2-Nucleobase-substituted 4,6-Diaminotriazine Analogs: Synthesis and Anti-cancer Activity in 5-Fluorouracil-Sensitive and Resistant Colorectal Cancer Cells

Background:

Cancer continues to be the second leading cause of death worldwide with colorectal cancer (CRC) being the third most common type. Despite significant advances in cancer therapies, current treatment of CRC remains suboptimal. In addition, the effectiveness of available chemotherapeutic drugs such as 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is limited by CRC-acquired resistance.

Methods:

In this study, we provide innovative approaches employed in synthesizing four novel nucleobase analogs. Equally, we describe the effects of these compounds on proliferation, migration, aggregation, adhesion of 5-FU-sensitive (HCT116) and -resistant (5-FU-R-HCT116) human CRC cells. In either cell type, our synthesized novel analogs significantly inhibited cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This highlights the higher potency of these novel analogs. In addition, these compounds attenuated migration and adhesion of both cell types, while they promoted homotypic cell-cell interaction.

Results:

These changes were reflected by the downregulation matrix metalloproteases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). Furthermore, our analogs exhibited a potent anti-angiogenic activity in vivo.

Conclusion:

In addition, these compounds reduced the level of secreted vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide (NO) production in both 5-FU-sensitive and -resistant cells. Taken together, our data highlight the potential chemotherapeutic properties of our novel analogs against CRC, including the 5-FU-resistant form.

Effect of statins on abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a prevalent condition which causes progressive growth and rupture of aortic wall with a high death rate. Several studies have found that treatment with statins may decrease the progress of AAA and the risk of rupture by suppressing the inflammatory mediators, decreasing oxidative stress, and inhibiting mechanisms involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Moreover, some studies have reported that prehospital therapy with statins can decrease mortality after surgery. The novelty of this paper is that different studies including those performed in humans and animals were reviewed and the potential mechanisms by which statins can have an effect on AAA were summarized. Overall, the evidence suggested an association between treatment with statins and improvement of AAA.

Naturally-Occurring Bioactives in Oral Cancer: Preclinical and Clinical Studies, Bottlenecks and Future Directions

Oral cancer (OC) is the eighth most common cancer, particularly prevalent in developing countries. Current treatment includes a multidisciplinary approach, involving chemo, radio, and immunotherapy and surgery, which depends on cancer stage and location. As a result of the side effects of currently available drugs, there has been an increasing interest in the search for naturally-occurring bioactives for treating all types of cancer, including OC. Thus, this comprehensive review aims to give a holistic view on OC incidence and impact, while highlights the preclinical and clinical studies related to the use of medicinal plants for OC prevention and the recent developments in bioactive synthetic analogs towards OC management. Chemoprophylactic therapies connect the use of natural and/or synthetic molecules to suppress, inhibit or revert the transformation of oral epithelial dysplasia (DOK) into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Novel searches have underlined the promising role of plant extracts and phytochemical compounds, such as curcumin, green tea extract, resveratrol, isothiocyanates, lycopene or genistein against this malignancy. However, poor bioavailability and lack of in vivo and clinical studies and complex pharmacokinetic profiles limit their huge potential of application. However, recent nanotechnological and related advances have shown to be promising in improving the bioavailability, absorption and efficacy of such compounds.

Chemical Analysis and Investigation of Biological Effects of Salvia officinalis Essential Oils at Three Phenological Stages

