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Kang C, Dey SK, Eyring L. Nanostructure Evolution During Processing of Thin-Film Gels: A High-Resolution Electron Microscopic Study. 2. The Thin-Film Gel Derived From Pb(Zr0.45Ti0.55)O2(OR)2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-183-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHigh-resolution electron microscopic examination of alkoxide thin-film gels has been employed to study the drying and aging of thin-film Pb(Zr0.45Ti0.55)O2(OR)2as it evolves from the gel to the ferroelectric perovskite product. The initially amorphous film is observed to aggregate to form ordered islands with inter-metal distances close to that of the final structure embedded in a highly disordered matrix. When these aggregates are at the surface they grow and decompose more rapidly to the perovskite product. The progress to a polycrystalline final state is followed and recorded in real time and in time-lapse at high resolution.
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Yildirim K, Uzkeser H, Uyanik A, Karatay S, Kiziltunc A, Yildirim K, Uzkeser H, Keles M, Karatay S, Kiziltunc A, Kaya MD, Serdal CO, Emire S, Fatih K, Ayla Y, Hasan T, Hasan Y, Radic M, Radic J, Kaliterna DM, Ugurlu S, Engin A, Ozgon G, Hatemi G, Akyayla E, Bakir M, Ozdogan H, Ozdogan H, Hatemi G, Ugurlu S, Ozguler Y, Masatlioglu S, Celik S, Kilic H, Cengiz M, Ugurlu S, Hamuryudan V, Ozyazgan Y, Seyahi E, Hatemi G, Yurdakul S, Yazici H, Hamuryudan V, Hatemi G, Yurdakul S, Mat C, Tascilar K, Ozyazgan Y, Seyahi E, Ugurlu S, Yazici H, Ozdogan H, Ugurlu S, Hatemi G, Demirel Y, Calli S, Ozgon G, Yildirim S, Batumlu M, Cevirgen D, Akyayla E, Celik S, Masatlioglu S, Ozguler Y, Cengiz M, Kilic H, Alpaslan O, Balli M, Sametoglu F, Doganyilmaz D, Cermik TF, Erdede MO, Yesilada BY, Yilmaz M, Saglam M, Pinar B, Figen T, Seher K, Muyesser O, Emel G, Meral E, Karatay S, Uzkeser H, Uzkeser H, Karatay S, Yildirim K, Karakuzu A, Uyanik MH, Yildirim K, Karatay S, Atasoy M, Gundogdu F, Aktan B, Alper F, Kantarci AM, Agrogianni X, Lintzeris I, Lintzeri A, Nas K, Demircan Z, Karakoc M, Yuksel U, Cevik R, Sumer TT, Zagar I, Gaspersic N, Rafa H, Medjeber O, Belkhelfa M, Hakem D, Touil-Boukoffa C, Aydogdu E, Donmez S, Pamuk GE, Pamuk ON, Cakir N, Shahril NS, Mageswaren E, Isa LM, Rajalingam S, Abdullah F, Kaslan MR, Samsudin AT, Arbi A, Hussein H, Brandao M, Caldas AR, Marinho A, da Silva AM, Farinha F, Vasconcelos C, Choi CB, Park SR, Wha Lee K, Bae SC, Beg S, Popovich J, Sessoms S, Dimitroulas T, Giannakoulas G, Papadopoulou K, Karvounis H, Dimitroula H, Koliakos G, Karamitsos T, Parcharidou D, Settas L, Nandagudi AC, Ziaj S, Dabrera GM, Kim T, Kim K, Bae SC, Kang C. Thematic stream: systemic autoimmune diseases (PP32-PP58): PP32. Trace Element Levels in Patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever as Compared to Healthy Controls. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ozgon G, Engin A, Hatemi G, Akyayla E, Ugurlu S, Bakir M, Ozdogan H, Kim K, Bae SC, Kang C, Shah D, Bhatnagar A, Wanchu A. Thematic stream: systemic autoimmune disease: BPP4. Four Novel Mefv Gene Mutations in A Population where the Prevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever and Mefv Gene Carrier Status is Very High. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lahiri I, Oh SM, Hwang JY, Kang C, Choi M, Jeon H, Banerjee R, Sun YK, Choi W. Ultrathin alumina-coated carbon nanotubes as an anode for high capacity Li-ion batteries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11474c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chu W, Lu F, Zhu W, Kang C. Isolation and characterization of new potential probiotic bacteria based on quorum-sensing system. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 110:202-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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56
