Note: Quantification of Ascorbic Acid and Dehydroascorbic Acid in Fresh Olives and in Commercial Presentations of Table Olives

Ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in fresh green olives as well as a diversity of commercial presentations of table olives (based on both Spanish-style green olives and directly brined olives). Fresh green olives (Manzanilla cv.) immediately after harvest contained about 9mg total ascorbic acid/100g f.w., with DHAA representing more than 90% of this amount. During the post-harvest period (till 2 weeks) the total vitamin C remained stable when olives were stored at 6°C, but significant degradation occurred at ambient temperature (~35% loss after 7 days). In commercial presentations of table olives, in general, the main contribution to the total vitamin C level appeared to come from AA added as an antioxidant, the maximum level being found in Manzanilla olives stuffed with anchovy streams (36.1mg/100g f.w.). However, in some samples (e.g. plain olives) that did declare any added AA, very low levels (0.1-0.6mg total AA/100g f.w.) were found. Our hypothesis is that, in those samples, AA would be degraded by lactic acid bacteria and/or yeast from olive fermentation, whereas pasteurisation in other presentations (e.g. stuffed olives) would stabilise added AA.

Potential application of glycerol in the production of plant beneficial microorganisms

This review highlights the importance of research for development of biofertilizer and biocontrol products based on the use of glycerol for further process scale-up to industrial microbiology. Glycerol can be used successfully in all stages of production of plant beneficial microorganisms. It serves as an excellent substrate in both submerged and solid-state fermentation processes with free and immobilized microbial cells. Glycerol is also one of the most attractive formulation agents that ensures high cell density and viability including in harsh environmental conditions. Future research is discussed to make this inexpensive material a base for industrial production of plant beneficial microorganisms.

Attenuation and diffusion produced by small-radius curvatures in POFs

Our aim is to characterize curvatures using a methodology previously applied to other localized disturbances in plastic optical fibers (POFs). The effects of several curvature radii and turn angles have been analyzed, so that for each condition, angular dependent attenuation and diffusion are obtained from experimental measurements to construct a matrix that accounts for the global effects of power loss and mode mixing introduced by the curvature over the angular power distribution. Power loss as a function of bend radius was calculated using the characteristic matrices and compared to experimental results to validate the model. This curvature model can be a useful tool to predict the impact of bends on transmission properties as is demonstrated in the example of a small network in a domestic environment.

Access to Endovascular Treatment in Remote Areas

Background and Purpose—

Since demonstration of the benefit of endovascular treatment (EVT) in acute ischemic stroke patients with proximal arterial occlusion, stroke care systems need to be reorganized to deliver EVT in a timely and equitable way. We analyzed differences in the access to EVT by geographical areas in Catalonia, a territory with a highly decentralized stroke model.

Methods—

We studied 965 patients treated with EVT from a prospective multicenter population-based registry of stroke patients treated with reperfusion therapies in Catalonia, Spain (SONIIA). Three different areas were defined: (A) health areas primarily covered by Comprehensive Stroke Centers, (B) areas primarily covered by local stroke centers located less than hour away from a Comprehensive Stroke Center, and (C) areas primarily covered by local stroke centers located more than hour away from a Comprehensive Stroke Center. We compared the number of EVT×100 000 inhabitants/year and time from stroke onset to groin puncture between groups.

Results—

Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Throughout the study period, there were significant differences in the population rates of EVT across geographical areas. EVT rates by 100 000 in 2015 were 10.5 in A area, 3.7 in B, and 2.7 in C. Time from symptom onset to groin puncture was 82 minutes longer in group B (312 minutes [245–435]) and 120 minutes longer in group C (350 minutes [284–408]) compared with group A (230 minutes [160–407]; P <0.001).

Conclusions—

Accessibility to EVT from remote areas is hampered by lower rate and longer time to treatment compared with areas covered directly by Comprehensive Stroke Centers.

Association Between Time to Reperfusion and Outcome Is Primarily Driven by the Time From Imaging to Reperfusion

Background and Purpose—

A progressive decline in the odds of favorable outcome as time to reperfusion increases is well known. However, the impact of specific workflow intervals is not clear.

