51
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Oropeza FE, Dzade NY, Pons-Martí A, Yang Z, Zhang KHL, de Leeuw NH, Hensen EJM, Hofmann JP. Electronic Structure and Interface Energetics of CuBi 2O 4 Photoelectrodes. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:22416-22425. [PMID: 33193938 PMCID: PMC7659311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c08455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CuBi2O4 exhibits significant potential for the photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion of solar energy into chemical fuels, owing to its extended visible-light absorption and positive flat band potential vs the reversible hydrogen electrode. A detailed understanding of the fundamental electronic structure and its correlation with PEC activity is of significant importance to address limiting factors, such as poor charge carrier mobility and stability under PEC conditions. In this study, the electronic structure of CuBi2O4 has been studied by a combination of hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, resonant photoemission spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and compared with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The photoemission study indicates that there is a strong Bi 6s-O 2p hybrid electronic state at 2.3 eV below the Fermi level, whereas the valence band maximum (VBM) has a predominant Cu 3d-O 2p hybrid character. XAS at the O K-edge supported by DFT calculations provides a good description of the conduction band, indicating that the conduction band minimum is composed of unoccupied Cu 3d-O 2p states. The combined experimental and theoretical results suggest that the low charge carrier mobility for CuBi2O4 derives from an intrinsic charge localization at the VBM. Also, the low-energy visible-light absorption in CuBi2O4 may result from a direct but forbidden Cu d-d electronic transition, leading to a low absorption coefficient. Additionally, the ionization potential of CuBi2O4 is higher than that of the related binary oxide CuO or that of NiO, which is commonly used as a hole transport/extraction layer in photoelectrodes. This work provides a solid electronic basis for topical materials science approaches to increase the charge transport and improve the photoelectrochemical properties of CuBi2O4-based photoelectrodes.
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52
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Anastasiadou D, Hensen EJM, Figueiredo MC. Electrocatalytic synthesis of organic carbonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13082-13092. [PMID: 33025957 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04231e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic carbonates are considered environmentally benign alternatives for various fossil-derived compounds used in the chemical industry. Replacing current costly and toxic production methods by greener alternatives offers opportunities to cover the increasing demand for these intermediates in a more sustainable manner. In this feature article, the prospect of electrochemical synthesis of organic carbonates is presented as an approach to use carbon dioxide and green electricity to arrive at such compounds. We explore the strengths and limitations of the different methods by looking into the electrode and electrolyte composition effects and operating conditions with a focus on the synthesis of dimethylcarbonate from methanol and either carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. The proposed mechanisms are discussed in an effort to understand the underlying steps and their challenges. This review concludes with a perspective on the broader developments needed to turn the basic chemistry into a practical application.
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Pereira-Hernández XI, DeLaRiva A, Muravev V, Kunwar D, Xiong H, Sudduth B, Engelhard M, Kovarik L, Hensen EJM, Wang Y, Datye AK. Reply to: "Pitfalls in identifying active catalyst species". Nat Commun 2020; 11:4574. [PMID: 32917867 PMCID: PMC7486913 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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54
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Zhu J, Su Y, Chai J, Muravev V, Kosinov N, Hensen EJM. Mechanism and Nature of Active Sites for Methanol Synthesis from CO/CO2 on Cu/CeO2. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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55
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Dengo N, Faresin A, Carofiglio T, Maggini M, Wu L, Hofmann JP, Hensen EJM, Dolcet P, Gross S. Ligand-free ZnS nanoparticles: as easy and green as it gets. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8707-8710. [PMID: 32613962 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The controlled nucleation and crystallization of small pure sphalerite ZnS nanoparticles was achieved under batch and continuous flow conditions at low temperature, in water and without the use of any stabilizing ligand. The obtained nanoparticles displayed a narrow size distribution and high specific surface area. Moreover, the synthesis was suitable to directly obtain stable water-based suspensions and the products were found to be active photocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
