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Hisey B, Ragogna PJ, Gillies ER. Phosphonium-Functionalized Polymer Micelles with Intrinsic Antibacterial Activity. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:914-923. [PMID: 28165737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
New approaches to treat bacterial infections are badly needed to address the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance. This study explores phosphonium-functionalized block copolymer micelles as intrinsically antibacterial polymer assemblies. Phosphonium cations with varying alkyl lengths were conjugated to the terminus of a poly(ethylene oxide)-polycaprolactone block copolymer, and the phosphonium-functionalized block copolymers were self-assembled to form micelles in aqueous solution. The size, morphology, and ζ-potential of the assemblies were studied, and their abilities to kill Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. It was found that the minimum bactericidal concentration depended on the phosphonium alkyl chain length, and different trends were observed for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The most active assemblies exhibited no hemolysis of red blood cells above the bactericidal concentrations, indicating that they can selectively disrupt the membranes of bacteria. Furthermore, it was possible to encapsulate and release the antibiotic tetracycline using the assemblies, providing a potential multimechanistic approach to bacterial killing.
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52
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Fan B, Trant JF, Hemery G, Sandre O, Gillies ER. Thermo-responsive self-immolative nanoassemblies: direct and indirect triggering. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12068-12071. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new thermo-responsive end-cap was developed and applied to self-immolative vesicles and micelles with both direct and indirect thermal triggering.
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53
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Raycraft BM, MacDonald JP, McIntosh JT, Shaver MP, Gillies ER. Post-polymerization functionalization of poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(β-6-heptenolactone) diblock copolymers to tune properties and self-assembly. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01785a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Copolymers were synthesized and functionalized with a variety of moieties to tune self-assembly and install drugs or fluorescent dyes.
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54
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Guterman R, Harrison TD, Gillies ER, Ragogna PJ. Synthesis and functionalization of polymer networks via germane–ene chemistry. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00438a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Germane–ene polymer networks are prepared by utilizing Ge–H bonds with suitable crosslinkers; the materials are ideally suited for post polymer functionalization.
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Fan B, Trant JF, Gillies ER. End-Capping Strategies for Triggering End-to-End Depolymerization of Polyglyoxylates. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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56
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Trant JF, Jain N, Mazzuca DM, McIntosh JT, Fan B, Haeryfar SMM, Lecommandoux S, Gillies ER. Synthesis, self-assembly, and immunological activity of α-galactose-functionalized dendron-lipid amphiphiles. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17694-17704. [PMID: 27714067 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoassemblies presenting multivalent displays of biologically active carbohydrates are of significant interest for a wide array of biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery to immunotherapy. In this study, glycodendron-lipid hybrids were developed as a new and tunable class of dendritic amphiphiles. A modular synthesis was used to prepare dendron-lipid hybrids comprising distearylglycerol and 0 through 4th generation polyester dendrons with peripheral protected amines. Following deprotection of the amines, an isothiocyanate derivative of C-linked α-galactose (α-Gal) was conjugated to the dendron peripheries, affording amphiphiles with 1 to 16 α-Gal moieties. Self-assembly in water through a solvent exchange process resulted in vesicles for the 0 through 2nd generation systems and micelles for the 3rd and 4th generation systems. The critical aggregation concentrations decreased with increasing dendron generation, suggesting that the effects of increasing molar mass dominated over the effects of increasing the hydrophilic weight fraction. The binding of the assemblies to Griffonia simplicifolia Lectin I (GSL 1), a protein with specificity for α-Gal was studied by quantifying the binding of fluorescently labeled assemblies to GSL 1-coated beads. It was found that binding was enhanced for amphiphiles containing higher generation dendrons. Despite their substantial structural differences with the natural ligands for the CD1d receptor, the glycodendron-lipid hybrids were capable of stimulating invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a class of innate-like T cells that recognize lipid and glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d and that are implicated in a wide range of diseases and conditions including but not limited to infectious diseases, diabetes and cancer.