Methods—

We studied the mechanical thrombectomy group (n=103) of the prospective, randomized REVASCAT (Randomized Trial of Revascularization With Solitaire FR Device Versus Best Medical Therapy in the Treatment of Acute Stroke due to Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusion Presenting Within Eight Hours of Symptom Onset) trial. We defined 3 workflow metrics: time from symptom onset to reperfusion (OTR), time from symptom onset to computed tomography, and time from computed tomography (CT) to reperfusion. Clinical characteristics, core laboratory-evaluated Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Scores (ASPECTS) and 90-day outcome data were analyzed. The effect of time on favorable outcome (modified Rankin scale, 0–2) was described via adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for every 30-minute delay.

Results—

Median admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 17.0 (14.0–20.0), reperfusion rate was 66%, and rate of favorable outcome was 43.7%. Mean (SD) workflow times were as follows: OTR: 342 (107) minute, onset to CT: 204 (93) minute, and CT to reperfusion: 138 (56) minute. Longer OTR time was associated with a reduced likelihood of good outcome (OR for 30-minute delay, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59–0.93). The onset to CT time did not show a significant association with clinical outcome (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.67–1.12), whereas the CT to reperfusion interval showed a negative association with favorable outcome (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54–0.95). A similar subgroup analysis according to admission ASPECTS showed this relationship for OTR time in ASPECTS<8 patients (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35–0.9) but not in ASPECTS≥8 (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.68–1.44).

Conclusions—

Time to reperfusion is negatively associated with favorable outcome, being CT to reperfusion, as opposed to onset to CT, the main determinant of this association. In addition, OTR was strongly associated to outcome in patients with low ASPECTS scores but not in patients with high ASPECTS scores.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01692379.

Crecimiento y desarrollo intestinal de aves de engorde alimentadas con cepas probióticas

A través de la alimentación, los animales se exponen a agentes extraños, donde el epitelio intestinal actúa como una barrera natural contra las bacterias y sustancias tóxicas que estén presentes en el lumen intestinal. No obstante, la ingesta de bacterias probióticas podría influir sobre el desarrollo y función de órganos digestivos, específicamente el intestino, mejorando los parámetros fisiológicos, nutricionales e inmunológicos de este. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar diferentes cepas probióticas sobre el crecimiento alométrico y desarrollo intestinal de pollos de engorde durante su etapa productiva. Se utilizaron 125 pollos machos (Cobb) de un día de edad y alimentados con dos dietas: dieta comercial con y sin la adición de antibiótico. Los diferentes probióticos (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus ó Enterococcus faecium) se suministraron en el agua de bebida de los animales que consumieron la dieta basal sin antibiótico garantizando una concentración de 107 UFC/ml. El diseño estadístico utilizado fue de bloques al azar en arreglo de parcelas divididas. La inclusión de probióticos, específicamente E. faecium, en la alimentación de pollos de engorde mejoraron el peso, desarrollo y crecimiento de órganos de importancia digestiva, específicamente intestino, lo cual se ve reflejado en vellosidades con mayor altura y ancho, y criptas menos profundas (p

A rigorous detection of interstellar CH3NCO: An important missing species in astrochemical networks

The recent analysis of the composition of the frozen surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko has revealed a significant number of complex organic molecules. Methyl isocyanate (CH3NCO) is one of the more abundant species detected on the comet surface. In this work we report extensive characterization of its rotational spectrum resulting in a list of 1269 confidently assigned laboratory lines and its detection in space towards the Orion clouds where 399 lines of the molecule have been unambiguously identified. We find that the limited mm-wave laboratory data reported prior to our work require some revision. The abundance of CH3NCO in Orion is only a factor of ten below those of HNCO and CH3CN. Unlike the molecular abundances in the coma of comets, which correlate with those of warm molecular clouds, molecular abundances in the gas phase in Orion are only weakly correlated with those measured on the comet surface. We also compare our abundances with those derived recently for this molecule towards Sgr B2 (Halfen et al. 2015). A more accurate abundance of CH3NCO is provided for this cloud based on our extensive laboratory work.

