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Maolanon AR, Kristensen HME, Leman LJ, Ghadiri MR, Olsen CA. Natural and Synthetic Macrocyclic Inhibitors of the Histone Deacetylase Enzymes. Chembiochem 2016; 18:5-49. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Canovas J, Baldry M, Bojer MS, Andersen PS, Grzeskowiak PK, Stegger M, Damborg P, Olsen CA, Ingmer H. Cross-Talk between Staphylococcus aureus and Other Staphylococcal Species via the agr Quorum Sensing System. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1733. [PMID: 27877157 PMCID: PMC5099252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are associated with both humans and animals. While most are non-pathogenic colonizers, Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing severe infections. S. aureus virulence is controlled by the agr quorum sensing system responding to secreted auto-inducing peptides (AIPs) sensed by AgrC, a two component histidine kinase. agr loci are found also in other staphylococcal species and for Staphylococcus epidermidis, the encoded AIP represses expression of agr regulated virulence genes in S. aureus. In this study we aimed to better understand the interaction between staphylococci and S. aureus, and show that this interaction may eventually lead to the identification of new anti-virulence candidates to target S. aureus infections. Here we show that culture supernatants of 37 out of 52 staphylococcal isolates representing 17 different species inhibit S. aureus agr. The dog pathogen, Staphylococcus schleiferi, expressed the most potent inhibitory activity and was active against all four agr classes found in S. aureus. By employing a S. aureus strain encoding a constitutively active AIP receptor we show that the activity is mediated via agr. Subsequent cloning and heterologous expression of the S. schleiferi AIP in S. aureus demonstrated that this molecule was likely responsible for the inhibitory activity, and further proof was provided when pure synthetic S. schleiferi AIP was able to completely abolish agr induction of an S. aureus reporter strain. To assess impact on S. aureus virulence, we co-inoculated S. aureus and S. schleiferi in vivo in the Galleria mellonella wax moth larva, and found that expression of key S. aureus virulence factors was abrogated. Our data show that the S. aureus agr locus is highly responsive to other staphylococcal species suggesting that agr is an inter-species communication system. Based on these results we speculate that interactions between S. aureus and other colonizing staphylococci will significantly influence the ability of S. aureus to cause infection, and we propose that other staphylococci are potential sources of compounds that can be applied as anti-virulence therapy for combating S. aureus infections.
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Galleano I, Schiedel M, Jung M, Madsen AS, Olsen CA. Correction to A Continuous, Fluorogenic Sirtuin 2 Deacylase Assay: Substrate Screening and Inhibitor Evaluation. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2847. [PMID: 26936455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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55
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Madsen AS, Andersen C, Daoud M, Anderson KA, Laursen JS, Chakladar S, Huynh FK, Colaço AR, Backos DS, Fristrup P, Hirschey MD, Olsen CA. Investigating the Sensitivity of NAD+-dependent Sirtuin Deacylation Activities to NADH. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7128-41. [PMID: 26861872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein lysine posttranslational modification by an increasing number of different acyl groups is becoming appreciated as a regulatory mechanism in cellular biology. Sirtuins are class III histone deacylases that use NAD(+)as a co-substrate during amide bond hydrolysis. Several studies have described the sirtuins as sensors of the NAD(+)/NADH ratio, but it has not been formally tested for all the mammalian sirtuinsin vitro To address this problem, we first synthesized a wide variety of peptide-based probes, which were used to identify the range of hydrolytic activities of human sirtuins. These probes included aliphatic ϵ-N-acyllysine modifications with hydrocarbon lengths ranging from formyl (C1) to palmitoyl (C16) as well as negatively charged dicarboxyl-derived modifications. In addition to the well established activities of the sirtuins, "long chain" acyllysine modifications were also shown to be prone to hydrolytic cleavage by SIRT1-3 and SIRT6, supporting recent findings. We then tested the ability of NADH, ADP-ribose, and nicotinamide to inhibit these NAD(+)-dependent deacylase activities of the sirtuins. In the commonly used 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-coupled fluorescence-based assay, the fluorophore has significant spectral overlap with NADH and therefore cannot be used to measure inhibition by NADH. Therefore, we turned to an HPLC-MS-based assay to directly monitor the conversion of acylated peptides to their deacylated forms. All tested sirtuin deacylase activities showed sensitivity to NADH in this assay. However, the inhibitory concentrations of NADH in these assays are far greater than the predicted concentrations of NADH in cells; therefore, our data indicate that NADH is unlikely to inhibit sirtuinsin vivo These data suggest a re-evaluation of the sirtuins as direct sensors of the NAD(+)/NADH ratio.
