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Cook JL, Schulz KS, Karnes GJ, Franklin SP, Canapp SO, Lotsikas PJ, Fitzpatrick N, Wheeler JL, Stiffler KS, Gillick M, Cross AR, Walls CM, Albrecht MR, Williams N, Crouch DT, Lewis DD, Pozzi A, Ridge P. Clinical outcomes associated with the initial use of the Canine Unicompartmental Elbow (CUE) Arthroplasty System(®). THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2015; 56:971-977. [PMID: 26345493 PMCID: PMC4535516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated mid- to long-term outcomes with respect to function and complications in dogs undergoing canine unicompartmental elbow (CUE) arthroplasty for treatment of medial compartment disease of the elbow. This prospective multicenter case series is the first group of clinical cases to receive CUE arthroplasty. Cases (each elbow that underwent CUE performed by a participating surgeon) were enrolled into an electronic database and prospectively followed to determine and record all associated complications, as well as functional outcomes. There were 103 cases from 18 surgeons. Final follow-up time ranged from 6 to 47 mo with a mean and median of 10 mo. Canine unicompartmental elbow was associated with 1 catastrophic (1%), 11 major (10.7%), and 28 minor (27.2%) complications. Outcomes following CUE were reported as full function in 49 cases (47.6%), acceptable function in 45 cases (43.7%), and unacceptable function in 9 cases (8.7%). We conclude that CUE arthroplasty is an appropriate consideration for treatment of medial compartment disease of the elbow in dogs.
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Kim SE, Case JB, Lewis DD, Ellison GW. Perception of Teaching and Assessing Technical Proficiency in American College of Veterinary Surgeons Small Animal Surgery Residency Programs. Vet Surg 2015; 44:790-7. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lewis DD, Villarreal FD, Wu F, Tan C. Synthetic biology outside the cell: linking computational tools to cell-free systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2014; 2:66. [PMID: 25538941 PMCID: PMC4260521 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As mathematical models become more commonly integrated into the study of biology, a common language for describing biological processes is manifesting. Many tools have emerged for the simulation of in vivo synthetic biological systems, with only a few examples of prominent work done on predicting the dynamics of cell-free synthetic systems. At the same time, experimental biologists have begun to study dynamics of in vitro systems encapsulated by amphiphilic molecules, opening the door for the development of a new generation of biomimetic systems. In this review, we explore both in vivo and in vitro models of biochemical networks with a special focus on tools that could be applied to the construction of cell-free expression systems. We believe that quantitative studies of complex cellular mechanisms and pathways in synthetic systems can yield important insights into what makes cells different from conventional chemical systems.
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Maki LC, Kim SE, Winter MD, Kow KY, Conway JA, Lewis DD. Compartment syndrome associated with expansile antebrachial tumors in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:346-51. [PMID: 24432967 DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.3.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 10-year-old spayed female Jack Russell Terrier and a 7-year-old neutered male mixed-breed dog were evaluated because of acute, progressive, unilateral forelimb lameness associated with signs of pain and turgid antebrachial swelling. CLINICAL FINDINGS For either dog, there were no salient pathological or diagnostic imaging abnormalities. A diagnosis of compartment syndrome was confirmed on the basis of high caudal antebrachial compartmental pressure in the affected forelimb. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Both dogs underwent surgical exploration of the affected forelimb. In each case, an intramuscular tumor (mast cell tumor in the Jack Russell Terrier and suspected sarcoma in the mixed-breed dog) was detected and presumed to be the cause of the high compartmental pressure. At 6 months following tumor excision, the dog with the mast cell tumor did not have any clinical signs of disease. The dog with a suspected sarcoma underwent tumor excision and forelimb amputation at the proximal portion of the humerus followed by chemotherapy; the dog was euthanized approximately 1 year following treatment because of pulmonary metastasis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Compartment syndrome is a serious but rarely reported condition in dogs and is typically ascribed to intracompartmental hemorrhage. These 2 cases illustrate the potential for expansile intramuscular antebrachial tumors to cause compartment syndrome in dogs.
