Multi-Domains Lifestyle Interventions Reduces Depressive Symptoms among Frail and Pre-Frail Older Persons: Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

We investigated the effect of multi-domain lifestyle (physical, nutritional, cognitive) interventions among frail and pre-frail community-living older persons on reducing depressive symptoms.

METHOD

Participants aged 65 and above were randomly allocated to 24 weeks duration interventions with nutritional supplementation (N=49), physical training (N=48), cognitive training (N=50), combination intervention (N=49) and usual care control (N=50). Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) at baseline (0M), 3 month (3M), 6 month (6M) and 12 month (12M).

RESULTS

Mean GDS scores in the control group increased from 0.52 (0M) and 0.54 (3M) to 0.74 (6M), and 0.83 (12M). Compared to the control group, interventions showed significant differences (∆=change) at 6M for cognitive versus control (∆=-0.39, p=0.021, group*time interaction p=0.14); physical versus control (∆ =-0.37, p=0.026, group*time interaction p=0.13), and at 12M for nutrition versus control (∆ =-0.46, p=0.016, group*time interaction p=0.15). The effect for combination versus control was significant at 6M (∆ =-0.43, p=0.020) and 12M (∆ =-0.51, p=0.005, group*time interaction p=0.026). Estimated 12-month cumulative incidence of depressive symptoms (GDS≥2) relative to control were OR=0.38, p=0.037 (nutrition); OR=0.71, p=0.40 (cognitive); OR=0.39, p=0.042 (physical training) and OR=0.38, p=0.037 (combination). Changes in gait speed and energy level were significantly associated with changes in GDS scores over time.

CONCLUSION

Multi-domain interventions that reverse frailty among community-living older persons also reduce depressive symptomatology. Public health education and programmatic measures combining nutritional, physical and cognitive interventions for at-risk frail older people may likely benefit psychological wellbeing.

Comparison of caries diagnostic modalities: A clinical study in 40 subjects

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Few studies have been published that evaluate the usefulness of different caries- diagnostic modalities in general dental practice. The goal of this study was to compare the results of screening for coronal dental caries in a general dental practice using clinical observations, radiographs, laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent™) (LF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Diagnostic agreement between OCT and LF versus standard clinical techniques for detecting caries was determined in 40 subjects.

STUDY DESIGNS/MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty patients with >1 coronal carious lesion as determined by prescreening using clinical examination and radiographs were enrolled in this study. Subjects with gross caries were excluded. Subsequently each patient underwent a full detailed dental examination by an experienced clinician, using visual examination and radiographs according to standard clinical practice. The coronal surfaces of a total of 932 teeth were examined and charted. Teeth were then photographed, rediagnosed using the LF system, and imaged using OCT. Two blinded pre-standardized examiners reviewed radiographic and OCT images and assigned caries status.

RESULTS

Based on manufacturer's cutoff values, sensitivity and specificity for coronal caries using LF technique (i) on unaltered tooth surfaces were 73.7% and 94.1%, respectively and (ii) in previously restored or sealed teeth, they were 19.2% and 95.8%, respectively. LF technique was unable to assess tissue health underneath sealants and restorations. Clinician agreement (kappa [k]) regarding caries diagnosis using OCT imaging was overall 0.834 (SE = 0.034). Sensitivity and specificity for caries using OCT technique (i) on unaltered tooth surfaces approximated 74.1% and 95.7%, respectively and, (ii) in previously restored or sealed teeth, they approximated 76.0% and 95.6%, respectively. Although OCT was able to detect lesions beneath many resin restorations and sealants, results varied considerably between materials. OCT imaging was unable to detect caries when caries was >2 mm below the tooth surface.