Salvia officinalis is a medicinal plant used to treat some diseases, including microbial infections and diabetes. Different studies showed the biological and pharmacological properties of this species. The aim of this study was the determination of the chemical compounds of S. officinalis essential oils and the investigation of their antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The chemical compounds of S. officinalis were determined by GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH, ABTS, H₂O₂, and FRAP assays. The in vitro antidiabetic effect was evaluated by the inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase activities, and the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using the 5-lipoxygenase assay. Moreover, antibacterial activity was assessed against six bacterial strains using agar well diffusion assay and microdilution method. The main compounds in essential oils of S. officinalis at three phenological stages were naphthalenone, camphor, 1.8-cineole, and α-thujone. The full flowering stage essential oil showed the best antioxidant activity with different IC₅₀ values according to the used tests. This oil also exhibited important inhibitory effects at the full flowering stage against α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 69.23 ± 0.1 μg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 22.24 ± 0.07 μg/mL), and lipase (IC₅₀ = 37.3 ± 0.03 μg/mL). The 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory effect was the best at the full flowering stage (IC₅₀ = 9.24 ± 0.03 μg/mL). The results of the antibacterial evaluation revealed that, at three seasonal periods, S. officinalis essential oil demonstrated strong antibacterial activity. Although the full flowering stage had the best antibacterial activity, there were no significant differences between the three stages. Additionally, the essential oils showed bactericidal effects on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium, respectively. The findings of this work showed remarkably that S. officinalis synthesizes essential oils according to different developmental stages. Moreover, it has exhibited interesting biological and pharmacological properties justifying its medicinal effects and suggesting it as a very important source of natural drugs.

Exploring serum glycome patterns after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A prospective pilot study

BACKGROUND

Glycans play essential functional roles in the nervous system and their pathobiological relevance has become increasingly recognized in numerous brain disorders, but not fully explored in traumatic brain injury (TBI). We investigated longitudinal glycome patterns in patients with moderate to severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score ≤12) to characterize glyco-biomarker signatures and their relation to clinical features and long-term outcome.

METHODS

This prospective single-center observational study included 51 adult patients with TBI (GCS ≤12) admitted to the neurosurgical unit of the University Hospital of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary, between June 2018 and April 2019. We used a high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry platform to assess serum levels of N-glycans up to 3 days after injury. Outcome was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) at 12 months post-injury. Multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, were used to analyze glycomics data and define highly influential structures driving class distinction. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to determine prognostic accuracy.

FINDINGS

We identified 94 N-glycans encompassing all typical structural types, including oligomannose, hybrid, and complex-type entities. Levels of high mannose, hybrid and sialylated structures were temporally altered (p<0·05). Four influential glycans were identified. Two brain-specific structures, HexNAc5Hex3DeoxyHex0NeuAc0 and HexNAc5Hex4DeoxyHex0NeuAc1, were substantially increased early after injury in patients with unfavorable outcome (GOS-E≤4) (area under the curve [AUC]=0·75 [95%CI 0·59-0·90] and AUC=0·71 [0·52-0·89], respectively). Serum levels of HexNAc7Hex7DeoxyHex1NeuAc2 and HexNAc8Hex6DeoxyHex0NeuAc0 were persistently increased in patients with favorable outcome, but undetectable in those with unfavorable outcome. Levels of HexNAc5Hex4DeoxyHex0NeuAc1 were acutely elevated in patients with mass lesions and in those requiring decompressive craniectomy.

INTERPRETATION

In spite of the exploratory nature of the study and the relatively small number of patients, our results provide to the best of our knowledge initial evidence supporting the utility of glycomics approaches for biomarker discovery and patient phenotyping in TBI. Further larger multicenter studies will be required to validate our findings and to determine their pathobiological value and potential applications in practice.

FUNDING

This work was funded by the Italian Ministry of Health (grant number GR-2013-02354960), and also partially supported by a NIH grant (1R01GM112490-08).