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Kang C. IGR of safety policy in Korea. Inj Prev 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/ip.2010.029215.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kim E, Choi CB, Kang C, Bae SC. Adverse events in analgesic treatment with tramadol associated with CYP2D6 extensive-metaboliser and OPRM1 high-expression variants. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:1889-90. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.124347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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58
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Kim M, Wu H, Park C, Heo D, Kim Y, Kim D, Lee S, Kim Y, Kim J, Kang C. Role of Postoperative Radiotherapy in Advanced Stage Non–small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Moffett P, Baker B, Kang C, Johnson M. 387: Evaluation of Time Required for Water-Only Topical Decontamination of an Oil-Based Agent. Ann Emerg Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.06.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kim I, Kim YJ, Kim K, Kang C, Choi CB, Sung YK, Lee HS, Bae SC. Genetic studies of systemic lupus erythematosus in Asia: where are we now? Genes Immun 2009; 10:421-32. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chun JK, Lee JH, Kim HS, Cheong HM, Kim KS, Kang C, Kim DS. Establishing a surveillance network for severe lower respiratory tract infections in Korean infants and young children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28:841-4. [PMID: 19190941 PMCID: PMC7088216 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To reduce morbidity and mortality through integrated case management, a pilot study to detect respiratory viruses in patients with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) was designed as part of a nationwide surveillance for this disease in Korea. The study population consisted of hospitalized patients under the age of 5 years with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, croup, or acute respiratory distress syndrome. A prospective 6-month study was performed. Two hundred and ninety-seven nasopharyngeal secretions were collected and multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR)/polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed to detect respiratory viruses. If there were any positive RT-PCR/PCR results, viral cultures were proceeded for confirmation. Respiratory viruses were identified in 49.6% of 296 patients. The detection rates were as follows: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most commonly detected in 52.7% (87/165), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in 15.8%, human corona virus (hCoV) in 5.5%, adenovirus in 9.7%, human bocavirus (hBoV) in 5.5%, parainfluenza virus (PIV) in 3.6%, rhinovirus (RV) in 4.2%, and the influenza virus in 3% of the patients with ALRIs. The consistent rate of positive results between RT-PCR and viral culture was 92% (105/114). Using our methods to detect viral causes seemed to be acceptable for the national surveillance of severe acute respiratory infections in infants and children.
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Zheng P, Zhao YX, Zhang AD, Kang C, Chen HC, Jin ML. Pathologic Analysis of the Brain from Streptococcus suis Type 2 Experimentally Infected Pigs. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:531-5. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0043-j-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis type 2 ( S. suis 2) is known as a major porcine pathogen worldwide and causes meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, arthritis, and septic shock in pigs. Suilysin, a secreted protein of S. suis 2, is considered to be an important S. suis 2 virulence-associated factor. In this paper, the cerebellar lesions following experimental infection of pigs with S. suis 2 were studied. An immunohistochemical technique was applied to compare the distribution of bacteria and secreted suilysin protein in brain. The infected pigs developed histologic lesions of meningoencephalitis. Immunohistochemistry identified bacteria within the cytoplasm of neutrophils and macrophages localized in meningeal lesions. The secreted suilysin protein showed a similar localization within the cytoplasm of inflammatory cells, indicating that suilysin had high expression in vivo and may contribute to the pathogenesis of streptococcal meningoencephalitis.