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57
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Fan B, Trant JF, Yardley RE, Pickering AJ, Lagugné-Labarthet F, Gillies ER. Photocontrolled Degradation of Stimuli-Responsive Poly(ethyl glyoxylate): Differentiating Features and Traceless Ambient Depolymerization. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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58
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Turowec BA, Gillies ER. Synthesis, properties and degradation of polyisobutylene-polyester graft copolymers. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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59
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Trant JF, Abd Rabo Moustafa MM, Sran I, Gillies ER. Polyisobutylene-paclitaxel conjugates with pendant carboxylic acids and polystyrene chains: Towards multifunctional stent coatings with slow drug release. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A: POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2016; 54:2209-2219. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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60
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Guterman R, Gillies ER, Ragogna PJ. The formation of gold nanoparticles in photopolymerized networks. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Photopolymer networks containing a phosphonium polyelectrolyte were used as scaffolds for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Chloride anions electrostatically bound to the phosphonium salt were exchanged with AuCl4− and then reduced with NaBH4 to form AuNPs. The stiffness of the photopolymer matrix had a pronounced effect on the concentration of AuNPs formed within the material, where softer, more swellable networks provided greater anion-exchange sites and therefore more AuNP formation. Numerous loading/reduction cycles with AuCl4− and NaBH4 increased the concentration of AuNPs upon each cycling step without significantly changing AuNP size, thus providing a means to control AuNP concentration within the material. SEM and TEM analysis revealed particles sizes ranging from 10 to 30 nm with significant microscale heterogeneity likely arising from phase separation of the phosphonium polyelectrolyte from the photopolymer matrix followed by AuNP synthesis within those regions. We also demonstrate how this methodology can be applied to patterned photopolymer networks, providing the means to explore this approach for photolithographic applications.
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61
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Wong AD, Prinzen AL, Gillies ER. Poly(ester amide)s with pendant azobenzenes: multi-responsive self-immolative moieties for modulating polymer assemblies. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01824b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanoassemblies containing pendant azobenzenes in their cores were prepared. Light-induced trans–cis isomerization of the azobenzenes increased the polarity of the assembly core, while reduction led to assembly degradation.
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62
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Cuthbert TJ, Harrison TD, Ragogna PJ, Gillies ER. Synthesis, properties, and antibacterial activity of polyphosphonium semi-interpenetrating networks. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:4872-4883. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00641h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphonium semi-interpenetrating networks were prepared and studied as antibacterial surfaces to elucidate the structural aspects leading to bacterial killing.
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63
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Trant JF, Sran I, de Bruyn JR, Ingratta M, Borecki A, Gillies ER. Synthesis and properties of arborescent polyisobutylene derivatives and a paclitaxel conjugate: Towards stent coatings with prolonged drug release. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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64
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Tabatabaei M, Wallace GQ, Caetano FA, Gillies ER, Ferguson SSG, Lagugné-Labarthet F. Controlled positioning of analytes and cells on a plasmonic platform for glycan sensing using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2015; 7:575-582. [PMID: 28791107 PMCID: PMC5519955 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03332b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled analyte and cell positioning is enabled on a plasmonic platform with patterned fluorocarbon polymer thin films for SERS-based glycan sensing.
The rise of molecular plasmonics and its application to ultrasensitive spectroscopic measurements has been enabled by the rational design and fabrication of a variety of metallic nanostructures. Advanced nano and microfabrication methods are key to the development of such structures, allowing one to tailor optical fields at the sub-wavelength scale, thereby optimizing excitation conditions for ultrasensitive detection. In this work, the control of both analyte and cell positioning on a plasmonic platform is enabled using nanofabrication methods involving patterning of fluorocarbon (FC) polymer (C4F8) thin films on a plasmonic platform fabricated by nanosphere lithography (NSL). This provides the possibility to probe biomolecules of interest in the vicinity of cells using plasmon-mediated surface enhanced spectroscopies. In this context, we demonstrate the surface enhanced biosensing of glycan expression in different cell lines by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) on these plasmonic platforms functionalized with 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA) as the Raman reporter. These cell lines include human embryonic kidney (HEK 293), C2C12 mouse myoblasts, and HeLa (Henrietta Lacks) cervical cancer cells. A distinct glycan expression is observed for cancer cells compared to other cell lines by confocal SERS mapping. This suggests the potential application of these versatile SERS platforms for differentiating cancerous from non-cancerous cells.