Therapeutic effects of statins on osteoarthritis: A review

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disease. The etiology of OA is considered to be multifactorial. Currently, there is no definitive treatment for OA, and the existing treatments are not very effective. Hypercholesterolemia is considered a novel risk factor for the development of OA. Statins act as a competitive inhibitor of the β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and are widely used to manage hypercholesterolemia. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase results in reduced synthesis of a metabolite named mevalonate, thereby reducing cholesterol biosynthesis in subsequent steps. By this mechanism, statins such as atorvastatin and simvastatin could potentially have a preventive impact on joint cartilage experiencing osteoarthritic deterioration by reducing serum cholesterol levels. Atorvastatin can protect cartilage degradation following interleukin-1β-stimulation. Atorvastatin stimulates the STAT1-caspase-3 signaling pathway that was shown to be responsible for its anti-inflammatory effects on the knee joint. Simvastatin had chondroprotective effects on OA in vitro by reducing matrix metalloproteinases expression patterns. In this study, we tried to review the therapeutic effects of statins on OA.

Disease-Associated Regulation of Non-Coding RNAs by Resveratrol: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Applications

There have been significant advances, particularly over the last 20 years, in the identification of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their pathophysiological role in a wide range of disease states, particularly cancer and other chronic conditions characterized by excess inflammation and oxidative stress such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, liver and lung fibrosis. Such discoveries have potential therapeutic implications as a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the effects of ncRNAs on critical homeostatic control mechanisms and biochemical pathways might lead to the identification of novel druggable targets. In this context, increasing evidence suggests that several natural compounds can target ncRNAs at different levels and, consequently, influence processes involved in the onset and progression of disease states. The natural phenol resveratrol has been extensively studied for therapeutic purposes in view of its established anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, particularly in disease states such as cancer and cardiovascular disease that are associated with human aging. However, increasing in vitro and in vivo evidence also suggests that resveratrol can directly target various ncRNAs and that this mediates, at least in part, its potential therapeutic effects. This review critically appraises the available evidence regarding the resveratrol-mediated modulation of different ncRNAs in a wide range of disease states characterized by a pro-inflammatory state and oxidative stress, the potential therapeutic applications, and future research directions.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Impact of Early Metabolic Impairment: Interplay between Dysbiosis and Adipose Inflammation

The evolving view of gut microbiota has shifted toward describing the colonic flora as a dynamic organ in continuous interaction with systemic physiologic processes. Alterations of the normal gut bacterial profile, known as dysbiosis, has been linked to a wide array of pathologies. Of particular interest is the cardiovascular-metabolic disease continuum originating from positive energy intake and high-fat diets. Accumulating evidence suggests a role for sex hormones in modulating the gut microbiome community. Such a role provides an additional layer of modulation of the early inflammatory changes culminating in negative metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes. In this review, we will shed the light on the role of sex hormones in cardiovascular dysfunction mediated by high-fat diet-induced dysbiosis, together with the possible involvement of insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. Insights into novel therapeutic interventions will be discussed as well. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Increasing evidence implicates a role for dysbiosis in the cardiovascular complications of metabolic dysfunction. This minireview summarizes the available data on the sex-based differences in gut microbiota alterations associated with dietary patterns leading to metabolic impairment. A role for a differential impact of adipose tissue inflammation across sexes in mediating the cardiovascular detrimental phenotype following diet-induced dysbiosis is proposed. Better understanding of this pathway will help introduce early approaches to mitigate cardiovascular deterioration in metabolic disease.

Origanum syriacum L. Attenuates the Malignant Phenotype of MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Among breast cancer types, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive, and is resistant to hormonal and chemotherapeutic treatments. As such, alternative approaches that may provide some benefit in fighting this debilitating pathology are critically needed; hence the utilization of herbal medicine. Origanum syriacum L., one of the most regularly consumed plants in the Mediterranean region, exhibits antiproliferative effect on several cancer cell lines. However, whether this herb modulates the malignant phenotype of TNBC remains poorly investigated. Here, we show that in MDA-MB-231, a TNBC cell line, Origanum syriacum L. aqueous extract (OSE) inhibited cellular viability, induced autophagy determined by the accumulation of lipidized LC3 II, and triggered apoptosis. We also show that OSE significantly promoted homotypic cell-cell adhesion while it decreased cellular migration, adhesion to fibronectin, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. This was supported by decreased activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), reduced α2 integrin expression, and downregulation of secreted PgE₂, MMP2 and MMP-9, in OSE-treated cells. Finally, we also show that OSE significantly inhibited angiogenesis and downregulated the level of nitric oxide (NO) production. Our findings demonstrate the ability of OSE to attenuate the malignant phenotype of the MDA-MB-231 cells, thus presenting Origanum syriacum L. as a promising potential source for therapeutic compounds for TNBC.