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Galleano I, Schiedel M, Jung M, Madsen AS, Olsen CA. A Continuous, Fluorogenic Sirtuin 2 Deacylase Assay: Substrate Screening and Inhibitor Evaluation. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1021-31. [PMID: 26788965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are important regulators of lysine acylation, which is implicated in cellular metabolism and transcriptional control. This makes the sirtuin class of enzymes interesting targets for development of small molecule probes with pharmaceutical potential. To achieve detailed profiling and kinetic insight regarding sirtuin inhibitors, it is important to have access to efficient assays. In this work, we report readily synthesized fluorogenic substrates enabling enzyme-economical evaluation of SIRT2 inhibitors in a continuous assay format as well as evaluation of the properties of SIRT2 as a long chain deacylase enzyme. Novel enzymatic activities of SIRT2 were thus established in vitro, which warrant further investigation, and two known inhibitors, suramin and SirReal2, were profiled against substrates containing ε-N-acyllysine modifications of varying length.
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Baldry M, Kitir B, Frøkiær H, Christensen SB, Taverne N, Meijerink M, Franzyk H, Olsen CA, Wells JM, Ingmer H. The agr Inhibitors Solonamide B and Analogues Alter Immune Responses to Staphylococccus aureus but Do Not Exhibit Adverse Effects on Immune Cell Functions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145618. [PMID: 26731096 PMCID: PMC4701192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance with the community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) strains such as USA300 being of particular concern. The inhibition of bacterial virulence has been proposed as an alternative approach to treat multi-drug resistant pathogens. One interesting anti-virulence target is the agr quorum-sensing system, which regulates virulence of CA-MRSA in response to agr-encoded autoinducing peptides. Agr regulation confines exotoxin production to the stationary growth phase with concomitant repression of surface-expressed adhesins. Solonamide B, a non-ribosomal depsipeptide of marine bacterial origin, was recently identified as a putative anti-virulence compound that markedly reduced expression of α-hemolysin and phenol-soluble modulins. To further strengthen solonamide anti-virulence candidacy, we report the chemical synthesis of solonamide analogues, investigation of structure–function relationships, and assessment of their potential to modulate immune cell functions. We found that structural differences between solonamide analogues confer significant differences in interference with agr, while immune cell activity and integrity is generally not affected. Furthermore, treatment of S. aureus with selected solonamides was found to only marginally influence the interaction with fibronectin and biofilm formation, thus addressing the concern that application of compounds inducing an agr-negative state may have adverse interactions with host factors in favor of host colonization.
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Madsen AS, Olsen CA. A potent trifluoromethyl ketone histone deacetylase inhibitor exhibits class-dependent mechanism of action. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00451a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic evaluation of HDAC inhibitors containing different zinc-binding chemotypes demonstrates that trifluoromethyl ketone-containing compounds can inhibit individual HDAC isozymes via differential mechanisms.
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Abstract
For a long time, peptides were considered unsuitable for drug development due to their inherently poor pharmacokinetic properties and proteolytic susceptibility. However, this paradigm has changed significantly in the past decade with the approval of numerous antibodies and proteins as drugs. In parallel, research in the field of synthetic molecules that are able to mimic or complement folding patterns exhibited by biopolymers, but are not recognized by proteases, have received considerable attention as well. Such entities were coined "foldamers" by Professor Gellman in an Account published in this journal in the late 1990s. Oligomers of N-alkylated 3-aminopropionic acid residues have been called β-peptoids due to their structural similarity to β-peptides and peptoids (N-alkylglycines), respectively. Because bona fide foldamer behavior has been demonstrated for both parent architectures, we wondered if the β-peptoids could serve as a successful addition to the known ensemble of peptidomimetic foldamers. When we entered this field, only the seminal description of libraries of β-peptoid dimers and trimers by Hamper et al. had been published a number of years earlier [ J. Org. Chem. 1998 , 63 , 708 ]. Perhaps somewhat naïvely in retrospect, we envisioned that elongation of chain length combined with introduction of bulky α-chiral side chains would deliver folded structures as reported for the α-peptoid counterparts. Initially, we, and others, were unsucessful in obtaining stable secondary structures of β-peptoid oligomers, and instead, these residues were either incorporated in cyclic structures or in combination with other types of residues to give peptidomimetic constructs with heterogeneous backbones. Amphiphilic architectures with various membrane-targeting activities, such as mimics of antimicrobial peptides or cell-penetrating peptides, have thus been particularly successful. Introduction of β-peptoid residues in histone deacetylase inhibitors mimicking nonribosomal cyclotetrapeptides have also been reported. In the present Account, we will sketch the scientific journey that ultimately delivered robustly folded β-peptoid oligomers. Contributions involving biological evaluation of peptidomimetic constructs containing β-peptoid residues, as mentioned above, which were investigated leading up to these recently reported high-resolution helical structures, will thus be discussed. On the basis of the work described in this Account, we envision that β-peptoids will find future utility as peptidomimetics for biomedical investigation containing both heterogeneous and homogeneous backbones. The recent demonstration of control over the secondary structure of a homogeneous β-peptoid backbone now enables structure-based design of scaffolds with predictable display of desired functionalities in three dimensions.
