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Bester G, Wu X, Vanderbilt D, Zunger A. Importance of second-order piezoelectric effects in zinc-blende semiconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:187602. [PMID: 16712396 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.187602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We show that the piezoelectric effect that describes the emergence of an electric field in response to a crystal deformation in III-V semiconductors such as GaAs and InAs has strong contributions from second-order effects that have been neglected so far. We calculate the second-order piezoelectric tensors using density-functional theory and obtain the piezoelectric field for [111]-oriented In(x)Ga(1-x)As quantum wells of realistic dimensions and concentration x. We find that the linear and the quadratic piezoelectric coefficients have the opposite effect on the field, and for large strains (large In concentration) the quadratic terms even dominate. Thus, the piezoelectric field turns out to be a rare example of a physical quantity for which the first-order and second-order contributions are of comparable magnitude.
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52
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Diéguez O, Vanderbilt D. First-principles calculations for insulators at constant polarization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:056401. [PMID: 16486961 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.056401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We develop an exact formalism for performing first-principles calculations for insulators at fixed electric polarization. As shown by Sai, Rabe, and Vanderbilt (SRV) [Phys. Rev. B 66, 104108 (2002)], who designed an approximate method to tackle the same problem, such an approach allows one to map out the energy landscape as a function of polarization, providing a powerful tool for the theoretical investigation of polar materials. We apply our method to a system in which the ionic contribution to the polarization dominates (a broken-inversion-symmetry perovskite), one in which this is not the case (a III-V semiconductor), and one in which an additional degree of freedom plays an important role (a ferroelectric phase of KNO3). We find that while the SRV method gives rather accurate results in the first case, the present approach provides important improvements to the physical description in the latter cases.
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53
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Thonhauser T, Ceresoli D, Vanderbilt D, Resta R. Orbital magnetization in periodic insulators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:137205. [PMID: 16197172 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.137205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Working in the Wannier representation, we derive an expression for the orbital magnetization of a periodic insulator. The magnetization is shown to be comprised of two contributions, an obvious one associated with the internal circulation of bulklike Wannier functions in the interior, and an unexpected one arising from net currents carried by Wannier functions near the surface. Each contribution can be expressed as a bulk property in terms of Bloch functions in a gauge-invariant way. Our expression is verified by comparing numerical tight-binding calculations for finite and periodic samples.
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54
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Resta R, Ceresoli D, Thonhauser T, Vanderbilt D. Orbital Magnetization in Extended Systems. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:1815-9. [PMID: 16086345 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200400641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While the orbital magnetic dipole moment of any finite sample is well-defined, it becomes ill-defined in the thermodynamic limit as a result of the unboundedness of the position operator. Effects due to surface currents and to bulk magnetization are not easily disentangled. The corresponding electrical problem, where surface charges and bulk polarization appear as entangled, was solved about a decade ago by the modern theory of polarization, based on a Berry phase. We follow a similar path here, making progress toward a bulk expression for the orbital magnetization in an insulator represented by a lattice-periodic Hamiltonian with broken time-reversal symmetry. We therefore limit ourselves to the case where the macroscopic (i.e. cell-averaged) magnetic field vanishes. We derive an expression for the contribution to the magnetization arising from the circulating currents internal to the bulk Wannier functions, and then transform to obtain a Brillouin zone integral involving the occupied Bloch orbitals. A version suitable for practical implementation in discretized reciprocal space is also derived, and the gauge invariance of both versions is explicitly shown. However, tests on a tight-binding model indicate the presence of additional edge currents, and it remains to be determined whether these can be related to the bulk band structure.
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Souza I, Iñiguez J, Vanderbilt D. First-principles approach to insulators in finite electric fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:117602. [PMID: 12225169 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.117602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method for computing the response of an insulator to a static, homogeneous electric field. It consists of iteratively minimizing an electric enthalpy functional expressed in terms of occupied Bloch-like states on a uniform grid of k points. The functional has equivalent local minima below a critical field E(c) that depends inversely on the density of k points; the disappearance of the minima at E(c) signals the onset of Zener breakdown. We illustrate the procedure by computing the piezoelectric and nonlinear dielectric susceptibility tensors of III-V semiconductors.
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56
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Iñiguez J, Vanderbilt D. First-principles study of the temperature-pressure phase diagram of BaTiO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:115503. [PMID: 12225149 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.115503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the temperature-pressure phase diagram of BaTiO3 using a first-principles effective-Hamiltonian approach. We find that the zero-point motion of the ions affects the form of the phase diagram dramatically. Specifically, when the zero-point fluctuations are included in the calculations, all the polar (tetragonal, orthorhombic, and rhombohedral) phases of BaTiO3 survive down to 0 K, while only the rhombohedral phase does otherwise. This behavior results from a practical equivalence between thermal and quantum fluctuations. Our work confirms the essential correctness of the phase diagram proposed by Ishidate et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2397 (1997)]].
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57
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He L, Vanderbilt D. Exponential decay properties of Wannier functions and related quantities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:5341-5344. [PMID: 11384493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.5341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The spatial decay properties of Wannier functions and related quantities have been investigated using analytical and numerical methods. We find that the form of the decay is a power law times an exponential, with a particular power-law exponent that is universal for each kind of quantity. In one dimension we find an exponent of -3/4 for Wannier functions, -1/2 for the density matrix and for energy matrix elements, and -1/2 or -3/2 for different constructions of nonorthonormal Wannier-like functions.