Dexamethasone Promotes a Stem-Like Phenotype in Human Melanoma Cells via Tryptophan 2,3 Dioxygenase

In addition to its well-established immunosuppressive actions, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) appears to elicit direct effects on tumor cell function. Although TDO has been associated with cancer stemness, its involvement in melanoma stem cell biology remains largely unknown. Since we showed that by upregulating TDO, dexamethasone (dex) promotes proliferation and migration of SK-Mel-28 human melanoma cells, we sought to investigate dex effects on melanoma spherogenesis and stemness, and whether these events are mediated by TDO. We demonstrate here that dex significantly upregulates TDO in A375, a more aggressive melanoma cell line, confirming that dex effects are not limited to SK-Mel-28 cells. Moreover, dex stimulates spherogenesis of both cell lines, which is mediated by TDO, evident by its suppression with 680C91, a TDO inhibitor. The formed melanospheres appear to be enriched with embryonic stem cell marker mRNAs, the expression of which is potentiated by dex. Expression of cancer stem cell markers (CD133, CD44, ganglioside GD2) was significantly increased in A375 spheres, as detected by flow cytometry. Taken together, our results suggest that TDO could represent a promising target in the management of melanoma and that dex, routinely used as a co-medication also in advanced melanoma, may stimulate melanoma cell function/tumor-supporting properties, a rather debilitating and undesired side effect.

Cardioprotective Effect of Rheum turkestanicum Against Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity in Rats

Background: Doxorubicin as an anti-cancer drug causes cardiotoxicity, limiting its tolerability and use. The mechanism of toxicity is due to free radical production and cardiomyocytes injury. This research evaluated Rheum turkestanicum (R.turkestanicum) extract against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity due to its considerable in vitro antioxidant activity. Methods: Male Wistar rats received 2.5 mg/kg doxorubicin intraperitoneally every other day for 2 weeks to create an accumulative dose. R. turkestanicum was administrated at a dose of 100 and 300 mg/kg intraperitoneally from the second week for 7 days. On the 15th day, the animals were anesthetized and blood was collected from cardiac tissue for evaluation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cardiac muscle creatinine kinase (CK-MB), troponin T (cTn-T), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and B-type natriuretic peptide brain natriuretic peptide. A cardiac homogenate was also collected to determine superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase Catalase Activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and thiols. Histopathology was also performed. Results: Doxorubicin increased all cardiac enzymes and malondialdehyde, correlating with a reduction in SOD, catalase, and thiols. Histopathology revealed extracellular edema, moderate congestion, and hemorrhage of foci. In contrast, administration of R. turkestanicum ameliorated these doxorubicin-induced pathophysiological changes. Conclusion: This study revealed that the extract ameliorated doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity via modulation of oxidative stress-related pathways. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of R. turkestanicum indicated several components with potent pharmacological properties.