Good response to rituximab in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and pulmonary, renal manifestations and ophthalmoplegia

Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is a classical drug for the treatment of severe granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). However, a considerable number of patients are resistant to standard treatment and it can show substantial toxicity. Therefore, alternative agents should be considered in refractory cases. We report the successful use of rituximab (RTX) in a 70-year-old patient diagnosed of GPA who developed ophthalmoplegia, an uncommon complication of GPA. The patient also had upper and lower respiratory tract involvement and kidney manifestations with good prognosis. We review the causes of ophtalmoparesis and the treatment with RTX in GPA.

Positive Predictive Value of Abdominal Sonography in the Diagnosis of Ischemic Colitis

AIM

The aim was to prospectively evaluate the positive predictive value of ultrasound in the diagnosis of ischemic colitis, with colonoscopy as the reference standard.

METHODS

During a 2-year period we included consecutive patients over 50 years of age with sudden abdominal pain and/or rectal bleeding who underwent abdominal sonography in an emergency setting with a thickened segment of colon with a length of more than 10 cm. This clinical-sonographic triad was considered diagnostic for ischemic colitis. A thickened bowel location or color Doppler flow findings on ultrasound examination were evaluated but were not considered to make the diagnosis of ischemic colitis. Basic descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study patients. The positive predictive value was calculated as: number of patients with the definitive diagnosis of ischemic colitis (colonoscopic or follow-up)/number of patients with a sonographic diagnosis of ischemic colitis.

RESULTS

A total of 48 patients had the clinical-sonographic triad; mean age: 74.3 years (range 54-90 years). The most frequent clinical manifestation was rectal bleeding (83% of the cases) followed by abdominal pain (81%) and diarrhea (45%). A total of 42 cases of ischemic colitis were confirmed by endoscopy (n=35) and biopsy (n=34) or clinical evaluation (n=7). The positive predictive value of the clinical-sonographic diagnosis of ischemic colitis was 87.5%. Thickening of the colon wall was detected on the left side in 35 patients with ischemic colitis, on the right side in 3 and pancolitis was identified in 5 patients.

CONCLUSION

In an appropriate clinical setting, ultrasound has a high positive predictive value for the diagnosis of ischemic colitis.

Loss of a Conserved tRNA Anticodon Modification Perturbs Plant Immunity

tRNA is the most highly modified class of RNA species, and modifications are found in tRNAs from all organisms that have been examined. Despite their vastly different chemical structures and their presence in different tRNAs, occurring in different locations in tRNA, the biosynthetic pathways of the majority of tRNA modifications include a methylation step(s). Recent discoveries have revealed unprecedented complexity in the modification patterns of tRNA, their regulation and function, suggesting that each modified nucleoside in tRNA may have its own specific function. However, in plants, our knowledge on the role of individual tRNA modifications and how they are regulated is very limited. In a genetic screen designed to identify factors regulating disease resistance and activation of defenses in Arabidopsis, we identified SUPPRESSOR OF CSB3 9 (SCS9). Our results reveal SCS9 encodes a tRNA methyltransferase that mediates the 2´-O-ribose methylation of selected tRNA species in the anticodon loop. These SCS9-mediated tRNA modifications enhance during the course of infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000, and lack of such tRNA modification, as observed in scs9 mutants, severely compromise plant immunity against the same pathogen without affecting the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway which regulates plant immune responses. Our results support a model that gives importance to the control of certain tRNA modifications for mounting an effective immune response in Arabidopsis, and therefore expands the repertoire of molecular components essential for an efficient disease resistance response.

Numerous studies revealed the existence of nearly 110 ribonucleoside structures incorporated as post-transcriptional modifications in tRNA, with 25–30 modifications present in any one organism. Emerging evidence points to the critical role of tRNA modifications in various cellular responses to stimuli, including transcription of stress response genes and control of cell viability and growth. The primary function of tRNA modifications, and in particular tRNA methylations, are linked to different steps in protein synthesis including stabilization of tRNA structures, reinforcement of the codon-anticodon interaction, regulation of wobble base pairing, and prevention of frameshift errors. Furthermore, tRNA methylations are involved in the RNA quality control system and regulation of tRNA localization in the cell, all of which affect translation rate, but modifications in the anti-codon, which exhibit important roles in decoding mRNA are particularly important. We identified that the SCS9 gene from Arabidopsis encodes a tRNA 2´-O-ribose methyltransferase homologous to the TRM7 methyltransferase from yeast. We identify that SCS9 is crucial for the 2´-O-ribose methylation of nucleotides 32 and 34 of the tRNAs anticodon loop of certain tRNA molecules. We show that SCS9 is required for effectiveness of plant immunity and suggest the importance of precise tRNA modifications in this process.