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Jones SC, Kim SE, Banks SA, Conrad BP, Abbasi AZ, Tremolada G, Lewis DD, Pozzi A. Accuracy of noninvasive, single-plane fluoroscopic analysis for measurement of three-dimensional femorotibial joint poses in dogs treated by tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:486-93. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.5.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jones SC, Kim SE, Banks SA, Conrad BP, Abbasi AZ, Tremolada G, Lewis DD, Pozzi A. Accuracy of noninvasive, single-plane fluoroscopic analysis for measurement of three-dimensional femorotibial joint poses in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:477-85. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.5.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Braden BP, Taketa DA, Pierce JD, Kassmer S, Lewis DD, De Tomaso AW. Vascular regeneration in a basal chordate is due to the presence of immobile, bi-functional cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95460. [PMID: 24736432 PMCID: PMC3988187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The source of tissue turnover during homeostasis or following injury is usually due to proliferation of a small number of resident, lineage-restricted stem cells that have the ability to amplify and differentiate into mature cell types. We are studying vascular regeneration in a chordate model organism, Botryllus schlosseri, and have previously found that following surgical ablation of the extracorporeal vasculature, new tissue will regenerate in a VEGF-dependent process within 48 hrs. Here we use a novel vascular cell lineage tracing methodology to assess regeneration in parabiosed individuals and demonstrate that the source of regenerated vasculature is due to the proliferation of pre-existing vascular resident cells and not a mobile progenitor. We also show that these cells are bi-potential, and can reversibly adopt two fates, that of the newly forming vessels or the differentiated vascular tissue at the terminus of the vasculature, known as ampullae. In addition, we show that pre-existing vascular resident cells differentially express progenitor and differentiated cell markers including the Botryllus homologs of CD133, VEGFR-2, and Cadherin during the regenerative process.
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Kim SE, Lewis DD. Corrective osteotomy for procurvatum deformity caused by distal femoral physeal fracture malunion stabilised with String-of-Pearls locking plates: results in two dogs and a review of the literature. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:75-80. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Coggeshall JD, Lewis DD, Fitzpatrick N, Conrad BP, Swanson KR, Kim SE, Palm LS, Tremolada G, Pozzi A. Biomechanical comparison of two implants for the stabilization of incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle lesions in dogs. Vet Surg 2013; 43:58-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Porter EG, Cuddy LC, Graham AS, Reese DJ, Porter MB, Morton AJ, Lewis DD. Hinged circular fixator construct for correction of congenital metatarsal deformity in a foal. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2013; 27:74-9. [PMID: 24226553 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-13-01-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A five-week-old American Quarter Horse colt was presented for evaluation of a left hindlimb deformity and lameness. Radiographs of the left hindlimb revealed a varus deformity with recurvatum originating in the mid-diaphysis of the third metatarsal bone. Surgical correction was undertaken by performing an osteotomy through the centre of rotation of angulation located within the mid-diaphysis of the third metatarsal bone, and a four-ring hinged circular external fixator construct was applied. Distraction of the osteotomy site was performed over an 11 day period. Notable complications included failure of a fixation pin, infection of the surgical site, and temporary laxity of the supporting tendons and ligaments of the contralateral metatarsophalangeal joint. The fixator was maintained until there was sufficient bone formation to allow frame removal, 152 days after the initial surgery. Use of a hinged circular construct allowed for partial correction of the deformity with resultant lengthening and resolution of the lameness in this colt.
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Choate CJ, Lewis DD, Conrad BP, Horodyski MB, Pozzi A. Assessment of the craniocaudal stability of four extracapsular stabilization techniques during two cyclic loading protocols: a cadaver study. Vet Surg 2013; 42:853-9. [PMID: 24033745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To (1) compare the effect of cyclic loading on craniocaudal tibial translation in cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient stifles after extracapsular stabilization, and (2) evaluate the effect of peak force during cyclic loading on the rate of development of craniocaudal laxity. STUDY DESIGN Biomechanical cadaveric study. SAMPLE POPULATION Cadaveric pelvic limbs (n = 24 pairs) from skeletally mature dogs. METHODS Twenty-four pairs of stifles were randomly assigned to 4 stabilization groups: nylon leader lateral circumfabellar-tibial suture (NLS); FiberTape lateral circumfabellar-tibial suture (FTLS); TightRope (TR); or bone anchor (BA). Contralateral limbs were cyclically loaded to produce cranial tibial translation at peak forces of either 80 or 160 N. Craniocaudal displacement of the tibia was measured with a mechanical testing machine during cyclic loading with the CrCL intact, after CrCL transection, and after extracapsular stabilization. The number of cycles each construct underwent before reaching 200% and 300% of the mean craniocaudal displacement present during cyclic loading of the CrCL-intact stifles was calculated. Number of cycles among treatment groups was compared with a Kruskal-Wallis test. P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS Mean ± SD translation before and after CrCL transection were 3.9 ± 0.6 and 14.6 ± 1.7 mm, respectively. TR constructs resisted significantly more cycles than NLS constructs before reaching 7.8 mm (200%) and 11.7 mm (300%) of translation when loaded to 80 N. No other differences between constructs were significant at a peak load of 80 N. All constructs reached 7.8 and 11.7 mm of translation in fewer cycles when loaded to 160 N than at 80 N. CONCLUSIONS TR constructs were most resistant to elongation during cyclic loading. Doubling the peak force during cyclic loading significantly decreased the number of cycles constructs withstood, supporting recommendations for restricting postoperative activity after extracapsular stabilization of the CrCL-deficient stifle.