Early metabolic impairment as a contributor to neurodegenerative disease: Mechanisms and potential pharmacological intervention

The metabolic syndrome comprises a family of clinical and laboratory findings, including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and hypertension, in addition to central obesity. The syndrome confers a high risk of cardiovascular mortality. Indeed, metabolic dysfunction has been shown to cause a direct insult to smooth muscle and endothelial components of the vasculature, which leads to vascular dysfunction and hyperreactivity. This, in turn, causes cerebral vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion, eventually contributing to cognitive deficits. Moreover, the metabolic syndrome disrupts key homeostatic processes in the brain, including apoptosis, autophagy, and neurogenesis. Impairment of such processes in the context of metabolic dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases. The aim of this review is to elucidate the role that the metabolic syndrome plays in the pathogenesis of the latter disorders, with a focus on the role of perivascular adipose inflammation in the peripheral-to-central transduction of the inflammatory insult. This review delineates common signaling pathways that contribute to these pathologies. Moreover, the role of therapeutic agents aimed at treating the metabolic syndrome, as well as their risk factors that interfere with the aforementioned pathways, are discussed as potential interventions for neurodegenerative diseases.

Towards the Pharmacological Validation and Phytochemical Profiling of the Decoction and Maceration of Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam.—A Traditionally Used Medicinal Halophyte

Decoctions (leaves and roots) of Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. are traditionally used against diabetes in many countries, including Mauritius. This study endeavoured to evaluate the inhibitory potential of leaves, roots, twigs and fruits extracts (decoction and maceration) of B. gymnorhiza against key enzymes relevant to diabetes. Considering complications related to diabetes, other clinical enzymes, namely, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, elastase and pancreatic lipase, were used. Identification of compounds was carried out using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Antioxidant capacities were assessed using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, metal chelating. The relationship between mode of extraction, plant parts and biological activities was determined using multivariate analysis. Macerated fruits, rich in phytochemicals (phenolic, flavanol, tannin, and triterpenoid), exhibited substantially high antioxidant capacities related to radical scavenging (DPPH: 547.75 ± 10.99 and ABTS: 439.59 ± 19.13 mg TE/g, respectively) and reducing potential (CUPRAC: 956.04 ± 11.90 and FRAP: 577.26 ± 4.55 mg TE/g, respectively). Additionally, the same extract significantly depressed AChE and BChE (3.75 ± 0.03 and 2.19 ± 0.13 mg GALAE/g, respectively), tyrosinase (147.01 ± 0.78 mg KAE/g), elastase (3.14 ± 0.08 mg OE/g) and amylase (1.22 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g) enzymatic activities. Phytochemical results confirmed the presence of 119 compounds in all maceration and 163 compounds in all decoction samples. The screening also revealed important compounds in the extracts, namely, quinic acid, brugierol, bruguierol A, epigallocatechin, chlorogenic acid, to name a few. Multivariate analysis reported that the plant parts of B. gymnorhiza greatly influenced the observed biological activities in contrast to the types of extraction methods employed. Docking calculations have supported the findings of the experimental part through the high binding affinity and strong interactions of some compounds against tyrosinase, AChE, BChE and elastase enzymes. The decocted root and leaf of B. gymnorhiza showed low to moderate antidiabetic activity, thereby partially supporting its traditional uses in the management of diabetes. However, the fruit, the most active organ, can be used as a diet supplement to reduce the risk of diabetes complications after evaluating its cytotoxic effects.

NADPH-derived ROS generation drives fibrosis and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in systemic sclerosis: Potential cross talk with circulating miRNAs

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an immune disorder characterized by diffuse fibrosis and vascular abnormalities of the affected organs. Although the etiopathology of this disease is largely unknown, endothelial damage and oxidative stress appear implicated in its initiation and maintenance. Here, we show for the first time that circulating factors present in SSc sera increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, collagen synthesis, and proliferation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). The observed phenomena were also associated with endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) as indicated by decreased von Willebrand factor (vWF) expression and increased alpha-smooth muscle actin, respectively, an endothelial and mesenchymal marker. SSc-induced fibroproliferative effects were prevented by HPMECs exposition to the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium, demonstrating ROS's causative role and suggesting their cellular origin. Sera from SSc patients showed significant changes in the expression of a set of fibrosis/EndMT-associated microRNAs (miRNA), including miR-21, miR-92a, miR-24, miR-27b, miR-125b, miR-29c, and miR-181b, which resulted significantly upregulated as compared to healthy donors sera. However, miR29b resulted downregulated in SSc sera, whereas no significant differences were found in the expression of miR-29a in the two experimental groups of samples. Taking together our data indicate NADPH oxidase-induced EndMT as a potential mechanism of SSc-associated fibrosis, suggesting fibrosis-associated miRNAs as potentially responsible for initiating and sustaining the vascular alterations observed in this pathological condition.