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58
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Pickard CJ, Winkler B, Chen RK, Payne MC, Lee MH, Lin JS, White JA, Milman V, Vanderbilt D. Structural properties of lanthanide and actinide compounds within the plane wave pseudopotential approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:5122-5125. [PMID: 11102201 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.5122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We show that plane wave ultrasoft pseudopotential methods readily extend to the calculation of the structural properties of lanthanide and actinide containing compounds. This is demonstrated through a series of calculations performed on UO, UO2, UO3, U3O8, UC2, alpha-CeC2, CeB6, CeSe, CeO2, NdB6, TmOI, LaBi, LaTiO3, YbO, and elemental Lu.
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59
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Nunes RW, Vanderbilt D. Stability of the period-doubled core of the 90 degrees partial in silicon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:3540. [PMID: 11030941 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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60
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Sai N, Meyer B, Vanderbilt D. Compositional inversion symmetry breaking in ferroelectric perovskites. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:5636-5639. [PMID: 10991013 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.5636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cubic perovskite compounds of the form (A(1/3)A(')(1/3)A(")(1/3))BO3 and A(B(1/3)B(')(1/3)B(")(1/3))O3, in which the differentiated cations form an alternating series of monolayers, are studied using first-principles methods. Such compounds are representative of a possible new class of materials in which ferroelectricity is perturbed by compositional breaking of inversion symmetry. For isovalent substitution the ferroelectric double-well potential becomes asymmetric, so that minority domains may no longer survive. The symmetry breaking is enormously stronger for heterovalent substitution; here the double-well behavior is destroyed. Tuning between these behaviors may allow for the optimization of desired materials properties.
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61
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Bellaiche L, Garcia A, Vanderbilt D. Finite-temperature properties of Pb(Zr1-xTi(x))O3 alloys from first principles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:5427-5430. [PMID: 10990960 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A first-principles-derived approach is developed to study finite-temperature properties of Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 (PZT) solid solutions near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). Structural and piezoelectric predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental data and direct first-principles results. A low-temperature monoclinic phase is confirmed to exist, and is demonstrated to act as a bridge between the well-known tetragonal and rhombohedral phases delimiting the MPB. A successful explanation for the large piezoelectricity found in PZT ceramics is also provided.
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63
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Hill M, Labik M, Vanderbilt D. Managing skin care with the CareMap system. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1997; 24:26-37. [PMID: 9204848 DOI: 10.1016/s1071-5754(97)90046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last three decades, WOC nursing has evolved into on increasingly complex practice. The CareMap is a tool designed to assist in management of patient care. This article defines the CareMap system and describes the development, implementation, and pilot evaluation of a skin care pathway created with the CareMap at Western Pennsylvania Hospital.
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64
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Nunes RW, Bennetto J, Vanderbilt D. Structure, Barriers, and Relaxation Mechanisms of Kinks in the 90 degrees Partial Dislocation in Silicon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:1516-1519. [PMID: 10063098 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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65
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Diebold U, Anderson JF, Ng KO, Vanderbilt D. Evidence for the Tunneling Site on Transition-Metal Oxides: TiO2(110). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:1322-1325. [PMID: 10063047 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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66
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García A, Vanderbilt D. First-principles study of stability and vibrational properties of tetragonal PbTiO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:3817-3824. [PMID: 9986280 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.3817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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67
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Bennetto J, Vanderbilt D. Semiconductor effective charges from tight-binding theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:15417-15420. [PMID: 9983360 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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68
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Zhong W, Vanderbilt D. Effect of quantum fluctuations on structural phase transitions in SrTiO3 and BaTiO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:5047-5050. [PMID: 9984086 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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69
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Padilla J, Zhong W, Vanderbilt D. First-principles investigation of 180 degrees domain walls in BaTiO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:R5969-R5973. [PMID: 9982088 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.r5969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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70
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Kwak KW, Vanderbilt D, King-Smith RD. First-principles study of phosphorus and nitrogen impurities in ZnSe. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:11912-11919. [PMID: 9980329 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.11912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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71
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Filippetti A, Vanderbilt D, Zhong W, Cai Y, Bachelet GB. Chemical hardness, linear response, and pseudopotential transferability. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:11793-11804. [PMID: 9980313 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.11793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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72
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Zhong W, Vanderbilt D, Rabe KM. First-principles theory of ferroelectric phase transitions for perovskites: The case of BaTiO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:6301-6312. [PMID: 9981860 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.6301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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73
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Ng KO, Vanderbilt D. Stability of periodic domain structures in a two-dimensional dipolar model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:2177-2183. [PMID: 9981294 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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74
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Van Buskirk MC, Vanderbilt D. Evaluating patient care by the use of a diabetic ketoacidosis CareMap in an intensive care unit setting. J Nurs Care Qual 1995; 9:59-68. [PMID: 7606028 DOI: 10.1097/00001786-199504000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The 1990s have seen major changes in the health care delivery system. One of the more useful ones has been the CareMap, an interdisciplinary tool for managing, evaluating and improving patient care. The article discusses the use of a diabetic ketoacidosis CareMap in the medical intensive care unit in a large community hospital. The impact of the CareMap on cost containment and use of resources is also addressed. Although the CareMap represents only one of the many changes that have evolved in the past several years, it is certain to have a critical effect on patient care quality because it combines a variety of disciplines and identifies problem issues that encourage a collaborative approach to patient care.
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75
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Zhong W, Vanderbilt D. Competing structural instabilities in cubic perovskites. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:2587-2590. [PMID: 10057965 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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