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Engel-Andreasen J, Wich K, Laursen JS, Harris P, Olsen CA. Effects of Thionation and Fluorination on Cis–Trans Isomerization in Tertiary Amides: An Investigation of N-Alkylglycine (Peptoid) Rotamers. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5415-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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61
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Maolanon AR, Villadsen JS, Christensen NJ, Hoeck C, Friis T, Harris P, Gotfredsen CH, Fristrup P, Olsen CA. Methyl Effect in Azumamides Provides Insight Into Histone Deacetylase Inhibition by Macrocycles. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9644-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501399d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Andreev K, Bianchi C, Laursen JS, Citterio L, Hein-Kristensen L, Gram L, Kuzmenko I, Olsen CA, Gidalevitz D. Guanidino groups greatly enhance the action of antimicrobial peptidomimetics against bacterial cytoplasmic membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2492-2502. [PMID: 24878450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides or their synthetic mimics are a promising class of potential new antibiotics. Herein we assess the effect of the type of cationic side chain (i.e., guanidino vs. amino groups) on the membrane perturbing mechanism of antimicrobial α-peptide-β-peptoid chimeras. Langmuir monolayers composed of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) were used to model cytoplasmic membranes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while lipopolysaccharide Kdo2-lipid A monolayers were mimicking the outer membrane of Gram-negative species. We report the results of the measurements using an array of techniques, including high-resolution synchrotron surface X-ray scattering, epifluorescence microscopy, and in vitro antimicrobial activity to study the molecular mechanisms of peptidomimetic interaction with bacterial membranes. We found guanidino group-containing chimeras to exhibit greater disruptive activity on DPPG monolayers than the amino group-containing analogues. However, this effect was not observed for lipopolysaccharide monolayers where the difference was negligible. Furthermore, the addition of the nitrobenzoxadiazole fluorophore did not reduce the insertion activity of these antimicrobials into both model membrane systems examined, which may be useful for future cellular localization studies.
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Tan M, Peng C, Anderson KA, Chhoy P, Xie Z, Dai L, Park J, Chen Y, Huang H, Zhang Y, Ro J, Wagner GR, Green MF, Madsen AS, Schmiesing J, Peterson BS, Xu G, Ilkayeva OR, Muehlbauer MJ, Braulke T, Mühlhausen C, Backos DS, Olsen CA, McGuire PJ, Pletcher SD, Lombard DB, Hirschey MD, Zhao Y. Lysine glutarylation is a protein posttranslational modification regulated by SIRT5. Cell Metab 2014; 19:605-17. [PMID: 24703693 PMCID: PMC4108075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the identification and characterization of a five-carbon protein posttranslational modification (PTM) called lysine glutarylation (Kglu). This protein modification was detected by immunoblot and mass spectrometry (MS), and then comprehensively validated by chemical and biochemical methods. We demonstrated that the previously annotated deacetylase, sirtuin 5 (SIRT5), is a lysine deglutarylase. Proteome-wide analysis identified 683 Kglu sites in 191 proteins and showed that Kglu is highly enriched on metabolic enzymes and mitochondrial proteins. We validated carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 (CPS1), the rate-limiting enzyme in urea cycle, as a glutarylated protein and demonstrated that CPS1 is targeted by SIRT5 for deglutarylation. We further showed that glutarylation suppresses CPS1 enzymatic activity in cell lines, mice, and a model of glutaric acidemia type I disease, the last of which has elevated glutaric acid and glutaryl-CoA. This study expands the landscape of lysine acyl modifications and increases our understanding of the deacylase SIRT5.