CONCLUSION

These findings support the usefulness of LF for primary caries detection, and the clinical utility of OCT for early caries detection and monitoring under dental resin restorations and sealants. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:924-928, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Evaluation of the effect of tofacitinib exposure on outcomes in kidney transplant patients

Tofacitinib fixed-dose regimens attained better kidney function and comparable efficacy to cyclosporine (CsA) in kidney transplant patients, albeit with increased risks of certain adverse events. This post-hoc analysis evaluated whether a patient subgroup with an acceptable risk-benefit profile could be identified. Tofacitinib exposure was a statistically significant predictor of serious infection rate. One-hundred and eighty six kidney transplant patients were re-categorized to above-median (AME) or below-median (BME) exposure groups. The 6-month biopsy-proven acute rejection rates in AME, BME and CsA groups were 7.8%, 15.7% and 17.7%, respectively. Measured glomerular filtration rate was higher in AME and BME groups versus CsA (61.2 and 67.9 vs. 53.9 mL/min) at Month 12. Fewer patients developed interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA) at Month 12 in AME (20.5%) and BME (27.8%) groups versus CsA (48.3%). Serious infections occurred more frequently in the AME group (53.0%) than in BME (28.4%) or CsA (25.5%) groups. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) only occurred in the AME group. In kidney transplant patients, the BME group preserved the clinical advantage of comparable acute rejection rates, improved renal function and a lower incidence of IF/TA versus CsA, and with similar rates of serious infection and no PTLD.

Intraosseous transcutaneous amputation prostheses versus dental implants: a comparison between keratinocyte and gingival epithelial cell adhesion in vitro

Infection is the primary failure modality for transcutaneous implants because the skin breach provides a route for pathogens to enter the body. Intraosseous transcutaneous amputation prostheses (ITAP) are being developed to overcome this problem by creating a seal at the skin-implant interface. Oral gingival epithelial cell attachment creates an infection-free seal around dental implants. However, this has yet to be achieved consistently outside of the oral environment. Epithelial cells attach to metal substrates by means of hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions. Their density per unit cell is an indicator of attachment strength. We postulate that gingival epithelial cells express more hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions at earlier time points, compared with epidermal keratinocytes, and this increased speed and strength of attachment may be the reason why an infection-free seal is often achieved around dental implants but less frequently around ITAP. The aim of this study was to compare epidermal keratinocyte with oral gingival cell attachment on titanium alloy in vitro, to determine whether these two cell types differ in their speed and strength of attachment. We aimed to test the hypothesis that gingival cells up-regulate focal adhesion and hemidesmosome formation at earlier time points compared with extra-oral keratinocytes. To test this hypothesis we cultured epidermal keratinocytes and oral gingival cells on titanium alloy substrates and assessed cell attachment by focal adhesions and hemidesmosome expression at 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Formation and expression of hemidesmosomes temporally lagged behind that of focal adhesions in both cell types. Gingival derived cells up-regulated focal adhesion and hemidesmosome expression at earlier time points compared with epidermal keratinocytes. Hemidesmosome expression in oral gingival cells was 3 times greater compared with epidermal keratinocytes at 4 hours. Our findings indicate that earlier attachment may be key to the success of the dental implant transcutaneous interface.

Food insecurity, food assistance and weight status in US youth: new evidence from NHANES 2007-08

OBJECTIVE

To investigate food assistance participation as a risk factor for overweight and obesity in youth, and food insecurity as an effect modifier.

METHODS

The sample included youth ages 4-17, in families ≤200% of the federal poverty line in the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 1321). Food insecurity was measured with the US Department of Agriculture survey module. Food assistance participation was assessed for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children and school meals. Body size was classified by age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) percentile, BMI z-score and waist circumference percentile. Regression models with direct covariate adjustment and programme-specific propensity scores, stratified by food insecurity, estimated associations between food assistance participation and body size.

RESULTS

Food assistance participation was not associated with increased body size among food-insecure youth in models with direct covariate adjustment or propensity scores. Compared with low-income, food-secure youth not participating in food assistance, BMI z-scores were higher among participants in models with direct covariate adjustment (0.27-0.38 SD and 0.41-0.47 SD, for boys and girls, respectively). Using propensity scores, results were similar for boys, but less so for girls.