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65
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Moustafa A, Abd Rabo Moustafa MM, Zilinskas GJ, Gillies ER. Covalent drug immobilization in poly(ester amide) nanoparticles for controlled release. CAN J CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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66
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Guterman R, Gillies ER, Ragogna PJ. Phosphane-ene chemistry: the reactivity of air-stable primary phosphines and their compatibility with the thiol-ene reaction. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:15664-70. [PMID: 26250862 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02364e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Air-sensitive and air-stable primary phosphines (RPH2) were compared for their ability to undergo photoinitiated phosphane-ene chemistry with 1-hexene. Despite their increased air-stability, the primary phosphines displayed equal to or greater reactivity when compared to air-sensitive alkyl or aryl analogues. The phosphane-ene reaction was also performed in the presence of 1-octanethiol to determine whether thiol-ene and phosphane-ene chemistries could proceed simultaneously. It was determined that the phosphane-ene process takes precedence over thiol-ene as P-H bond conversion was independent of thiol concentration. Tertiary phosphine (R3P) and some secondary phosphine (R2PH) products were found to react with thiols under experimental conditions to create phosphine-sulfides (P-S), but this chemistry only proceeded at low P-H bond concentrations. These results suggests that hydrogen transfer reactions take precedence over P-S formation and demonstrate the unique relationship between phosphane-ene and thiol-ene chemistry.
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67
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Kenaree AR, Cuthbert TJ, Barbon SM, Boyle PD, Gillies ER, Ragogna PJ, Gilroy JB. Synthesis and Characterization of a Family of Air-Stable Ferrocene- and Ruthenocene-Containing Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Phosphines. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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68
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Trant JF, McEachran MJ, Sran I, Turowec BA, de Bruyn JR, Gillies ER. Covalent Polyisobutylene-Paclitaxel Conjugates for Controlled Release from Potential Vascular Stent Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:14506-14517. [PMID: 26066902 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of covalent polyisobutylene (PIB)-paclitaxel (PTX) conjugates as a potential approach to controlling drug release from vascular stent coatings is described. PIB-PTX materials containing ∼24 and ∼48 wt % PTX, conjugated via ester linkages, were prepared. The PTX release profiles were compared with those of physical mixtures of PTX with carboxylic acid-functionalized PIB and with the triblock copolymer polystyrene-b-PIB-b-polystyrene (SIBS). Covalent conjugation led to significantly slower drug release. Atomic force microscopy imaging of coatings of the materials suggested that the physical mixtures exhibited multiple domains corresponding to phase separation, whereas the materials in which PTX was covalently conjugated appeared homogeneous. Coatings of the conjugated materials on stainless steel surfaces suffered less surface erosion than the physically mixed materials, remained intact, and adhered well to the surface throughout the thirty-five day study. Tensile testing and rheological studies suggested that the incorporation of PTX into the polymer introduces similar physical changes to the PIB as the incorporation of a glassy polystyrene block does in SIBS. Cytotoxicity assays showed that the coatings did not release toxic levels of PTX or other species into a cell culture medium over a 24 h period, yet the levels of PTX in the materials were sufficient to prevent C2C12 cells from adhering to and proliferating on them. Overall, these results indicate that covalent PIB-PTX conjugates have promise as coatings for vascular stents.
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69
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Guterman R, Gillies ER, Ragogna PJ. Kinetically controlled patterning of highly cross-linked phosphonium photopolymers using simple anion exchange. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5181-5189. [PMID: 25896478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A phosphonium salt possessing three methacrylate groups has been incorporated into a photopolymeric system to generate highly cross-linked polyelectrolyte networks. Emergent chemical and physical properties in the polymers were observed and attributed to the tandem increase in cross-link density and ion-content upon incorporation of the self-cross-linking cation. Anion-exchange with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or dodecylbenzenesulfonate resulted in significant differences in wettability and ion-exchange behavior. The passivating effects of dodecylbenzenesulfonate were utilized to selectively pattern fluorescein dye into the polymer network, highlighting a new patterning procedure using ionic-bond forming reactions.