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Zijlstra B, Broos RJP, Chen W, Bezemer GL, Filot IAW, Hensen EJM. The Vital Role of Step-Edge Sites for Both CO Activation and Chain Growth on Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts Revealed through First-Principles-Based Microkinetic Modeling Including Lateral Interactions. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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57
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Krans N, van Uunen DL, Versluis C, Dugulan AI, Chai J, Hofmann JP, Hensen EJM, Zečević J, de Jong KP. Stability of Colloidal Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Titania and Silica Support. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 32:5226-5235. [PMID: 32595267 PMCID: PMC7315821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using model catalysts with well-defined particle sizes and morphologies to elucidate questions regarding catalytic activity and stability has gained more interest, particularly utilizing colloidally prepared metal(oxide) particles. Here, colloidally synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe x O y -NPs, size ∼7 nm) on either a titania (Fe x O y /TiO2) or a silica (Fe x O y /SiO2) support were studied. These model catalyst systems showed excellent activity in the Fischer-Tropsch to olefin (FTO) reaction at high pressure. However, the Fe x O y /TiO2 catalyst deactivated more than the Fe x O y /SiO2 catalyst. After analyzing the used catalysts, it was evident that the Fe x O y -NP on titania had grown to 48 nm, while the Fe x O y -NP on silica was still 7 nm in size. STEM-EDX revealed that the growth of Fe x O y /TiO2 originated mainly from the hydrogen reduction step and only to a limited extent from catalysis. Quantitative STEM-EDX measurements indicated that at a reduction temperature of 350 °C, 80% of the initial iron had dispersed over and into the titania as iron species below imaging resolution. The Fe/Ti surface atomic ratios from XPS measurements indicated that the iron particles first spread over the support after a reduction temperature of 300 °C followed by iron oxide particle growth at 350 °C. Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that 70% of iron was present as Fe2+, specifically as amorphous iron titanates (FeTiO3), after reduction at 350 °C. The growth of iron nanoparticles on titania is hypothesized as an Ostwald ripening process where Fe2+ species diffuse over and through the titania support. Presynthesized nanoparticles on SiO2 displayed structural stability, as only ∼10% iron silicates were formed and particles kept the same size during in situ reduction, carburization, and FTO catalysis.
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58
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Tian X, Zhao X, Su YQ, Wang L, Wang H, Dang D, Chi B, Liu H, Hensen EJM, Lou XWD, Xia BY. Engineering bunched Pt-Ni alloy nanocages for efficient oxygen reduction in practical fuel cells. Science 2020; 366:850-856. [PMID: 31727830 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of efficient and robust electrocatalysts is critical for practical fuel cells. We report one-dimensional bunched platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) alloy nanocages with a Pt-skin structure for the oxygen reduction reaction that display high mass activity (3.52 amperes per milligram platinum) and specific activity (5.16 milliamperes per square centimeter platinum), or nearly 17 and 14 times higher as compared with a commercial platinum on carbon (Pt/C) catalyst. The catalyst exhibits high stability with negligible activity decay after 50,000 cycles. Both the experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal the existence of fewer strongly bonded platinum-oxygen (Pt-O) sites induced by the strain and ligand effects. Moreover, the fuel cell assembled by this catalyst delivers a current density of 1.5 amperes per square centimeter at 0.6 volts and can operate steadily for at least 180 hours.
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59
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Ouyang X, Huang X, Boot MD, Hensen EJM. Efficient Conversion of Pine Wood Lignin to Phenol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1705-1709. [PMID: 32092790 PMCID: PMC7187360 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining chemical building blocks from biomass is attractive for meeting sustainability targets. Herein, an effective approach was developed to convert the lignin part of woody biomass into phenol, which is a valuable base chemical. Monomeric alkylmethoxyphenols were obtained from pinewood, rich in guaiacol-type lignin, through Pt/C-catalyzed reductive depolymerization. In a second step, an optimized MoP/SiO2 catalyst was used to selectively remove methoxy groups in these lignin monomers to generate 4-alkylphenols, which were then dealkylated by zeolite-catalyzed transalkylation to a benzene stream. The overall yield of phenol based on the initial lignin content in pinewood was 9.6 mol %.