Therapeutic potential of flavonoids in cancer: ROS-mediated mechanisms

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play contradicting roles in cancer incidence and progression. Antioxidants have attracted attention as emerging therapeutic agents. Among these are flavonoids, which are natural polyphenols with established anticancer and antioxidant capacities. Increasing evidence shows that flavonoids can inhibit carcinogenesis via suppressing ROS levels. Surprisingly, flavonoids can also trigger excessive oxidative stress, but this can also induce death of malignant cells. In this review, we explore the inherent characteristics that contribute to the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids, and we dissect the scenarios in which they play the contrasting role as pro-oxidants. Furthermore, we elaborate on the pathways that link flavonoid-mediated modulation of ROS to the prevention and treatment of cancer. Special attention is given to the ROS-mediated anticancer functions that (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), hesperetin, naringenin, quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin evoke in various cancers. We also delve into the structure-function relations that make flavonoids potent antioxidants. This review provides a detailed perspective that can be utilized in future experiments or trials that aim at utilizing flavonoids or verifying their efficacy for developing new pharmacologic agents. We support the argument that flavonoids are attractive candidates for cancer therapy.

Modulation of Neuro-Inflammatory Signals in Microglia by Plasma Prekallikrein and Neuronal Cell Debris

Microglia, the resident phagocytes of the central nervous system and one of the key modulators of the innate immune system, have been shown to play a major role in brain insults. Upon activation in response to neuroinflammation, microglia promote the release of inflammatory mediators as well as promote phagocytosis. Plasma prekallikrein (PKall) has been recently implicated as a mediator of neuroinflammation; nevertheless, its role in mediating microglial activation has not been investigated yet. In the current study, we evaluate the mechanisms through which PKall contributes to microglial activation and release of inflammatory cytokines assessing PKall-related receptors and their dynamics. Murine N9-microglial cells were exposed to PKall (2.5 ng/ml), lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml), bradykinin (BK, 0.1 μM), and neuronal cell debris (16.5 μg protein/ml). Gene expression of bradykinin 2 receptor (B₂KR), protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), along with cytokines and fibrotic mediators were studied. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to correlate altered protein changes with microglial activation. To assess receptor dynamics, HOE-140 (1 μM) and GB-83 (2 μM) were used to antagonize the B₂KR and PAR-2 receptors, respectively. Also, the role of autophagy in modulating microglial response was evaluated. Data from our work indicate that PKall, LPS, BK, and neuronal cell debris resulted in the activation of microglia and enhanced expression/secretion of inflammatory mediators. Elevated increase in inflammatory mediators was attenuated in the presence of HOE-140 and GB-83, implicating the engagement of these receptors in the activation process coupled with an increase in the expression of B₂KR and PAR-2. Finally, the inhibition of autophagy significantly enhanced the release of the cytokine IL-6 which were validated via bioinformatics analysis demonstrating the role of PKall in systematic and brain inflammatory processes. Taken together, we demonstrated that PKall can modulate microglial activation via the engagement of PAR-2 and B₂KR where PKall acts as a neuromodulator of inflammatory processes.