First records of Hippocampus algiricus in the Canary Islands (north-east Atlantic Ocean) with an observation of hybridization with Hippocampus hippocampus

Morphometric and genetic analyses confirmed the first records of the West African seahorse Hippocampus algiricus at Gran Canaria Island (north-east Atlantic Ocean), and also the first evidence of interspecific hybridization in seahorses. These results provide additional data on the distribution of H. algiricus that may help to establish future conservation strategies, and uncover a new potential sympatric scenario between H. algiricus and Hippocampus hippocampus.

Searching for trans ethyl methyl ether in Orion KL. ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2015;582:L1. [PMID: 26869726 PMCID: PMC4747151 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201526255]

We report on the tentative detection of trans ethyl methyl ether (tEME), t-CH₃CH₂OCH₃, through the identification of a large number of rotational lines from each one of the spin states of the molecule towards Orion KL. We also search for gauche-trans-n-propanol, Gt-n-CH₃CH₂CH₂OH, an isomer of tEME in the same source. We have identified lines of both species in the IRAM 30 m line survey and in the ALMA Science Verification data. We have obtained ALMA maps to establish the spatial distribution of these species. Whereas tEME mainly arises from the compact ridge component of Orion, Gt-n-propanol appears at the emission peak of ethanol (south hot core). The derived column densities of these species at the location of their emission peaks are ≤(4.0 ± 0.8) × 10¹⁵ cm^-2 and ≤(1.0 ± 0.2)× 10¹⁵ cm^-2 for tEME and Gt-n-propanol, respectively. The rotational temperature is ~100 K for both molecules. We also provide maps of CH₃OCOH, CH₃CH₂OCOH, CH₃OCH₃, CH₃OH, and CH₃CH₂OH to compare the distribution of these organic saturated O-bearing species containing methyl and ethyl groups in this region. Abundance ratios of related species and upper limits to the abundances of non-detected ethers are provided. We derive an abundance ratio N(CH₃OCH₃)/N(tEME) ≥ 150 in the compact ridge of Orion.

Fluorination Effects on NOS Inhibitory Activity of Pyrazoles Related to Curcumin

A series of new (E)-3(5)-[β-(aryl)-ethenyl]-5(3)-phenyl-1H-pyrazoles bearing fluorine atoms at different positions of the aryl group have been synthesized starting from the corresponding β-diketones. All compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, DSC as well as NMR (¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁹F and ¹⁵N) spectroscopy in solution and in solid state. Three structures have been solved by X-ray diffraction analysis, confirming the tautomeric forms detected by solid state NMR. The in vitro study of their inhibitory potency and selectivity on the activity of nNOS and eNOS (calcium-calmodulin dependent) as well as iNOS (calcium-calmodulin independent) isoenzymes is presented. A qualitative structure–activity analysis allowed the establishment of a correlation between the presence/absence of different substituents with the inhibition data proving that fluorine groups enhance the biological activity. (E)-3(5)-[β-(3-Fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethenyl]-5(3)-phenyl-1H-pyrazole (13), is the best inhibitor of iNOS, being also more selective towards the other two isoforms.

Communication in a Human biomonitoring study: Focus group work, public engagement and lessons learnt in 17 European countries