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60
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Wondergem CS, Kromwijk JJG, Slagter M, Vrijburg WL, Hensen EJM, Monai M, Vogt C, Weckhuysen BM. In Situ Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrogenation Reactions. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:625-632. [PMID: 31981395 PMCID: PMC7187311 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis methods to prepare lower transition metal catalysts and specifically Ni for Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SHINERS) are explored. Impregnation, colloidal deposition, and spark ablation have been investigated as suitable synthesis routes to prepare SHINERS-active Ni/Au@SiO2 catalyst/Shell-Isolated Nanoparticles (SHINs). Ni precursors are confirmed to be notoriously difficult to reduce and the temperatures required are generally harsh enough to destroy SHINs, rendering SHINERS experiments on Ni infeasible using this approach. For colloidally synthesized Ni nanoparticles deposited on Au@SiO2 SHINs, stabilizing ligands first need to be removed before application is possible in catalysis. The required procedure results in transformation of the metallic Ni core to a fully oxidized metal nanoparticle, again too challenging to reduce at temperatures still compatible with SHINs. Finally, by use of spark ablation we were able to prepare metallic Ni catalysts directly on Au@SiO2 SHINs deposited on a Si wafer. These Ni/Au@SiO2 catalyst/SHINs were subsequently successfully probed with several molecules (i. e. CO and acetylene) of interest for heterogeneous catalysis, and we show that they could be used to study the in situ hydrogenation of acetylene. We observe the interaction of acetylene with the Ni surface. This study further illustrates the true potential of SHINERS by opening the door to studying industrially relevant reactions under in situ or operando reaction conditions.
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Oenema J, Hofmann JP, Hensen EJM, Zečević J, de Jong KP. Assessment of the Location of Pt Nanoparticles in Pt/zeolite Y/γ-Al 2O 3 Composite Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:615-622. [PMID: 32064008 PMCID: PMC7006758 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The location of Pt nanoparticles was studied in Pt/zeolite Y/γ-Al2O3 composite catalysts prepared by H2PtCl6 ⋅ 6H2O (CPA) or Pt(NH3)4(NO3)2 (PTA) as Pt precursors. The aim of this study is to validate findings from Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) by using characterization techniques that sample larger amounts of catalyst per measurement. Quantitative X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the catalyst prepared with CPA led to a significantly higher Pt/Al atomic ratio than the catalyst prepared with PTA confirming that the 1-2 nm sized Pt nanoparticles in the former catalyst were located on the open and mesoporous γ-Al2O3 component, whereas they were located in the micropores of zeolite Y in the latter. By using infrared spectroscopy, a shift in the absorption band maximum of CO chemisorbed on Pt nanoparticles was observed, which can be attributed to a difference in electronic properties depending on the support of the Pt nanoparticles. Finally, model hydrogenation experiments were performed using β-phenylcinnamaldehyde, a reactant molecule with low diffusivity in zeolite Y micropores, resulting in a 5 times higher activity for the catalyst prepared by CPA compared to PTA. The combined use of these characterization techniques allow us to draw more robust conclusions on the ability to control the location of Pt nanoparticles by using either CPA or PTA as precursors in zeolite/γ-Al2O3 composite catalyst materials.
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62
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Yu M, Kosinov N, van Haandel L, Kooyman PJ, Hensen EJM. Investigation of the Active Phase in K-Promoted MoS2 Catalysts for Methanethiol Synthesis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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63
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Franz R, Kühlewind T, Shterk G, Abou-Hamad E, Parastaev A, Uslamin E, Hensen EJM, Kapteijn F, Gascon J, Pidko EA. Impact of small promoter amounts on coke structure in dry reforming of methane over Ni/ZrO 2. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00817f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Choosing the correct alkali metal as a promoter not only reduces coke formation in dry reforming of methane but also removes coke via gasification.
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64
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Oliveira HS, Oliveira LCA, Chagas P, Sangiorge DL, Figueiredo MP, Siqueira KPF, Hensen EJM. A bifunctional catalyst based on Nb and V oxides over alumina: oxidative cleavage of crude glycerol to green formic acid. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00384k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bimetallic vanadium and niobium oxide catalyst using alumina as support was developed for the conversion of crude glycerol from biodiesel production into formic acid.
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65
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Etzi Coller Pascuzzi M, Man AJW, Goryachev A, Hofmann JP, Hensen EJM. Investigation of the stability of NiFe-(oxy)hydroxide anodes in alkaline water electrolysis under industrially relevant conditions. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01179g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anodic polarization conducted at high current density, elevated temperature, and high KOH concentration impacted the structure and performance of NiFeOxHy and NiOxHy anodes.
