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Hood DW, Deadman ME, Allen T, Masoud H, Martin A, Brisson JR, Fleischmann R, Venter JC, Richards JC, Moxon ER. Use of the complete genome sequence information of Haemophilus influenzae strain Rd to investigate lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Mol Microbiol 1996; 22:951-65. [PMID: 8971716 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The availability of the complete 1.83-megabase-pair sequence of the Haemophilus influenzae strain Rd genome has facilitated significant progress in investigating the biology of H.influenzae lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major virulence determinant of this human pathogen. By searching the H. influenzae genomic database, with sequences of known LPS biosynthetic genes from other organisms, we identified and then cloned 25 candidate LPS genes. Construction of mutant strains and characterization of the LPS by reactivity with monoclonal antibodies, PAGE fractionation patterns and electrospray mass spectrometry comparative analysis have confirmed a potential role in LPS biosynthesis for the majority of these candidate genes. Virulence studies in the infant rat have allowed us to estimate the minimal LPS structure required for intravascular dissemination. This study is one of the first to demonstrate the rapidity, economy and completeness with which novel biological information can be accessed once the complete genome sequence of an organism is available.
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Wakarchuk W, Martin A, Jennings MP, Moxon ER, Richards JC. Functional relationships of the genetic locus encoding the glycosyltransferase enzymes involved in expression of the lacto-N-neotetraose terminal lipopolysaccharide structure in Neisseria meningitidis. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:19166-73. [PMID: 8702594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.32.19166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic function of the lgtABE genetic locus of Neisseria meningitidis was determined by structural analysis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from mutant strains and enzymic assay for glycosyltransferase activity. LPS was obtained from mutants generated by insertion of antibiotic resistance cassets in each of the three genes lgtA, lgtB, lgtE of the N. meningitidis immunotype L3 strain phi3 MC58. LPS from the parent strain expresses the terminal lacto-N-neotetraose structure, Galbeta1-->4GlcNAcbeta1-->3Galbeta1-->4Glc. Mild hydrazine treatment of the LPS afforded O-deacylated samples that were analyzed directly by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in the negative ion mode. In conjunction with results from sugar analysis, ESI-MS revealed successive loss of the sugars Gal, GlcNAc, and Gal in lgt B, lgt A, and lgt E LPS, respectively. The structure of a sample of O- and N-deacylated LPS derived by aqueous KOH treatment of lgt B LPS was determined in detail by two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear NMR methods. Using a synthetic beta-GlcNAc acceptor and a beta-lactose acceptor, the glycosyltransferase activities encoded by the lgtB and lgtA genes were unambiguously established. These data provide the first definitive evidence that the three genes encode the respective glycosyltransferases required for biosynthesis of the terminal trisaccharide moiety of the lacto-N-neotetraose structure in Neisseria LPS. From ESI-MS data, it was also determined that the Gal-deficient LPS expressed by the lgt E mutant is identical to that of the major component expressed by immunotype L3 galE-deficient strains. The galE gene which encodes for UDP-glucose-4-epimerase plays an essential role in the incorporation of Gal into meningococcal LPS.
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Moxon ER, Gewurz BE, Richards JC, Inzana T, Jennings MP, Hood DW. Phenotypic switching of Haemophilus influenzae. Mol Microbiol 1996; 19:1149-50. [PMID: 8830271 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.441972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Severn WB, Kelly RF, Richards JC, Whitfield C. Structure of the core oligosaccharide in the serotype O8 lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:1731-41. [PMID: 8626303 PMCID: PMC177860 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.6.1731-1741.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two classes of mutants with O-antigen-deficient lipopolysaccharides were isolated from the serotype O8 reference strain, belonging to Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies ozaenae. These mutants were selected by resistance to bacteriophage KO1-2, which recognizes and lyses strains with lipopolysaccharide molecules containing the D-galactan II O antigen. Strain RFK-11 contains a defect in O-antigen synthesis and has a complete core, including the attachment site for O antigen. This mutation is complemented by a plasmid carrying the rfb (O-antigen biosynthesis) gene cluster from the related K. pneumoniae serotype O1. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the lipopolysaccharide from strain RFK-9 has a mobility typical of deep-rough lipopolysaccharide. RFK-9 lipopolysaccharide lacks the attachment site for O antigen. Lipopolysaccharides from strains RFK-9 and RFK-11 were isolated, and their structures were determined by methylation analyses, muclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. The deduced O8 core oligosaccharide includes the partial core structure reported for the K. pneumoniae subspecies pneumoniae serotype O1 lipopolysaccharide (M. Süsskind, S. Müller-Leonnies, W. Nimmich, H. Brade, and O. Holst, Carbohydr. Res. 269:C1-7, 1995), consistent with the possibility of a conserved core structure within the species. The core oligosaccharide differs from those of the genera Salmonella and Escherichia by the absence of a hexose-containing outer core, the lack of phosphate residues in the inner core, and the presence of galacturonic acid residues.