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Cheong H, Park J, Kwon M, Jung H, Kim K, Kang C. Prevalence of Respiratory Viruses in Acute Respiratory Infections in Korea, 2007. Int J Infect Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Pu P, Zhang Z, Kang C, Jiang R, Jia Z, Wang G, Jiang H. Downregulation of Wnt2 and beta-catenin by siRNA suppresses malignant glioma cell growth. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 16:351-61. [PMID: 18949017 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that aberrant activation of Wnt signaling is involved in tumor development and progression. Our earlier study on gene expression profile in human gliomas by microarray found that some members of Wnt family were overexpressed. To further investigate the involvement of Wnt signaling in gliomas, the expression of core components of Wnt signaling cascade in 45 astrocytic glioma specimens with different tumor grades was examined by reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Wnt2, Wnt5a, frizzled2 and beta-catenin were overexpressed in gliomas. Knockdown of Wnt2 and its key mediator beta-catenin in the canonical Wnt pathway by siRNA in human U251 glioma cells inhibited cell proliferation and invasive ability, and induced apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, treating the nude mice carrying established subcutaneous U251 gliomas with siRNA targeting Wnt2 and beta-catenin intratumorally also delayed the tumor growth. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, downregulation of Wnt2 and beta-catenin was associated with the decrease of PI3K/p-AKT expression, indicating the interplay between Wnt/beta-catenin and PI3K/AKT signaling cascades. In conclusion, the canonical Wnt pathway is of critical importance in the gliomagenesis and intervention of this pathway may provide a new therapeutic approach for malignant gliomas.
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Yu N, Kang C, Yoo H, Jung C, Lee Y, Kee C, Ko D, Lee J. Temperature Dependent Terahertz Generation at Periodically Poled Stoichiometric Lithium Tantalate Crystal Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3807/josk.2008.12.3.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ko K, Choi S, Kang C, Hong D. RBF multiuser detector with channel estimation capability in a synchronous MC-CDMA system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 12:1536-9. [PMID: 18249987 DOI: 10.1109/72.963794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The authors propose a multiuser detector with channel estimation capability using a radial basis function (RBF) network in a synchronous multicarrier-code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system. The authors propose to connect an RBF network to the frequency domain to effectively utilize the frequency diversity. Simulations were performed over frequency-selective and multi-path fading channels. These simulations confirmed that the proposed receiver can be used both for the channel estimation and as a multi-user receiver, thus permitting an increase in the number of active users.
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Gilmore JH, Lin W, Corouge I, Vetsa YSK, Smith JK, Kang C, Gu H, Hamer RM, Lieberman JA, Gerig G. Early postnatal development of corpus callosum and corticospinal white matter assessed with quantitative tractography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28:1789-95. [PMID: 17923457 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The early postnatal period is perhaps the most dynamic phase of white matter development. We hypothesized that the early postnatal development of the corpus callosum and corticospinal tracts could be studied in unsedated healthy neonates by using novel approaches to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and quantitative tractography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isotropic 2 x 2 x 2 mm(3) DTI and structural images were acquired from 47 healthy neonates. DTI and structural images were coregistered and fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and normalized T1-weighted (T1W) and T2-weighted (T2W) signal intensities were determined in central midline and peripheral cortical regions of the white matter tracts of the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum and the central midbrain and peripheral cortical regions of the corticospinal tracts by using quantitative tractography. RESULTS We observed that central regions exhibited lower MD, higher FA values, higher T1W intensity, and lower T2W intensity than peripheral cortical regions. As expected, MD decreased, FA increased, and T2W signal intensity decreased with increasing age in the genu and corticospinal tract, whereas there was no significant change in T1W signal intensity. The central midline region of the splenium fiber tract has a unique pattern, with no change in MD, FA, or T2W signal intensity with age, suggesting different growth trajectory compared with the other tracts. FA seems to be more dependent on tract organization, whereas MD seems to be more sensitive to myelination. CONCLUSIONS Our novel approach may detect small regional differences and age-related changes in the corpus callosum and corticospinal white matter tracts in unsedated healthy neonates and may be used for future studies of pediatric brain disorders that affect developing white matter.