CONCLUSIONS

Food assistance programme participation is associated with increased body size in food-secure youth, but not food-insecure youth. Using both direct covariate adjustment and a propensity score approach, self-selection bias may explain some, but not all, of the associations. Providing healthy food assistance that improves diet quality without contributing to excessive intake remains an important public health goal.

Does diving affect the hearing of Asian military divers? A study in the Republic of Singapore Navy

OBJECTIVE

This study examined whether military diving during a National Serviceman's two-year term of service affected his hearing threshold levels.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was designed to examine the hearing thresholds of divers (mean age 20.9 years) who enlisted between 2001 and 2010 (n = 748). Their pre-enlistment and pre-discharge audiograms were collected. All made dives using scuba dive sets, averaged 200 dives over two years and depths of 30 meters of sea water/msw or less.

RESULTS

The divers' hearing levels in the left ear were not affected except for a marginal decrease in hearing level at the 2kHz level. There was a marginal decrease in hearing level in 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz in the right ear. These changes are physiologically insignificant. There were more low-frequency (0.5, 1 and 2 kHz) changes compared to high-frequency (4 and 8 kHz) changes in both ears, with a larger number of changes noted in the right ear, as compared to the left. However, no diver had a hearing threshold increase greater than 20dB or exceeded the hearing threshold levels required of military divers.

CONCLUSION

There was no decrease of clinical significance in hearing function of the Republic of Singapore Navy national serviceman naval divers after diving for two years.

When the tumour is not the culprit: avascular necrosis of the hip in a patient with castration-resistant prostate cancer

Avascular necrosis (avn) of the hip is a well-documented side effect of corticosteroid therapy, but it has also been described as a complication of radiation and chemotherapy. Many prostate cancer patients undergo treatment with all three of those therapeutic modalities, and yet reported cases of avn of the hip in prostate cancer patients are rare. Symptoms that might potentially alert physicians to this complication are nonspecific and may be attributed to cancer progression, in particular to progressive bone metastasis.Here, we report on a 79-year-old man diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer whose diagnosis of avn of the hip was confounded by his underlying malignancy. We discuss risk factors and diagnostic clues in this differential diagnosis of acute hip pain in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Physicians might maintain a high index of suspicion for avn of the hip in prostate cancer patients presenting with new-onset hip pain. Surgical intervention may help to prevent the appearance of avn-associated pain and the negative impact of advanced avn on overall quality of life.

A case report of massive vaginal variceal hemorrhage in a patient with cirrhosis secondary to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis unresolved even after successful liver transplantation

Massive hemorrhage from vaginal varices in patients with cirrhosis and a previous hysterectomy can be life-threatening. In the few previous reports, the treatments have all included an initial local tamponade followed by interventional radiology procedures, transvenous intrahepatic portosystemic shunts, surgical shunt, or liver transplantation. A patient with cirrhosis secondary to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis developed massive vaginal variceal hemorrhage. Control of the bleeding was achieved initially with local tamponade. Upon admission to the intensive care unit, the patient was upgraded to urgent status on the liver transplant waiting list, which was performed on day 7. Due to a portal vein thrombosis, an interpositional vein graft to the superior mesenteric vein was required. Postoperatively despite a functional graft and normalization of coagulation system, the vaginal bleeding continued as the left-sided portal hypertension had not been decompressed by the liver transplantation. During a subsequent laparotomy, splenectomy and ligation of the inferior mesenteric vein were required to definitively control the vaginal variceal hemorrhage. The degree and anatomy of the portal hypertension play a crucial role in determining the proper course of management and treatment of vaginal varices in a cirrhotic patient.

