91.1 to -23.2) for DTPA-Tc99m scintigraphy.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a strong correlation between estimate the GFR by equations based on cystatin C and the measurement of the GFR by DTPA-Tc99m gammagram.

The role of HLA-G in parasitic diseases

Little attention has been devoted to the role of HLA-G gene and molecule on parasitic disorders, and the available studies have focused on malaria, African and American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniosis, toxoplasmosis and echinococcosis. After reporting a brief description regarding the role of the cells of innate and adaptive immune system against parasites, we reviewed the major features of the HLA-G gene and molecule and the role of HLA-G on the major cells of immune system. Increased levels of soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) have been observed in patients presenting toxoplasmosis and in the active phase of echinococcosis. In addition, increased sHLA-G has also been associated with increased susceptibility to malaria and increased susceptibility to develop human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). In contrast, decreased membrane-bound HLA-G has been reported in placenta of patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum and in heart and colon of patients presenting Chagas disease. The 3' untranslated region of the HLA-G gene has been the main focus of studies on malaria, HAT and Chagas disease, exhibiting distinct patterns of associations. Considering that HLA-G is an immune checkpoint molecule, inhibiting the activity of several cells of the immune system, the excessive neoexpression and the increased sHLA-G levels together with the decreased constitutive tissue expression of membrane-bound HLA-G may be detrimental to the host infected with parasite agents.

Identification of a divergent genotype of equine arteritis virus from South American donkeys

A novel equine arteritis virus (EAV) was isolated and sequenced from feral donkeys in Chile. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the new virus and South African asinine strains diverged at least 100 years from equine EAV strains. The results indicate that asinine strains belonged to a different EAV genotype.

Predictive compound accumulation rules yield a broad-spectrum antibiotic

Most small molecules are unable to rapidly traverse the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and accumulate inside these cells, making the discovery of much-needed drugs against these pathogens challenging. Current understanding of the physicochemical properties that dictate small-molecule accumulation in Gram-negative bacteria is largely based on retrospective analyses of antibacterial agents, which suggest that polarity and molecular weight are key factors. Here we assess the ability of over 180 diverse compounds to accumulate in Escherichia coli. Computational analysis of the results reveals major differences from the retrospective studies, namely that the small molecules that are most likely to accumulate contain an amine, are amphiphilic and rigid, and have low globularity. These guidelines were then applied to convert deoxynybomycin, a natural product that is active only against Gram-positive organisms, into an antibiotic with activity against a diverse panel of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. We anticipate that these findings will aid in the discovery and development of antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria.

Combined Analysis of Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations at T2K

T2K reports its first results in the search for CP violation in neutrino oscillations using appearance and disappearance channels for neutrino- and antineutrino-mode beams. The data include all runs from January 2010 to May 2016 and comprise 7.482×10^{20} protons on target in neutrino mode, which yielded in the far detector 32 e-like and 135  μ-like events, and 7.471×10^{20} protons on target in antineutrino mode, which yielded 4 e-like and 66  μ-like events. Reactor measurements of sin^{2}2θ_{13} have been used as an additional constraint. The one-dimensional confidence interval at 90% for the phase δ_{CP} spans the range (-3.13, -0.39) for normal mass ordering. The CP conservation hypothesis (δ_{CP}=0, π) is excluded at 90% C.L.

Abstract P5-08-30: Utilization of oncotype DX for breast cancer in different facility types in Louisiana

Background: Oncotype DX, a 21-gene recurrence score, is the most validated prognostic assay that may identify both women most and least likely to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. It was added to the ASCO guidelines in 2007 and the NCCN guidelines in 2008 for use in node negative, hormone receptor (HR)+, HER2- breast cancer patients who will undergo 5 years of endocrine therapy. We explored its utilization in different cancer care settings to assess differences in the tool's utilization.