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Jeon K, Kang CI, Yoon CH, Lee DJ, Kim CH, Chung YS, Kang C, Choi CM. High isolation rate of adenovirus serotype 7 from South Korean military recruits with mild acute respiratory disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26:481-3. [PMID: 17541654 PMCID: PMC7087825 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-007-0312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus is a major cause of acute respiratory disease (ARD) in military recruits. When South Korean military recruits with ARD were surveyed, adenovirus was identified in 122 (61.0%) of the 200 recruits studied. Moreover, all cases of ARD involving adenovirus were caused by serotype 7.
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Bal dit Sollier C, Bonneau M, Kang C, Berge N, Brouland J, Baudin B, Drouet L. DIET MANIPULATION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS IN THE FHD PIG MODEL. J Thromb Haemost 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.tb03006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chung YS, Kim MK, Lee WJ, Kang C. Silencing E1A mRNA by RNA interference inhibits adenovirus replication. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1305-14. [PMID: 17597352 PMCID: PMC7087230 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The adenovirus family contains 51 human serotypes, and most human adenoviruses cause widespread respiratory tract infections. Adenovirus infections can result in severe complications in some cases, such as in adenovirus type 11 infection in immunocompromised patients. However, effective treatment methods for adenovirus infections are currently unavailable. This prompted the search for antiviral agents effective against adenovirus infections. In the present study, adenovirus E1A was targeted by RNA interference (RNAi) using synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in an attempt to inhibit viral replication, since adenovirus E1A proteins are known to be involved in the transcriptional activation of the viral and cellular genes necessary for controlling the cell cycle and viral replication. The results indicated that the siRNAs effectively reduced the amount of adenovirus E1A mRNA and the levels of replicative intermediates. Additionally, siRNA-mediated gene silencing inhibited adenovirus replication by suppressing the E1A mRNA. These results suggest that the RNAi-mediated targeting of adenovirus E1A may have a potentially therapeutic effect in controlling adenovirus infections.
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Jun JB, Cho DY, Kang C, Bae SC. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphisms and the relationship between the mutant alleles and the adverse effects in systemic lupus erythematosus patients taking azathioprine. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005; 23:873-6. [PMID: 16396707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study sought to elucidate the genetic basis of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) polymorphism and subsequently to investigate the relationship between mutant TPMT and an adverse response observed in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) taking azathioprine (AZA). METHODS The TPMT genotype of 342 patients with SLE was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and correlated with the effects of clinical exposure to AZA. RESULTS TPMT polymorphism was detected in 17 of the 342 study subjects (5.0%), 12 heterozygous for the TPMT*3C allele and 5 heterozygous for the TPMT*6 allele. Numerous patients taking AZA demonstrated adverse drug responses. Severe nausea occurred in 4 patients with the TPMT*3C allele, while 1 patient with the TPMT*6 allele suffered severe bone marrow toxicity. Leucopenia (n = 17), nausea (n = 4), and abnormal liver function (n = 1) were suspected in 23 of the 94 lupus patients taking AZA. AZA was relatively well tolerated by the remainder of the patients. The heterozygous genotype for the TPMT*3C and *6 alleles was frequently detected in Korean SLE patients. CONCLUSION Contrary to previous hypotheses, this study identified no statistical correlation between TPMT genotype and AZA toxicity. We thus conclude that TMPT genotyping cannot replace regular blood monitoring in SLE patients receiving AZA treatment.