Randomized phase 2b trial of tofacitinib (CP-690,550) in de novo kidney transplant patients: efficacy, renal function and safety at 1 year

In this Phase 2b study, 331 low-to-moderate risk de novo kidney transplant patients (approximately 60% deceased donors) were randomized to a more intensive (MI) or less intensive (LI) regimen of tofacitinib (CP-690, 550), an oral Janus kinase inhibitor or cyclosporine (CsA). All patients received basiliximab induction, mycophenolic acid and corticosteroids. Primary endpoints were: incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) with a serum creatinine increase of ≥0.3 mg/dL and ≥20% (clinical BPAR) at Month 6 and measured GFR at Month 12. Similar 6-month incidences of clinical BPAR (11%, 7% and 9%) were observed for MI, LI and CsA. Measured GFRs were higher (p < 0.01) at Month 12 for MI and LI versus CsA (65 mL/min, 65 mL/min vs. 54 mL/min). Fewer (p < 0.05) patients in MI or LI developed chronic allograft nephropathy at Month 12 compared with CsA (25%, 24% vs. 48%). Serious infections developed in 45%, 37% and 25% of patients in MI, LI and CsA, respectively. Anemia, neutropenia and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder occurred more frequently in MI and LI compared with CsA. Tofacitinib was equivalent to CsA in preventing acute rejection, was associated with improved renal function and less chronic allograft histological injury, but had side-effects at the doses evaluated.

Liver transplantation for symptomatic liver metastases of neuroendocrine tumours

Numerous reports have demonstrated that liver transplantation for neuroendocrine tumour metastasis is feasible. However, perioperative risks and long-term recurrences remain significant concerns. When liver transplantation is combined with extensive intestinal or pancreatic resection, the risk is particularly high.We report our institutional experience of liver transplantations performed for liver metastases secondary to neuroendocrine tumours, and in combination with a review of the literature, we propose a set of selection criteria. The key points include unresectable hepatic metastases of neuroendocrine origin, absence of extrahepatic metastases, symptomatic disease that is refractory to medical therapy, a Ki-67 level less than 2%, previous resection of the primary disease, and previous therapy for metastatic neuroendocrine tumour.In our experience, the patient in the first case had, post-transplantation, rapid disease progression because of an unidentified primary, and patient in the second case had primary non-function of the liver graft, requiring urgent re-transplantation. More recently, two liver transplantations were successfully performed. The indications were, in the first case, refractory hormonal secretion and, in the other, secondary biliary cirrhosis attributable to hepatic artery therapy with tumour in situ. Subclinical and stable recurrent disease has been detected by scintigraphy in the mesentery and lumbar spine in the former patient. A mesenteric recurrence developed in the latter patient 2 years post transplantation and was subsequently completely resected. At 4 and 5 years post transplantation, both patients are symptom-free.Recurrence after transplantation remains a significant concern, even with careful patient selection, but recurrences may remain indolent. If recurrences are progressive, they may still be amenable to additional medical or surgical therapy. A national or international consensus between oncologists and transplant specialists regarding the indications for liver transplantation is vital, because future progress will depend on careful patient selection and prospective study.

Allocation of renal grafts to older recipients does not result in loss of functioning graft-years

BACKGROUND

Most deceased donor kidney allocation protocols are based on waiting time and do not take into account either recipient's life expectancy. This study investigates whether graft survival is affected by patient life expectancy.

METHODS

A total of 640 adult kidney transplants were performed. Recipients were divided in group A (patients ≤ 50 years) and group B (patients > 50 years). The status of graft+recipient combination was characterized as: a) deceased recipient with functional graft, b) alive recipient with functional graft and c) deceased or alive recipient with nonfunctional graft.

RESULTS

Mean kidney recipient survival was 15.15 (95% CI: 14.54, 15.77) and 12.40 (95% CI: 11.47, 13.33) years for groups A and B respectively (p < 0.0001). Mean graft survival was 13.62 (95% CI: 12.81, 14.43) and 12.42 (95% CI: 11.59, 13.25) years for groups A and B respectively (p=0.6516). Non-functional grafts were identified in 18.4% (n=57) and 16.4% (n=54) of group A and B respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Allocation of renal grafts to older patients does not result in significant loss of graft-years. Recipients' life expectancy has a small impact on graft survival. We should not deviate from the basic principles of equality, when kidney allocation systems are designed.