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Madsen AS, Kristensen HME, Lanz G, Olsen CA. Back Cover: The Effect of Various Zinc Binding Groups on Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases 1-11 (ChemMedChem 3/2014). ChemMedChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201490009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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65
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Villadsen JS, Kitir B, Wich K, Friis T, Madsen AS, Olsen CA. An azumamide C analogue without the zinc-binding functionality. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00252k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have attracted considerable attention due to their promise as therapeutic agents.
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66
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Madsen AS, Kristensen HME, Lanz G, Olsen CA. The Effect of Various Zinc Binding Groups on Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases 1-11. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:614-26. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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67
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Olsen CA. An update on lysine deacylases targeting the expanding "acylome". ChemMedChem 2013; 9:434-7. [PMID: 24375937 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysine ε-amino acetylation has long been recognized as an epigenetically relevant post-translational modification of multiple residues in histone proteins. However, it has become clear that lysine acetylation is not restricted to histones, and therefore, it may be involved in the regulation of a wide variety of proteins, some of which have been identified and studied in detail. More recently, post-translational modifications of lysine side chains by additional acyl groups have also been identified, and some of these appear to be regulated by histone deacetylases (HDACs) and/or sirtuins. In this Concept, new developments are discussed with emphasis on the enzymes that have been shown to catalyze the cleavage of these novel marks, including new assays and inhibitors. Ultimately, a deeper understand of these mechanisms should facilitate the development of ligands with therapeutic potential.
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Villadsen JS, Stephansen HM, Maolanon AR, Harris P, Olsen CA. Correction to Total Synthesis and Full Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory Profiling of Azumamides A–E as Well as β 2-epi-Azumaide E and β 3-epi-Azumaide E. J Med Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401223n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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69
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Villadsen JS, Stephansen HM, Maolanon AR, Harris P, Olsen CA. Total synthesis and full histone deacetylase inhibitory profiling of Azumamides A-E as well as β²- epi-Azumamide E and β³-epi-Azumamide E. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6512-20. [PMID: 23865683 DOI: 10.1021/jm4008449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic tetrapeptide and depsipeptide natural products have proven useful as biological probes and drug candidates due to their potent activities as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Here, we present the syntheses of a class of cyclic tetrapeptide HDAC inhibitors, the azumamides, by a concise route in which the key step in preparation of the noncanonical disubstituted β-amino acid building block was an Ellman-type Mannich reaction. By tweaking the reaction conditions during this transformation, we gained access to the natural products as well as two epimeric homologues. Thus, the first total syntheses of azumamides B-D corroborated the originally assigned structures, and the synthetic efforts enabled the first full profiling of HDAC inhibitory properties of the entire selection of azumamides A-E. This revealed unexpected differences in the relative potencies within the class and showed that azumamides C and E are both potent inhibitors of HDAC10 and HDAC11.
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Laursen JS, Engel-Andreasen J, Fristrup P, Harris P, Olsen CA. Cis-trans amide bond rotamers in β-peptoids and peptoids: evaluation of stereoelectronic effects in backbone and side chains. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:2835-44. [PMID: 23343406 DOI: 10.1021/ja312532x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-natural peptide analogs have significant potential for the development of new materials and pharmacologically active ligands. One such architecture, the β-peptoids (N-alkyl-β-alanines), has found use in a variety of biologically active compounds but has been sparsely studied with respect to folding propensity. Thus, we here report an investigation of the effect of structural variations on the cis-trans amide bond rotamer equilibria in a selection of monomer model systems. In addition to various side chain effects, which correlated well with previous studies of α-peptoids, we present the synthesis and investigation of cis-trans isomerism in the first examples of peptoids and β-peptoids containing thioamide bonds as well as trifluoroacetylated peptoids and β-peptoids. These systems revealed an increase in the preference for cis-amides as compared to their parent compounds and thus provide novel strategies for affecting the folding of peptoid constructs. By using NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and density functional theory calculations, we present evidence for the presence of thioamide-aromatic interactions through C(sp(2))-H···S(amide) hydrogen bonding, which stabilize certain peptoid conformations.