Beta-Caryophyllene Exhibits Anti-Proliferative Effects through Apoptosis Induction and Cell Cycle Modulation in Multiple Myeloma Cells

Cannabinoid receptors, which are widely distributed in the body, have been considered as possible pharmacological targets for the management of several tumors. Cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2Rs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family and are mainly expressed in hematopoietic and immune cells, such as B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages; thus, CB2R activation might be useful for treating cancers affecting plasma cells, such as multiple myeloma (MM). Previous studies have shown that CB2R stimulation may have anti-proliferative effects; therefore, the purpose of the present study was to explore the antitumor effect of beta-caryophyllene (BCP), a CB2R agonist, in an in vitro model of MM. Dexamethasone-resistant (MM.1R) and sensitive (MM.1S) human multiple myeloma cell lines were used in this study. Cells were treated with different concentrations of BCP for 24 h, and a group of cells was pre-incubated with AM630, a specific CB2R antagonist. BCP treatment reduced cell proliferation through CB2R stimulation; notably, BCP considerably increased the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and decreased the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2. Furthermore, an increase in caspase 3 protein levels was detected following BCP incubation, thus demonstrating its anti-proliferative effect through apoptosis activation. In addition, BCP regulated AKT, Wnt1, and beta-catenin expression, showing that CB2R stimulation may decrease cancer cell proliferation by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These effects were counteracted by AM630 co-incubation, thus confirming that BCP's mechanism of action is mainly related to CB2R modulation. A decrease in β-catenin regulated the impaired cell cycle and especially promoted cyclin D1 and CDK 4/6 reduction. Taken together, these data revealed that BCP might have significant and effective anti-cancer and anti-proliferative effects in MM cells by activating apoptosis, modulating different molecular pathways, and downregulating the cell cycle.

Inflammatory Basis of Atherosclerosis: Modulation by Sex Hormones

Atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. Several lines of evidence are supportive of the contributory role of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis. Diverse immune cell types, including monocytes/macrophages, T-cells and neutrophils, as well as specialized proresolving lipid mediators, have been successfully characterized as key players in vascular inflammation. The increased prevalence of atherosclerotic CVD in men in comparison to age-matched premenopausal women and the abolition of sex differences in prevalence during menopause strongly suggest a pivotal role of sex hormones in the development of CVD. Indeed, many animal and human studies conclusively implicate sex hormones as a crucial component in driving the immune response. This is further corroborated by the effective identification of sex hormone receptors in vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and immune cells. Collectively, these findings suggest a cellular communication between sex hormones and vascular or immune cells underlying the vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of vascular inflammation as a causal cue underlying atherosclerotic CVDs within the context of the modulatory effects of sex hormones. Moreover, the cellular and molecular signaling pathways underlying the sex hormones- immune system interactions as potential culprits for vascular inflammation are highlighted with detailed and critical discussion. Finally, the review concludes by speculations on the potential sex-related efficacy of currently available immunotherapies in mitigating vascular inflammation. Conceivably, a deeper understanding of the immunoregulatory influence of sex hormones on vascular inflammation-mediated atherosclerosis permits sex-based management of atherosclerosis-related CVDs.

Modulation of preeclampsia by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: Therapeutic perspectives

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is vital for the orchestration of the immune and inflammatory responses under normal and challenged conditions. Over the past two decades, peripheral and central circuits of CAP have been shown to be critically involved in dampening the inflammatory reaction in a wide array of inflammatory disorders. Additionally, emerging evidence supports a key role for CAP in the regulation of the female reproductive system during gestation as well as in the advent of serious pregnancy-related inflammatory insults such as preeclampsia (PE). Within this framework, the modulatory action of CAP encompasses the perinatal maternal and fetal adverse consequences that surface due to antenatal PE programming. Albeit, a considerable gap still exists in our knowledge of the precise cellular and molecular underpinnings of PE/CAP interaction, which hampered global efforts in safeguarding effective preventive or therapeutic measures against PE complications. Here, we summarize reports in the literature regarding the roles of peripheral and reflex cholinergic neuroinflammatory pathways of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in reprogramming PE complications in mothers and their progenies. The possible contributions of α7-nAChRs, cholinesterases, immune cells, adhesion molecules, angiogenesis, and endothelial dysfunction to the interaction have also been reviewed.