The characteristics of inguinal hernia recurrence in the modern era and the long-term outcomes after re-operation

BACKGROUND

Re-operative hernia surgery has become more technically challenging due to the use of mesh. In addition, there has been a paucity of clinical studies. A common recommendation has been to avoid the previous site and to use a different approach.

METHODS

In this study of 218 patients, the anatomical characteristics of inguinal hernia recurrences were studied in relation to the previous technique of repair, including Mesh (n = 100), Laparoscopic (n = 61) and Shouldice (n = 57).

RESULTS

The most common site of recurrence was direct (58.5%) in all three groups. Femoral recurrences were significantly lower in the Laparoscopic group. Indirect and multiple recurrences were significantly lower in the Shouldice group. The operative time in the Mesh group was significantly longer due to the dissection required of the previous mesh. A pro-peritoneal mesh repair was performed for the re-operation in 13.8%, while a Shouldice repair was performed in the others. The overall follow-up rate was 75.2% for a mean of 4.8 years. The re-recurrence rate was 1.8%.

CONCLUSION

The distinct patterns of recurrence reflect the relative strengths and weaknesses of the different techniques of repair and present the anatomical and technical basis for future improvements. A safe and durable repair of an inguinal hernia recurrence can be achieved through an anterior trans-inguinal approach.

A rare adverse skin reaction after 8 Gy of radiation therapy to the thoracic spine: case report and review of the literature

A 60-year-old woman with breast cancer metastatic to the bones experienced no adverse skin reaction at the lumbar spine after a single 8-Gy photon-beam fraction prescribed to a depth of 5 cm. However, a subsequent treatment to the thoracic spine using the same dose, fractionation, and technique resulted in skin erythema and permanent hyperpigmentation. After careful investigation, no differences were identified in her concurrent use of possibly radiosensitizing medications during the various radiotherapy treatments nor in possible errors of treatment planning and radiation delivery. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to document that, with similar medications, a previous skin response to a given radiotherapy dose, fraction, and technique may not be predictive of subsequent skin response to similar radiotherapy.

The Jak inhibitor CP-690,550 preserves the function of CD4CD25FoxP3 regulatory T cells and inhibits effector T cells

The Jak inhibitor CP-690,550 inhibits alloreactivity and is currently being investigated for prevention of allograft rejection after transplantation. In this study, we examined the effect of CP-690,550 on IL-2-mediated Jak/STAT5 phosphorylation by CD4(+)CD25(bright)FoxP3(+)CD127(-/low) T cells (Treg) and CD4(+)CD25(neg) effector T cells (Teff) in kidney transplant (KTx) patients. Phosphospecific flow cytometry was used to study the effect of CP-690,550 on IL-2-induced intracellular STAT5-phosphorylation. IL-2-induced phosphorylation of STAT5 (P-STAT5) in both Treg and Teff, which was significantly higher for CD4(+)CD25(bright) Treg (increased by 71%, mean) than for CD4(+)CD25(neg) Teff (increased by 42%). In the presence of 100 ng/mL CP-690,550, a clinically relevant exposure, IL-2-induced P-STAT5 was partially inhibited in CD4(+)CD25(bright)Treg (% inhibition; 51%), while almost completely blocked in Teff (%inhibition; 84%, p = 0.03). The IC(50) was 2-3 times higher for Treg (104 ng/mL) than for Teff (40 ng/mL, p = 0.02). In the presence of CP-690,550, Treg exhibited additional suppressive activities on the alloactivated proliferation of Teff (56%, mean). In addition, CD4(+)CD25(bright) Treg from KTx-patients receiving CP-690,550 vigorously suppressed the proliferation of Teff (87%, mean). Our findings show that CP-690,550 effectively inhibits Teff function but preserves the suppressive activity of CD4(+)CD25(bright) regulatory T cells.