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70
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McEachran MJ, Trant JF, Sran I, de Bruyn JR, Gillies ER. Carboxylic Acid-Functionalized Butyl Rubber: Synthesis, Characterization, and Physical Properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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71
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Soleimani A, Moustafa MMAR, Borecki A, Gillies ER. A comparison of covalent and noncovalent strategies for paclitaxel release using poly(ester amide) graft copolymer micelles. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Micelles formed from amphiphilic copolymers are promising for the delivery of drug molecules, potentially leading to enhanced properties and efficacies. Critical aspects of these systems include the use of biocompatible, biodegradable polymer backbones as well as the ability to control the incorporation of drugs and their release rates. In this work, a poly(ester amide)–poly(ethylene oxide) graft copolymer with paclitaxel conjugated via ester linkages was prepared and assembled into micelles. For comparison, micelles with physically encapsulated paclitaxel were also prepared. The release rates of these two systems were studied, and the micelles with covalently conjugated paclitaxel exhibited a prolonged release of the drug in comparison to the noncovalent system, which rapidly released the payload. In vitro studies suggested that the poly(ester amide)–poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers were nontoxic, whereas the toxicities of the drug-loaded micelles were dependent on their release rates. Overall, these systems are promising for further development as anticancer drug carriers.
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72
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Marshall KE, Thomas RH, Roxin A, Chen EKY, Brown JCL, Gillies ER, Sinclair BJ. Seasonal accumulation of acetylated triacylglycerols by a freeze-tolerant insect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 217:1580-7. [PMID: 24790101 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.099838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Most animals store energy as long-chain triacylglycerols (lcTAGs). Trace amounts of acetylated triacylglycerols (acTAGs) have been reported in animals, but are not accumulated, likely because they have lower energy density than lcTAGs. Here we report that acTAGs comprise 36% of the neutral lipid pool of overwintering prepupae of the goldenrod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis, while only 17% of the neutral lipid pool is made up of typical lcTAGs. These high concentrations of acTAGs, present only during winter, appear to be synthesized by E. solidaginis and are not found in other freeze-tolerant insects, nor in the plant host. The mixture of acTAGs found in E. solidaginis has a significantly lower melting point than equivalent lcTAGs, and thus remains liquid at temperatures at which E. solidaginis is frozen in the field, and depresses the melting point of aqueous solutions in a manner unusual for neutral lipids. We note that accumulation of acTAGs coincides with preparation for overwintering and the seasonal acquisition of freeze tolerance. This is the first observation of accumulation of acTAGs by an animal, and the first evidence of dynamic interconversion between acTAGs and lcTAGs during development and in response to stress.
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73
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McIntosh JT, Nazemi A, Bonduelle CV, Lecommandoux S, Gillies ER. Synthesis, self-assembly, and degradation of amphiphilic triblock copolymers with fully photodegradable hydrophobic blocks. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of stimuli-responsive materials is of significant interest for many applications including drug delivery, medical imaging, sensors, and microfluidic devices. Among the available stimuli, light is particularly attractive as it can be applied with high spatial and temporal resolution. We describe here the synthesis of amphiphilic triblock copolymers composed of poly(ethylene glycol) and a hydrophobic block containing o-nitrobenzyl esters throughout the backbone using copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition chemistry. These materials were designed to have a high weight fraction of the hydrophobic block to favour nonmicellar aggregates. The self-assembly in water was studied using nanoprecipitation and the resulting assemblies were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Under optimized conditions, it was possible to prepare polymer vesicles, commonly referred to as polymersomes, with diameters of approximately 100 nm. The degradation of these materials in response to UV light was studied by spectroscopy, light scattering, and electron microscopy, demonstrating that the vesicles were broken down. These results suggest the potential of these materials for applications such as encapsulation and release.
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74
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Cuthbert TJ, Guterman R, Ragogna PJ, Gillies ER. Contact active antibacterial phosphonium coatings cured with UV light. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1474-1478. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01857e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial phosphonium coatings were prepared by UV curing of phosphonium monomers. The simple approach and high stability of phosphoniums relative to ammoniums makes these coatings promising alternatives to ammonium surfaces.
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75
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Salem M, Xia Y, Allan A, Rohani S, Gillies ER. Curcumin-loaded, folic acid-functionalized magnetite particles for targeted drug delivery. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01811k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles were coated with poly(propylene glycol) and β-cyclodextrin. Encapsulation of curcumin into the β-cyclodextrin and functionalization of poly(propylene glycol) with folic acid afforded a targeted curcumin delivery system.
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