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66
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Zhu J, Uslamin EA, Kosinov N, Hensen EJM. Tuning the reactivity of molybdenum (oxy)carbide catalysts by the carburization degree: CO 2 reduction and anisole hydrodeoxygenation. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00484g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Structure-performance relations for molybdenum (oxy)carbide catalysts evaluated for CO2 hydrogenation and anisole hydrodeoxygenation.
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67
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Uslamin EA, Saito H, Kosinov N, Pidko E, Sekine Y, Hensen EJM. Aromatization of ethylene over zeolite-based catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02108f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the role of metal modification and confined hydrocarbon species in the aromatization of ethylene on zeolite catalysts.
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68
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Zhang L, Su YQ, Chang MW, Filot IAW, Hensen EJM. Linear Activation Energy-Reaction Energy Relations for LaBO 3 (B = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) Supported Single-Atom Platinum Group Metal Catalysts for CO Oxidation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2019; 123:31130-31141. [PMID: 32952767 PMCID: PMC7493305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts are at the center of attention of the heterogeneous catalysis community because they exhibit unique electronic structures distinct from nanoparticulate forms, resulting in very different catalytic performance combined with increased usage of often costly transition metals. Proper selection of a support that can stably keep the metal in a high dispersion is crucial. Here, we employ spin-polarized density functional theory and microkinetics simulations to identify optimum LaBO3 (B = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) supported catalysts dispersing platinum group metals as atoms on their surface. We identify a strong correlation between the CO adsorption energy and the d-band center of the doped metal atom. These CO adsorption strength differences are explained in terms of the electronic structure. In general, Pd-doped surfaces exhibit substantially lower activation barriers for CO2 formation than the Rh- and Pt-doped surfaces. Strong Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi correlations are found for CO oxidation on these single-atom catalysts, providing a tool to predict promising compositions. Microkinetics simulations show that Pd-doped LaCoO3 is the most active catalyst for low-temperature CO oxidation. Moderate CO adsorption strength and low reaction barriers explain the high activity of this composition. Our approach provides guidelines for the design of highly active and cost-effective perovskite supported single-atom catalysts.
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69
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Vogt C, Monai M, Sterk EB, Palle J, Melcherts AEM, Zijlstra B, Groeneveld E, Berben PH, Boereboom JM, Hensen EJM, Meirer F, Filot IAW, Weckhuysen BM. Understanding carbon dioxide activation and carbon-carbon coupling over nickel. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5330. [PMID: 31767838 PMCID: PMC6877608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is a desired feedstock for platform molecules, such as carbon monoxide or higher hydrocarbons, from which we will be able to make many different useful, value-added chemicals. Its catalytic hydrogenation over abundant metals requires the amalgamation of theoretical knowledge with materials design. Here we leverage a theoretical understanding of structure sensitivity, along with a library of different supports, to tune the selectivity of methanation in the Power-to-Gas concept over nickel. For example, we show that carbon dioxide hydrogenation over nickel can and does form propane, and that activity and selectivity can be tuned by supporting different nickel particle sizes on various oxides. This theoretical and experimental toolbox is not only useful for the highly selective production of methane, but also provides new insights for carbon dioxide activation and subsequent carbon-carbon coupling towards value-added products thereby reducing the deleterious effects of this environmentally harmful molecule.
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70
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Carnis J, Gao L, Labat S, Kim YY, Hofmann JP, Leake SJ, Schülli TU, Hensen EJM, Thomas O, Richard MI. Towards a quantitative determination of strain in Bragg Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging: artefacts and sign convention in reconstructions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17357. [PMID: 31758040 PMCID: PMC6874548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (BCDI) has emerged as a powerful technique to image the local displacement field and strain in nanocrystals, in three dimensions with nanometric spatial resolution. However, BCDI relies on both dataset collection and phase retrieval algorithms that can induce artefacts in the reconstruction. Phase retrieval algorithms are based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT). We demonstrate how to calculate the displacement field inside a nanocrystal from its reconstructed phase depending on the mathematical convention used for the FFT. We use numerical simulations to quantify the influence of experimentally unavoidable detector deficiencies such as blind areas or limited dynamic range as well as post-processing filtering on the reconstruction. We also propose a criterion for the isosurface determination of the object, based on the histogram of the reconstructed modulus. Finally, we study the capability of the phasing algorithm to quantitatively retrieve the surface strain (i.e., the strain of the surface voxels). This work emphasizes many aspects that have been neglected so far in BCDI, which need to be understood for a quantitative analysis of displacement and strain based on this technique. It concludes with the optimization of experimental parameters to improve throughput and to establish BCDI as a reliable 3D nano-imaging technique.