A communication strategy was developed by The Consortium to Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale (COPHES), as part of its objectives to develop a framework and protocols to enable the collection of comparable human biomonitoring data throughout Europe. The framework and protocols were tested in the pilot study DEMOCOPHES (Demonstration of a study to Coordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale). The aims of the communication strategy were to raise awareness of human biomonitoring, encourage participation in the study and to communicate the study results and their public health significance. It identified the audiences and key messages, documented the procedure for dissemination of results and was updated as the project progressed. A communication plan listed the tools and materials such as press releases, flyers, recruitment letters and information leaflets required for each audience with a time frame for releasing them. Public insight research was used to evaluate the recruitment material, and the feedback was used to improve the documents. Dissemination of results was coordinated in a step by step approach by the participating countries within DEMOCOPHES, taking into account specific national messages according to the needs of each country. Participants received individual results, unless they refused to be informed, along with guidance on what the results meant. The aggregate results and policy recommendations were then communicated to the general public and stakeholders, followed by dissemination at European level. Several lessons were learnt that may assist other future human biomonitoring studies. Recruitment took longer than anticipated and so social scientists, to help with community engagement, should be part of the research team from the start. As a European study, involving multiple countries, additional considerations were needed for the numerous organisations, different languages, cultures, policies and priorities. Therefore, communication documents should be seen as templates with essential information clearly indicated and the option for each country to tailor the material to reflect these differences. Future studies should consider setting up multidisciplinary networks of medical professionals and communication experts, and holding training workshops to discuss the interpretation of results and risk communication. Publicity and wide dissemination of the results helped to raise awareness of human biomonitoring to the general public, policy makers and other key stakeholders. Effective and timely communication, at all stages of a study, is essential if the potential of human biomonitoring research to improve public health is to be realised.

Fish consumption patterns and hair mercury levels in children and their mothers in 17 EU countries

The toxicity of methylmercury (MeHg) in humans is well established and the main source of exposure is via the consumption of large marine fish and mammals. Of particular concern are the potential neurodevelopmental effects of early life exposure to low-levels of MeHg. Therefore, it is important that pregnant women, children and women of childbearing age are, as far as possible, protected from MeHg exposure. Within the European project DEMOCOPHES, we have analyzed mercury (Hg) in hair in 1799 mother-child pairs from 17 European countries using a strictly harmonized protocol for mercury analysis. Parallel, harmonized questionnaires on dietary habits provided information on consumption patterns of fish and marine products. After hierarchical cluster analysis of consumption habits of the mother-child pairs, the DEMOCOPHES cohort can be classified into two branches of approximately similar size: one with high fish consumption (H) and another with low consumption (L). All countries have representatives in both branches, but Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Portugal and Sweden have twice as many or more mother-child pairs in H than in L. For Switzerland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia the situation is the opposite, with more representatives in L than H. There is a strong correlation (r=0.72) in hair mercury concentration between the mother and child in the same family, which indicates that they have a similar exposure situation. The clustering of mother-child pairs on basis of their fish consumption revealed some interesting patterns. One is that for the same sea fish consumption, other food items of marine origin, like seafood products or shellfish, contribute significantly to the mercury levels in hair. We conclude that additional studies are needed to assess and quantify exposure to mercury from seafood products, in particular. The cluster analysis also showed that 95% of mothers who consume once per week fish only, and no other marine products, have mercury levels 0.55 μg/g. Thus, the 95th percentile of the distribution in this group is only around half the US-EPA recommended threshold of 1 μg/g mercury in hair. Consumption of freshwater fish played a minor role in contributing to mercury exposure in the studied cohort. The DEMOCOPHES data shows that there are significant differences in MeHg exposure across the EU and that exposure is highly correlated with consumption of fish and marine products. Fish and marine products are key components of a healthy human diet and are important both traditionally and culturally in many parts of Europe. Therefore, the communication of the potential risks of mercury exposure needs to be carefully balanced to take into account traditional and cultural values as well as the potential health benefits from fish consumption. European harmonized human biomonitoring programs provide an additional dimension to national HMB programs and can assist national authorities to tailor mitigation and adaptation strategies (dietary advice, risk communication, etc.) to their country's specific requirements.