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Kelly J, Masoud H, Perry MB, Richards JC, Thibault P. Separation and characterization of O-deacylated lipooligosaccharides and glycans derived from Moraxella catarrhalis using capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1996; 233:15-30. [PMID: 8789142 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1996.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic methods have been developed for the analysis of complex carbohydrates derived from lipooligosaccharides (LOS) of Moraxella catarrhalis using capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry (CE-ESMS). Separation of lipooligosaccharides (LOS) arising from mild hydrazinolysis of the intact lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was achieved using aqueous ammonium formate, and enabled identification of sites of heterogeneity (phosphates, phosphoethanolamine, and pendant acyl groups) on either the lipid A or the core oligosaccharide. More complex mixtures of carbohydrates obtained from the complete deacylation and dephosphorylation of LOS were amendable to electrophoretic conditions using both anionic and cationic separation. In particular, electrophoretic conditions were developed which permitted resolution of closely related oligosaccharides according to the number of carbohydrate residues appended to the core structure. Structural characterization of carbohydrates and LOS released from the hydrazinolysis and acid hydrolysis treatment of the intact LPS was achieved using tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) for samples introduced by direct flow injection. Taken together, the combination of CE-ESI-MS and MS-MS analyses provided valuable information on the heterogeneity of the LOS population in which a significant level of variability was found mostly in the lipid A portion.
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Masoud H, Sadovskaya I, de Kievit T, Altman E, Richards JC, Lam JS. Structural elucidation of the lipopolysaccharide core region of the O-chain-deficient mutant strain A28 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 06 (International Antigenic Typing Scheme). J Bacteriol 1995; 177:6718-26. [PMID: 7592459 PMCID: PMC177534 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.23.6718-6726.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 06 rough-type mutant A28 was isolated by a modified phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether extraction method. Deoxycholate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated a single band with mobility similar to that of the complete core region of the wild-type parent serotype 06 (International Antigenic Typing Scheme) strain. Compositional analysis of the LPS indicated that the core oligosaccharide was composed of D-glucose (three units), L-rhamnose (one unit), 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose (one unit), L-glycero-D-manno-heptose (two units), 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (two units), L-alanine (one unit), and phosphate (two units). Under the mild conditions of hydrolysis with methanolic hydrogen chloride, a 7-O-carbamoyl substituent was observed on the second heptose residue. The glycan structure of the LPS was determined by employing one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry-based methods with a backbone oligosaccharide that was obtained from the LPS by deacylation, dephosphorylation, and reduction of the terminal glucosamine. On the basis of the results of the present study and our earlier work with the P. aeruginosa 06-derived core-defective mutant R5 (H. Masoud, E. Altman, J. C. Richards, and J. S. Lam, Biochemistry, 33:10568-10578, 1994), a structural model for the complete core oligosaccharide is proposed.