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71
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Zhang M, Zijlstra B, Filot IAW, Li F, Wang H, Li J, Hensen EJM. A theoretical study of the reverse water‐gas shift reaction on Ni(111) and Ni(311) surfaces. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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72
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Obydenkova SV, Kouris PD, Hensen EJM, Smeulders DMJ, van der Meer Y, Boot MD. Industrial lignin from 2G biorefineries - Assessment of availability and pricing strategies. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121805. [PMID: 31351376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With a view to boost practical implementation of lignin conversion technologies, this paper assesses the availability of industrial lignin and evaluates pricing strategies applicable to multi-product biorefineries. The biorefineries, producing either denatured ethanol or sugar hydrolysate as a main product, can yield 43% and 61% of lignin residue (LR) comprising 33% and 23% of lignin by mass, respectively, without sacrificing the output of the main product and before electricity import has become indispensable. Analysis of the pricing strategies reveals that LR must be treated as a low-value by-product, and its minimum selling price (MSP) is driven mainly by the prevailing electricity price. Under the biorefinery net zero energy balance, and taking into account the LR market price adequacy, as well as the main probabilistic conditions, the upper range for the MSP is calculated at $43-70 and $18-37 per ton for biorefineries producing ethanol and hydrolysate, respectively.
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73
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Bolshakov A, van Diepen M, van Hoof AJF, Romero Hidalgo DE, Kosinov N, Hensen EJM. Hierarchically Porous (Alumino)Silicates Prepared by an Imidazole-Based Surfactant and Their Application in Acid-Catalyzed Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40151-40162. [PMID: 31589396 PMCID: PMC6823632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a novel strategy to synthesize porous (alumino)silicate materials using a single structure-directing agent composed of an imidazole unit with a hydrophobic tail, namely, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hexadecyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide (C16dMImz). A wide range of products such as ordered mesoporous silicas, layered silica-alumina, and hierarchically porous mordenite zeolite were obtained by varying synthesis parameters such as temperature and aluminum concentration. By changing crystallization temperature, we could control the degree of silica condensation and tune the textural and morphological properties of the final materials. By varying the aluminum concentration in the gel, we can obtain mesoporous amorphous silica-alumina or crystalline mordenite zeolite with, respectively, weak and strong Brønsted acid sites. Obtained acidic silica-alumina materials displayed promising performance in catalytic reactions of linear paraffin hydroisomerization and Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with benzyl alcohol.
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Gao Y, Zhang L, van Hoof AJF, Friedrich H, Hensen EJM. A Robust Au/ZnCr2O4 Catalyst with Highly Dispersed Gold Nanoparticles for Gas-Phase Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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75
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Garcia-Torregrosa I, Wijten JHJ, Zanoni S, Oropeza FE, Hofmann JP, Hensen EJM, Weckhuysen BM. Template-Free Nanostructured Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Scaffolds for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:36485-36496. [PMID: 31523952 PMCID: PMC6790916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of highly stable and conductive F:SnO2 (FTO) nanopyramid arrays are investigated, and their use as scaffolds for water splitting is demonstrated. Current densities during the oxygen evolution reaction with a NiFeOx catalyst at 2 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode were increased 5-fold when substituting commercial FTO (TEC 15) by nanostructured FTO scaffolds. In addition, thin α-Fe2O3 films (∼50 nm thick) were employed as a proof of concept to show the effect of our nanostructured scaffolds during photoelectrochemical water splitting. Double-layer capacitance measurements showed a drastic increase of the relative electrochemically active surface area for the nanostructured samples, in agreement with the observed photocurrent enhancement, whereas UV-vis spectroscopy indicates full absorption of visible light at wavelengths below 600 nm.
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