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Arango J, Lewis DD, Hudson CC, Horodyski M. A Biomechanical Evaluation of Three Drop Wire Configurations. Vet Surg 2013; 42:669-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nydam ML, Netuschil N, Sanders E, Langenbacher A, Lewis DD, Taketa DA, Marimuthu A, Gracey AY, De Tomaso AW. The candidate histocompatibility locus of a Basal chordate encodes two highly polymorphic proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65980. [PMID: 23826085 PMCID: PMC3691228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal chordate Botryllus schlosseri undergoes a natural transplantation reaction governed by a single, highly polymorphic locus called the fuhc. Our initial characterization of this locus suggested it encoded a single gene alternatively spliced into two transcripts: a 555 amino acid–secreted form containing the first half of the gene, and a full-length, 1008 amino acid transmembrane form, with polymorphisms throughout the ectodomain determining outcome. We have now found that the locus encodes two highly polymorphic genes which are separated by a 227 bp intergenic region: first, the secreted form as previously described, and a second gene encoding a 531 amino acid membrane-bound gene containing three extracellular immunoglobulin domains. While northern blotting revealed only these two mRNAs, both PCR and mRNA-seq detect a single capped and polyadenylated transcript that encodes processed forms of both genes linked by the intergenic region, as well as other transcripts in which exons of the two genes are spliced together. These results might suggest that the two genes are expressed as an operon, during which both genes are co-transcribed and then trans-spliced into two separate messages. This type of transcriptional regulation has been described in tunicates previously; however, the membrane-bound gene does not encode a typical Splice Leader (SL) sequence at the 5′ terminus that usually accompanies trans-splicing. Thus, the presence of stable transcripts encoding both genes may suggest a novel mechanism of regulation, or conversely may be rare but stable transcripts in which the two mRNAs are linked due to a small amount of read-through by RNA polymerase. Both genes are highly polymorphic and co-expressed on tissues involved in histocompatibility. In addition, polymorphisms on both genes correlate with outcome, although we have found a case in which it appears that the secreted form may be major allorecognition determinant.
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Chao P, Conrad BP, Lewis DD, Horodyski M, Pozzi A. Effect of plate working length on plate stiffness and cyclic fatigue life in a cadaveric femoral fracture gap model stabilized with a 12-hole 2.4 mm locking compression plate. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:125. [PMID: 23800317 PMCID: PMC3704939 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are several factors that can affect the fatigue life of a bone plate, including the mechanical properties of the plate and the complexity of the fracture. The position of the screws can influence construct stiffness, plate strain and cyclic fatigue of the implants. Studies have not investigated these variables in implants utilized for long bone fracture fixation in dogs and cats. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of plate working length on construct stiffness, gap motion and resistance to cyclic fatigue of dog femora with a simulated fracture gap stabilized using a 12-hole 2.4 mm locking compression plates (LCP). Femora were plated with 12-hole 2.4 mm LCP using 2 screws per fracture segment (long working length group) or with 12-hole 2.4 mm LCP using 5 screws per fracture segment (a short working length group). Results Construct stiffness did not differ significantly between stabilization techniques. Implant failure did not occur in any of the plated femora during cycling. Mean ± SD yield load at failure in the short plate working length group was significantly higher than in the long plate working length group. Conclusion In a femoral fracture gap model stabilized with a 2.4 mm LCP applied in contact with the bone, plate working length had no effect on stiffness, gap motion and resistance to fatigue. The short plate working length constructs failed at higher loads; however, yield loads for both the short and long plate working length constructs were within physiologic range.