Methods: We analyzed data from the Louisiana Tumor Registry, one of the NCI funded SEER registries for cases of HR+ HER2- localized breast cancer from 2010-2012 and explored differences in utilization of the Oncotype DX by facility type – teaching hospital cancer program (THCP), community hospital comprehensive cancer program (COMP), community hospital cancer program (CHCP), commission on cancer program (COC) and public hospital program. Chemotherapy administration data was collected on the 2011 cases with chemotherapy data collected from a CDC funded special project Enhancing Cancer Registry Data for Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER). Hospital sites were identified by the location where patients underwent surgery. Demographic and clinical factors were adjusted for using multivariate logistic regression.

Results: Of the patients who did have the Oncotype DX, 39.2% were white, 32.3% black. Women over 70 were much less likely (29.3% vs. &gt;45% in women &lt;70) to have the test. Patients who received surgery at public hospitals had the lowest chance (16.7%), whereas those who received surgery at COMP were most likely to have the test (43.1%) and at teaching hospitals, 31.8% had the test. The odds of not using Oncotype DX were significantly higher in public hospitals than THCP even after adjusting for demographic and clinical factors (OR=2.44; 95% CI: 1.39-4.27).

Odds Ratios and 95% CIs for Oncotype DX (No/Yes) in HR+/HER2- localized breast cancer in 2010-2012, LouisianaHospital type#Crude Odds Ratio and 95% CIAdjusted Odds Ratio and 95% CITHCP422referencereferenceCOMP4891.63 (1.24-2.14)0.56 (0.41-0.76)CHCP8101.35 (1.06-1.74)0.74 (0.56-0.98)Public1140.43 (0.25-0.73)2.44 (1.39-4.27)NonCOC/Non Public10321.37 (1.07-1.74)0.70 (0.53-0.92)

Conclusions: Patients who had the Oncotype DX performed in our Louisiana database were most likely white, &lt;70 and had their surgeries at COMP. The odds of not having the Oncotype DX performed were significantly higher in public hospitals as compared with teaching hospitals when adjusting for demographic and clinical factors.

Citation Format: Loch M, Li X, Mumphrey B, Garcia A, Wu X-C. Utilization of oncotype DX for breast cancer in different facility types in Louisiana [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-08-30.

Measurement of Coherent π^{+} Production in Low Energy Neutrino-Carbon Scattering

We report the first measurement of the flux-averaged cross section for charged current coherent π^{+} production on carbon for neutrino energies less than 1.5 GeV, and with a restriction on the final state phase space volume in the T2K near detector, ND280. Comparisons are made with predictions from the Rein-Sehgal coherent production model and the model by Alvarez-Ruso et al., the latter representing the first implementation of an instance of the new class of microscopic coherent models in a neutrino interaction Monte Carlo event generator. We observe a clear event excess above background, disagreeing with the null results reported by K2K and SciBooNE in a similar neutrino energy region. The measured flux-averaged cross sections are below those predicted by both the Rein-Sehgal and Alvarez-Ruso et al.

Rhizosphere bacteriome of the medicinal plant Sapindus saponaria L. revealed by pyrosequencing

Sapindus saponaria L. of Sapindaceae family is popularly known as soldier soap and is found in Central and South America. A study of such medicinal plants might reveal a more complex diversity of microorganisms as compared to non-medicinal plants, considering their metabolic potential and the chemical communication between their natural microbiota. Rhizosphere is a highly diverse microbial habitat with respect to both the diversity of species and the size of the community. Rhizosphere bacteriome associated with medicinal plant S. saponaria is still poorly known. The objective of this study was to assess the rhizosphere microbiome of the medicinal plant S. saponaria using pyrosequencing, a culture-independent approach that is increasingly being used to estimate the number of bacterial species present in different environments. In their rhizosphere microbiome, 26 phyla were identified from 5089 sequences of 16S rRNA gene, with a predominance of Actinobacteria (33.54%), Acidobacteria (22.62%), and Proteobacteria (24.72%). The rarefaction curve showed a linear increase, with 2660 operational taxonomic units at 3% distance sequence dissimilarity, indicating that the rhizosphere microbiome associated with S. saponaria was highly diverse with groups of bacteria important for soil management, which could be further exploited for agricultural and biotechnological purposes.