Actividad reproductiva después del anestro inducido con altrenogest en hembras de <i>Tursiops truncatus</i> en cautiverio en ambiente marino

<p>La necesidad de reproducir delfín nariz de botella (<em>Tursiops truncatus</em>) en cautiverio se ha incrementado debido a las restricciones internacionales para su comercialización y por el riesgo y dificultad logística para el traslado de ejemplares. Por lo anterior, se hace importante conocer su biología reproductiva en cautiverio. El objetivo de este trabajo, fue conocer los indicadores post tratamiento con altrenogest (Regumate^®), de citología vaginal, niveles de estradiol y reinicio de la actividad reproductiva en cautiverio de hembras de <em>T truncatus</em> en ambiente marino. Por un año, 12 hembras recibieron diariamente una dosis de 0,07mg kg^-1 de altrenogest. Se realizaron un total 420 citologías vaginales, una diaria de cada hembra, para determinar el porcentaje de células cornificadas.  También se obtuvieron de la red vascular, 60 muestras  sanguíneas, en las que se determinó los niveles de estradiol. En cuanto a la citología vaginal, al cuarto día de retirar la administración de altrenogest, el porcentaje total de células cornificadas incrementó del 60% a 70% hasta el día nueve y continuó ascendiendo al 80% entre los días 12 al 19. Los niveles de estradiol, presentaron un rango de 16 a 114pg ml^-1. Se encontró una correlación (r = 0,7062 P&lt;0.05) positiva entre estos indicadores. Se concluye que es posible la manipulación con altrenogest y el monitoreo del ciclo estral de las hembras mediante técnicas simples como la citología vaginal para el diseño de protocolos de reproducción asistida específicos para grupos en cautiverio de <em>T truncatus.</em></p>

Polimorfismo A192G de INHA y su asociación con características lecheras en ganado Holstein de Antioquia

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto del polimorfismo A192G en algunos parámetros productivos y reproductivos en vacas Holstein de Antioquia. Para esto, se utilizó la técnica PCR-RFLP para amplificar un segmento de 249 pb del gen de inhibina alfa bovina (INHA) el cual fue digerido con la enzima de restricción MspI. El efecto de los genotipos de INHA en las características productivas y reproductivas se determinó con un Modelo Linear Mixto y la prueba de Tukey se usó para establecer diferencias significativas entre las medias de los tres genotipos. El efecto de sustitución alélica se estudió a través de un modelo de regresión lineal donde los genotipos AA, AG y GG fueron transformados a una escala cuantitativa de 0, 1 y 2, respectivamente de acuerdo al número de alelos G poseídos. En el ganado Holstein de Antioquia el genotipo más común fue el AG (0,529) seguido por el AA (0,269) y el genotipo GG (0,201). Las frecuencias alélicas fueron 0,534 para A y 0.466 para G. Los genotipos de INHA no ejercieron un efecto significativo en los principales parámetros reproductivos, excepto para porcentaje de grasa donde los animales GG presentaron el mayor valor para esta característica. A pesar de que no hubo un efecto significativo de este polimorfismo en los parámetros reproductivos, la prueba de Tukey mostró que el alelo G tiende a tener un efecto negativo en la fertilidad de las hembras, aumentando el intervalo entre partos y el número de servicios por concepción, disminuyendo la eficiencia reproductiva de los hatos. Se requieren más estudios para determinar si estos SNP pueden ser utilizados como marcadores moleculares.

Sub-micrometric reflectometry for localized label-free biosensing

In this work we present an optical technique for characterizing sub-micrometric areas based on reflectivity of the light as a function of angle of incidence for the two pure polarizations s and p, covering a range of angles of incidence from -71.80° to 71.80° with a resolution of 0.1°. Circular areas with a diameter in the order of 600 nm can be characterized, and the spectra for the two polarizations can be obtained with a single measurement. For biosensing purposes, we have fabricated several Bio Photonic Sensing Cells (BICELLs) consisting of interferometers of 1240 nm of SU-8 polymer over silicon. An indirect immunoassay is performed over these BICELLs and compared experimentally with FT-VIS-NIR spectrometry and theoretical calculations. The Limit of Detection (LoD) achieved is comparable with standard high resolution spectrometry, but with the capability of analyzing sub-micrometric domains for immunoassays reactions onto a sensing surface.