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Cuddy LC, Lewis DD, Kim SE, Conrad BP, Banks SA, Horodyski M, Fitzpatrick N, Pozzi A. Ex vivo contact mechanics and three-dimensional alignment of normal dog elbows after proximal ulnar rotational osteotomy. Vet Surg 2013. [PMID: 23198918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of proximal ulnar rotational osteotomy (PURO) on the contact mechanics and 3-dimensional (3D) alignment of cadaveric normal dog elbows. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo biomechanical study. ANIMALS Unpaired thoracic limbs from 12 dogs (mean ± SD weight, 26 ± 4 kg). METHODS PURO consisted of a transverse osteotomy with 30° external rotation of the proximal segment. With the limb under 200 N axial load, contact area (CA), mean contact pressure (CP) and peak contact pressure (PCP) were measured using digital pressure sensors in the medial and lateral compartments and 3D static elbow poses were obtained, before and after PURO. Each specimen was tested at 115°, 135°, and 155° elbow flexion, with the antebrachium in neutral rotation, in 28° supination, and in 16° pronation. Repeated measures ANOVAs with post-hoc Bonferroni (P ≤ .05) were performed. RESULTS PURO caused significant changes, mostly at 135° elbow flexion and neutral antebrachial rotation, characterized by decreased CP (10%) and PCP (10%) in the medial compartment, and increased CP (27%) and PCP (23%) in the lateral compartment. The apex of the medial coronoid process translated 3.4 mm caudally, 1.7 mm abaxially, and rotated 1.8° externally relative to the radial head. Humeroradial varus angulation reduced by 6.7°. CONCLUSIONS In limited poses, PURO displaces the medial coronoid process caudally and abaxially and shifts contact pressures towards the lateral elbow compartment by decreasing varus angulation.
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Coutin JV, Lewis DD, Kim SE, Reese DJ. Bifocal femoral deformity correction and lengthening using a circular fixator construct in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2013; 49:216-23. [PMID: 23535751 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 7 mo old male rottweiler was evaluated for a right hind limb lameness caused by malunion of a Salter-Harris type II fracture. Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) revealed that the right distal femur had valgus, procurvatum, external rotation, and was 35% (70 mm) shorter than the contralateral femur. Distal femoral wedge ostectomies were performed to acutely correct the angular and rotational deformities. Lengthening of the femur was accomplished by distraction osteogenesis performed over 53 days at a second, proximal diaphyseal osteotomy using a circular fixator construct. This bifocal approach yielded approximately 30 mm of femoral lengthening and a confluent column of regenerate bone that bridged the distraction gap. When evaluated 14 mo after surgery, the dog held the right hip, stifle, and hock in a slightly extended posture when standing and had a subtle asymmetric hind limb gait. The stride of the right hind limb was slightly shortened with compensatory circumduction of the left hind limb during the swing phase of the stride.
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Hudson CC, Lewis DD, Cross AR, Horodyski M, Banks SA, Pozzi A. Axial stiffness and ring deformation of complete and incomplete single ring circular external skeletal fixator constructs. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:2021-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.12.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pozzi A, Hudson CC, Gauthier CM, Lewis DD. Retrospective Comparison of Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis and Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Radius-Ulna Fractures in Dogs. Vet Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.01009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Choate CJ, Pozzi A, Lewis DD, Hudson CC, Conrad BP. Mechanical properties of isolated loops of nylon leader material, polyethylene cord, and polyethylene tape and mechanical properties of those materials secured to cadaveric canine femurs via lateral femoral fabellae, toggles placed through bone tunnels, or bone anchors. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1519-29. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.10.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hudson CC, Lewis DD, Cross AR, Dunbar NJ, Horodyski M, Banks SA, Pozzi A. A Biomechanical Comparison of Three Hybrid Linear-Circular External Fixator Constructs. Vet Surg 2012; 41:954-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cuddy LC, Lewis DD, Kim SE, Conrad BP, Banks SA, Horodyski M, Fitzpatrick N, Pozzi A. Contact Mechanics and Three-Dimensional Alignment of Normal Dog Elbows. Vet Surg 2012; 41:818-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.01036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chao P, Lewis DD, Kowaleski MP, Pozzi A. Biomechanical Concepts Applicable to Minimally Invasive Fracture Repair in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:853-72, v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pozzi A, Lewis DD, Hudson CC, Kim SE. Percutaneous Plate Arthrodesis in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:1079-96, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Choate CJ, Lewis DD, Kim SE, Sereda CW. Use of hinged circular fixator constructs for the correction of crural deformities in three dogs. Aust Vet J 2012; 90:256-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Aitken-Palmer C, Lewis DD, Kim SE, Reese DJ. Use of a circular fixator construct for metacarpal fracture stabilisation in a fawn. Vet Rec 2012; 170:444. [PMID: 22456529 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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