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MS, Pereira C, Marinho R, Antunes R, Marinho A, Crivits M, Raes M, Decruyenaere J, Hoste E, Bagin V, Rudnov V, Savitsky A, Astafyeva M, Korobko I, Vein V, Kampmeier T, Arnemann P, Hessler M, Wald A, Bockbreder K, Morelli A, Van Aken H, Rehberg S, Ertmer C, Arnemann P, Hessler M, Kampmeier T, Rehberg S, Van Aken H, Ince C, Ertmer C, Reddy S, Bailey M, Beasley R, Bellomo R, Mackle D, Psirides A, Young P, Reddy S, Bailey M, Beasley R, Bellomo R, Mackle D, Young P, Venkatesh H, Ramachandran S, Basu A, Nair H, Egan S, Bates J, Oliveira S, Rangel Neto NR, Reis FQ, Lee CP, Lin XL, Choong C, Eu KM, Sim WY, Tee KS, Pau J, Abisheganaden J, Maas K, De Geus H, Lafuente E, Marinho R, Moura J, Antunes R, Marinho A, Doris TE, Monkhouse D, Shipley T, Kardasz S, Gonzalez I, Stads S, Groeneveld AJ, Elsayed I, Ward N, Tridente A, Raithatha A, Steuber A, Pelletier C, Schroeder S, Michael E, Slowinski T, Kindgen-Milles D, Ghabina S, Turani F, Belli A, Busatti S, Barettin G, Candidi F, Gargano F, Barchetta R, Falco M, Demirkiran O, Kosuk M, Bozbay S, Weber V, Hartmann J, Harm S, Linsberger I, Eichhorn T, Valicek G, Miestinger G, Hoermann C, Faenza S, Ricci D, Mancini E, Gemelli C, Cuoghi A, Magnani S, Atti M, Laddomada T, Doronzio A, Balicco B, Gruda MC, O’Sullivan P, Dan VP, Guliashvili T, Scheirer A, Golobish TD, Capponi VJ, Chan PP, Kogelmann K, Drüner M, Jarczak D, Turani F, Belli AB, Martni SM, Cotticelli VC, Mounajergi F, Barchetta R, Morimoto S, Ishikura H, Hussain I, Salahuddin N, Nadeem A, Ghorab K, Maghrabi K, Kloesel SK, Goldfuss C, Stieglitz A, Stieglitz AS, Krstevska L, Albuszies G, Aguilar Arzapalo M, Barradas L, Lopez V, Escalante A, Jimmy G, Cetina M, Izawa J, Iwami T, Uchino S, Takinami M, Kitamura T, Kawamura T, Powell-Tuck JG, Crichton S, Raimundo M, Camporota L, Wyncoll D, Ostermann M, Hana A, De Geus HR, De Geus HR, Hana A, Aydogdu M, Boyaci N, Yuksel S, Gursel G, Cayci Sivri AB, Meza-Márquez J, Nava-López J, Carrillo-Esper R, Dardashti A, Grubb A, Maizel J, 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Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.].

Access to a Structurally Complex Compound Collection via Ring Distortion of the Alkaloid Sinomenine

Many compound collections used in high-throughput screening are composed of members whose structural complexity is considerably lower than that of natural products. We previously reported a strategy for the synthesis of complex and diverse small molecules from natural products using ring-distortion reactions, called complexity-to-diversity (CtD), and herein, CtD is applied in the synthesis of 16 diverse scaffolds and 65 total compounds from the alkaloid natural product sinomenine. Chemoinformatic analysis shows that these compounds possess complex ring systems and marked three-dimensionality.