(111)In-octreotide SPECT-CT in head and neck paragangliomas

Head and neck paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors expressing somatostatin receptors on their cell surface, particularly subtype 2. Due to this distinctive feature, images can be obtained in Nuclear Medicine using synthetic analogues of somatostatin, mainly octreotide, which allow selective display by planar scintigraphy, SPECT-CT or PET-CT imaging after radiolabeling with (111)In or (68)Ga. Three cases have been selected and presented from a series of patients that illustrate the utility of SPECT-CT studies with (111)In-octreotide in the diagnosis and monitoring of this type of tumor. These are characterization at initial diagnosis, staging, and detection of local recurrence or metastasis, with added value with respect to anatomical images (nuclear magnetic resonance, computed axial tomography, angiography), for example in the differentiation between functional tissue or scar in patients who had previously undergone surgery.

POF misalignment model based on the calculation of the radiation pattern using the Hankel transform

Here, we propose a method to estimate misalignment losses that is based on the calculation of the radiated angular power distribution as light propagates through space using the fiber far field pattern (FFP) and simplifying and speeding calculations with the Hankel transform. This method gives good estimates for combined transversal and longitudinal losses at short, intermediate and long offset distances. In addition, the same methodology can be adapted to describe not only scalar loss but also its angular dependence caused by misalignments. We show that this approach can be applied to upgrade a connector matrix included in a propagation model that is integrated into simulation software. This way, we assess the effects of misalignments at different points in the link and are able to predict the performance of different layouts at system level.

First steps toward harmonized human biomonitoring in Europe: demonstration project to perform human biomonitoring on a European scale

BACKGROUND

For Europe as a whole, data on internal exposure to environmental chemicals do not yet exist. Characterization of the internal individual chemical environment is expected to enhance understanding of the environmental threats to health.

OBJECTIVES

We developed and applied a harmonized protocol to collect comparable human biomonitoring data all over Europe.

METHODS

In 17 European countries, we measured mercury in hair and cotinine, phthalate metabolites, and cadmium in urine of 1,844 children (5-11 years of age) and their mothers. Specimens were collected over a 5-month period in 2011-2012. We obtained information on personal characteristics, environment, and lifestyle. We used the resulting database to compare concentrations of exposure biomarkers within Europe, to identify determinants of exposure, and to compare exposure biomarkers with health-based guidelines.

RESULTS

Biomarker concentrations showed a wide variability in the European population. However, levels in children and mothers were highly correlated. Most biomarker concentrations were below the health-based guidance values.

CONCLUSIONS

We have taken the first steps to assess personal chemical exposures in Europe as a whole. Key success factors were the harmonized protocol development, intensive training and capacity building for field work, chemical analysis and communication, as well as stringent quality control programs for chemical and data analysis. Our project demonstrates the feasibility of a Europe-wide human biomonitoring framework to support the decision-making process of environmental measures to protect public health.

Anti-smoking legislation and its effects on urinary cotinine and cadmium levels

Anti-smoking legislation has been associated with an improvement in health indicators. Since the cadmium (Cd) body burden in the general population is markedly increased by smoke exposure, we analyzed the impact of the more restrictive legislation that came into force in Spain in 2011 by measuring Cd and cotinine in first morning urine samples from 83 adults in Madrid (Spain) before (2010) and after (2011) introduction of this law. Individual pair-wise comparisons showed a reduction of creatinine corrected Cotinine and Cd levels for non-active smokers, i. e. those which urinary cotinine levels are below 50 μg/L. After the application of the stricter law, cotinine levels in urine only decreased in non-active smokers who self-reported not to be exposed to second-hand smoke. The reduction in second hand smoke exposure was significantly higher in weekends (Friday to Sunday) than in working days (Monday to Thursday). The decrease in U-Cd was highly significant in non-active smokers and, in general, correlated with lower creatinine excretion. Therefore correction by creatinine could bias urinary Cd results, at least for cotinine levels higher than 500 μg/L. The biochemical/toxicological benefits detected herein support the stricter application of anti-smoking legislation and emphasize the need to raise the awareness of the population as regards exposure at home.