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Choi JY, Shin A, Park SK, Chung HW, Cho SI, Shin CS, Kim H, Lee KM, Lee KH, Kang C, Cho DY, Kang D. Genetic polymorphisms of OPG, RANK, and ESR1 and bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 2005; 77:152-9. [PMID: 16151677 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-004-0264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of genetic polymorphisms of OPG, RANK, and ESR1, which regulate osteoclastogenesis, on bone mineral density (BMD), a cross-sectional study was conducted in 650 Korean postmenopausal women. BMDs of the distal radius and the calcaneus were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Genetic polymorphisms of OPG 163 A > G, 1181 G > C; RANK 421 C > T, 575 T > C; and ESR1 1335 C > T, 2142 G > A were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry. The differences between the BMDs of the genotypes of OPG, RANK, and ESR1 were analyzed by multiple linear regression model adjusted for age and body mass index. Women with the OPG 1181 CC genotype had higher BMDs at the distal radius (7%) and calcaneus (10%) than those with the GG genotype; and these differences were statistically significant (P = 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively). A significant association was also observed between RANK 575 T > C and calcaneus BMD (P for trend = 0.017). No significant association was observed between BMDs and the polymorphisms of ESR1. The association between OPG 1181 G > C and BMD was profound in subjects with the RANK 575 TT or ESR1 2142 GG genotypes; women with OPG 1181 CC had higher BMDs at the distal radius (11%) and calcaneus (11%) than those with OPG 1181 GG only in women with RANK 575 TT genotype (P = 0.002 and P = 0.021, respectively). These results suggest that OPG genetic polymorphisms, especially with the RANK 575 TT or ESR1 2142 GG genotypes, are related to low BMD in postmenopausal Korean women.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND China has the largest population in the world with more than 70% of the people living in rural areas. Over 34% of children under the age of 5 years are responded to show moderate or severe growth stunting, so United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund and Chinese Ministry of Health conducted this large-scale survey in China. This study aimed to learn the feeding practice, to find the problems in child-feeding practice and to provide evidence for the government to develop an approach to child malnutrition in rural China. METHODS A structured questionnaire was used to survey 21,036 mothers of children with age of 0-24 months. RESULTS Of the 20,915 children, 98.22% were breastfeeding and 24.36% were exclusively breastfeeding. The proportion of children with weekly protein intake was 78.47%. Among the infants under 4 months, the risk of pneumonia in the group of exclusive breastfeeding was 1.69%, while in the group of non-exclusive breastfeeding was 3.63%, showing a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The risk of diarrhoea in the group of exclusive breastfeeding and in the group of non-exclusive breastfeeding among the infants under 4 months was 24.37% and 40.86%, respectively, also showing a statistically significant difference between the two groups. For children with age 4-6 months, the complementary feeding contributed to a higher prevalence of diarrhoea, but not pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS The breastfeeding was very common, but the exclusive breastfeeding was quite low and the exclusive breastfeeding for children under the age of 4 months decreased the risks of pneumonia and diarrhoea. For children with age 4-6 months, the exclusive breastfeeding could decrease the risk of diarrhoea, too. Protein intake was insufficient for children in rural China. The rural people lacked health knowledge and were greatly influenced by traditional feeding practices.
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Jin L, Rima B, Brown D, Orvell C, Tecle T, Afzal M, Uchida K, Nakayama T, Song JW, Kang C, Rota PA, Xu W, Featherstone D. Proposal for genetic characterisation of wild-type mumps strains: Preliminary standardisation of the nomenclature. Arch Virol 2005; 150:1903-9. [PMID: 15959834 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Though mumps virus (MuV) is a monotypic virus, genetic variation between strains has been described. Viruses have been placed into genotypes designated A-L based on the nucleotide sequence of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene, which is the most variable gene in the mumps genome. Molecular characterisation of MuV is an important component of mumps surveillance because it can help identify the transmission pathways of the virus as well as distinguish between wild-type and vaccine strains. Here, we propose a standardized nomenclature and an analysis protocol for the genetic characterisation of mumps strains to facilitate expansion of molecular epidemiological studies. In addition to assigning standard reference strains for the recognized genotypes of MuV, a convention is proposed for naming for strains and criteria to designate a new genotype.
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