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Hansen AN, Bendiksen CD, Sylvest L, Friis T, Staerk D, Jørgensen FS, Olsen CA, Houen G. Synthesis and antiangiogenic activity of N-alkylated levamisole derivatives. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45405. [PMID: 23024819 PMCID: PMC3443238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of angiogenesis is a promising addition to current cancer treatment strategies. Neutralization of vascular endothelial growth factor by monoclonal antibodies is clinically effective but may cause side effects due to thrombosis. Low molecular weight angiogenesis inhibitors are currently less effective than antibody treatment and are also associated with serious side effects. The discovery of new chemotypes with efficient antiangiogenic activity is therefore of pertinent interest. (S)-levamisole hydrochloride, an anthelminthic drug approved for human use and with a known clinical profile, was recently shown to be an inhibitor of angiogenesis in vitro and exhibited tumor growth inhibition in mice. Here we describe the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a series of N-alkylated analogues of levamisole with the aim of characterizing structure-activity relationships with regard to inhibition of angiogenesis. N-methyllevamisole and p-bromolevamisole proved more effective than the parent compound, (S)-levamisole hydrochloride, with respect to inhibition of angiogenesis and induction of undifferentiated cluster morphology in human umbilical vein endothelial cells grown in co-culture with normal human dermal fibroblasts. Interestingly, the cluster morphology caused by N-methyllevamisole was different than the clusters observed for levamisole, and a third "cord-like" morphology resembling that of the known drug suramin was observed for an aniline-containing derivative. New chemotypes exhibiting antiangiogenic effects in vitro are thus described, and further investigation of their underlying mechanism of action is warranted.
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Olsen CA, Montero A, Leman LJ, Ghadiri MR. Macrocyclic peptoid-Peptide hybrids as inhibitors of class I histone deacetylases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:749-53. [PMID: 24900543 DOI: 10.1021/ml300162r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the first macrocyclic peptoid-containing histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. The compounds selectively inhibit human class I HDAC isoforms in vitro, with no inhibition of the tubulin deacetylase activity associated with class IIb HDAC6 in cultured Jurkat cells. Compared to the natural product apicidin (1), one inhibitor (compound 10) showed equivalent potency against K-562 cells, but was more cytoselective across a panel of cancer cell lines.
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Madsen AS, Olsen CA. Profiling of Substrates for Zinc-dependent Lysine Deacylase Enzymes: HDAC3 Exhibits Decrotonylase Activity In Vitro. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Madsen AS, Olsen CA. Profiling of substrates for zinc-dependent lysine deacylase enzymes: HDAC3 exhibits decrotonylase activity in vitro. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9083-7. [PMID: 22890609 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Systematic screening of the activities of the eleven human zinc-dependent lysine deacylases against a series of fluorogenic substrates as well as kinetic evaluation revealed substrates for screenings of histone deacetylases HDAC10 and HDAC11 at reasonably low enzyme concentrations. Furthermore, HDAC3 in complex with nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (HDAC3-NCoR1) was shown to harbor decrotonylase activity in vitro.
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Vickers CJ, Olsen CA, Leman LJ, Ghadiri MR. Discovery of HDAC Inhibitors That Lack an Active Site Zn(2+)-Binding Functional Group. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:505-8. [PMID: 24900500 DOI: 10.1021/ml300081u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors generally derive their strong binding affinity and high potency from a key functional group that binds to the Zn(2+) ion within the enzyme active site. However, this feature is also thought to carry the potential liability of undesirable off-target interactions with other metalloenzymes. As a step toward mitigating this issue, here, we describe the design, synthesis, and structure-activity characterizations of cyclic α3β-tetrapeptide HDAC inhibitors that lack the presumed indispensable Zn(2+)-binding group. The lead compounds (e.g., 15 and 26) display good potency against class 1 HDACs and are active in tissue culture against various human cancer cell lines. Importantly, enzymological analysis of 26 indicates that the cyclic α3β-tetrapeptide is a fast-on/off competitive inhibitor of HDACs 1-3 with K i values of 49, 33, and 37 nM, respectively. Our proof of principle study supports the idea that novel classes of HDAC inhibitors, which interact at the active-site opening, but not with the active site Zn(2+), can have potential in drug design.
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