Melatonin blunts the mitochondrial/NLRP3 connection and protects against radiation-induced oral mucositis

Mucositis is a common and distressing side effect of chemotherapy or radiotherapy that has potentially severe consequences, and no treatment is available. The purpose of this study was to analyze the molecular pathways involved in the development of oral mucositis and to evaluate whether melatonin can prevent this pathology. The tongue of male Wistar rats was subjected to irradiation (X-ray YXLON Y.Tu 320-D03 irradiator; the animals received a dose of 7.5 Gy/day for 5 days). Rats were treated with 45 mg/day melatonin or vehicle for 21 days postirradiation, either by local application into their mouths (melatonin gel) or by subcutaneous injection. A connection between reactive oxygen species, generating mitochondria and the NLRP3 (NLR-related protein 3 nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor-related protein 3) inflammasome, has been reported in mucositis. Here, we show that mitochondrial oxidative stress, bioenergetic impairment and subsequent NLRP3 inflammasome activation are involved in the development of oral mucositis after irradiation and that melatonin synthesized in the rat tongue is depleted after irradiation. The application of melatonin gel restores physiological melatonin levels in the tongue and prevents mucosal disruption and ulcer formation. Melatonin gel protects the mitochondria from radiation damage and blunts the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling activation in the tongue. Our results suggest new molecular pathways involved in radiotherapy-induced mucositis that are inhibited by topical melatonin application, suggesting a potential preventive therapy for mucositis in patients with cancer.

Preoperative tests recommendations in adult patients for ambulatory surgery

Anesthetic assessment traditionally included a series of laboratory tests intended to detect undiagnosed diseases, and to ensure that the patient undergoes surgery following safety criteria. These tests, without a specific clinical indication, are expensive, of questionable diagnostic value and often useless. In the context of outpatient surgery, recent evidence suggests that patients of any age without significant comorbidity, ASA physical status gradei and grade ii, do not need additional preoperative tests routinely. The aim of the present recommendations is to determine the general indications in which these tests should be performed in ASA gradei and grade ii patients undergoing ambulatory surgery.

Association between a polymorphism in intron 3 of the bovine growth hormone gene and growth traits in Holstein heifers in Antioquia

The aim of this study was to determine the association between a polymorphism in intron 3 of the bovine growth hormone (BGH) gene and growth traits related to the start of the reproductive life of Holstein heifers. This research was conducted using 480 Holstein heifers belonging to eight herds in three municipalities in the Department of Antioquia (Colombia). The phenotypic information used corresponded to information that had been historically recorded for each of the herds and was supplemented with information obtained through bimonthly visits to the herds over a period of 24 months. Genotyping was performed using the PCR-RFLP technique with DNA extracted from peripheral blood using the salting out technique. To determine association, statistical analyses were performed using parametric methods. Allele frequencies for the alleles (+) and (-) were 0.91 and 0.09, respectively. The genotype frequencies were 0.77, 0.2 and 0.03 for the genotypes (+/+), (+/-) and (-/-), respectively. There was an association between genotype and weight at first estrus and first calving (P < 0.01). The regression coefficients for both characteristics were significant, indicating that for each (+) allele, weight at first estrus and first calving decreased by 9.24 and 16.07 kg, respectively. The results indicated the existence of an association between a polymorphism in intron 3 of the BGH gene and both weight at first estrus and first calving, which can be used to facilitate the selection of animals with these genotypes for use in breeding programs.

Emissions of C&D refuse in landfills: a European case

A field study was developed in a new landfill for refuse from construction and demolition (C&D) material recovery plants of small size (4 Ha.) in Europe, with the aim of evaluating the liquid and gas emissions in this type of facility at a large scale. It included characterization of the materials, monitoring leachate and gas quantity and composition. Besides thermometers, piezometers and sampling ports were placed in several points within the waste. This paper presents the data obtained for five years of the landfill life. The materials disposed were mainly made up of wood and concrete, similar to other C&D debris sites, but the amount of gypsum drywall (below 3% of the waste) was significantly smaller than other available studies, where percentages above 20% had been reported. Leachate contained typical C&D pollutants, such as different inorganic ions and metals, some of which exceeded other values reported in the literature (conductivity, ammonium, lead and arsenic). The small net precipitation in the area and the leachate recirculation into the landfill surface help explain these higher concentrations, thus highlighting the impact of liquid to solid (L/S) ratio on leachate characteristics. In contrast to previous studies, neither odor nuisances nor significant landfill gas over the surface were detected. However, gas samples taken from the landfill inside revealed sulfate reducing and methanogenic activity.