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Jennings MP, Bisercic M, Dunn KL, Virji M, Martin A, Wilks KE, Richards JC, Moxon ER. Cloning and molecular analysis of the Isi1 (rfaF) gene of Neisseria meningitidis which encodes a heptosyl-2-transferase involved in LPS biosynthesis: evaluation of surface exposed carbohydrates in LPS mediated toxicity for human endothelial cells. Microb Pathog 1995; 19:391-407. [PMID: 8852280 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.1995.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis, but not Haemophilus influenzae, damage cultured human endothelial cells. We have undertaken a study to generate genetically and structurally defined lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mutant strains of meningococci for functional studies to assess the role of surface exposed oligosaccharides in imparting specificity of toxic damage to human endothelial cells. The Isi1 gene, which had been shown to be involved in LPS biosynthesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was amplified by PCR and cloned. Nucleotide sequence analysis confirmed the identity of the clone and revealed homology with Isi1 of N. gonorrhoeae and the rfaF gene of Salmonella typhimurium which encodes a heptosyl-2-transferase involved in LPS biosynthesis. The identity of the cloned Isi1 gene, as a functional rfaF homologue, was confirmed by the complementation of a S. typhimurium rfaF mutant using a P22 phage sensitivity test. An Isi1 mutant meningococcal strain was constructed, and structural analysis of the mutant LPS molecule revealed a single heptose in the core structure, consistent with a heptosyl-2-transferase deficient mutant. In order to investigate the relative cytotoxicities of meningococci expressing native and altered LPS, wild type, Isi1, and galE strains were compared in cytotoxicity assays using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (Huvecs) in culture. Analysis using Huvecs derived from several individuals (cords) showed that the three phenotypes were almost equally cytotoxic. Removal of the terminal portion (galE mutant) or the majority (Isi mutant) of the oligosaccharide did not effect LPS-mediated cytopathic damage to Huvecs in a culture suggesting that the oligosaccharide portion did not play a major role in cytotoxicity.
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Clarke BR, Bronner D, Keenleyside WJ, Severn WB, Richards JC, Whitfield C. Role of Rfe and RfbF in the initiation of biosynthesis of D-galactan I, the lipopolysaccharide O antigen from Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:5411-8. [PMID: 7559323 PMCID: PMC177345 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.19.5411-5418.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The 6.6-kb rfb gene cluster from Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1 (rfbKpO1) contains six genes whose products are required for the biosynthesis of a lipopolysaccharide O antigen with the following repeating unit structure: -->3-beta-D-Galf-1-->3-alpha-D-Galp-1-->(D-galactan I). rfbFKpO1 is the last gene in the cluster, and its gene product is required for the initiation of D-galactan I synthesis. Escherichia coli K-12 strains expressing the RfbFKpO1 polypeptide contain dual galactopyranosyl and galactofuranosyl transferase activity. This activity modifies the host lipopolysaccharide core by adding the disaccharide beta-D-Galf-1-->3-alpha-D-Galp, representing a single repeating unit of D-galactan I. The formation of the lipopolysaccharide substituted either with the disaccharide or with authentic polymeric D-galactan I is dependent on the activity of the Rfe enzyme. Rfe (UDP-GlcpNAc::undecaprenylphosphate GlcpNAc-1-phosphate transferase) catalyzes the formation of the lipid-linked biosynthetic intermediate to which galactosyl residues are transferred during the initial steps of D-galactan I synthesis. The rfbFKpO1 gene comprises 1,131 nucleotides, and the predicted polypeptide consists of 373 amino acid residues with a predicted M(r) of 42,600. A polypeptide with an M(r) of 42,000 was evident in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels when rfbKpO1 was expressed behind the T7 promoter. The carboxy-terminal region of RfbFKpO1 shares similarity with the carboxy terminus of RfpB, a galactopyranosyl transferase which is involved in the synthesis of the type 1 O antigen of Shigella dysenteriae.
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Richards JC, Behnke JM, Duce IR. In vitro studies on the relative sensitivity to ivermectin of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Int J Parasitol 1995; 25:1185-91. [PMID: 8557465 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(95)00036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were carried out to compare the sensitivity of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Necator americanus to ivermectin (IVM) and pyrantel in vitro. Loss of motility and inhibition of ingestion by IVM were compared and A. ceylanicum was found to be approximately 40-50 times more sensitive to IVM than N. americanus. Both species showed a similar sensitivity to pyrantel. Uptake of [3H]IVM across the cuticle was compared and shown to be unlikely to account for the differences in sensitivity to IVM between the two species.
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Masoud H, Altman E, Richards JC, Lam JS. General strategy for structural analysis of the oligosaccharide region of lipooligosaccharides. Structure of the oligosaccharide component of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IATS serotype 06 mutant R5 rough-type lipopolysaccharide. Biochemistry 1994; 33:10568-78. [PMID: 8075057 DOI: 10.1021/bi00201a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A general NMR-based strategy for the structural analysis of rough-type lipopolysaccharides, i.e., lipooligosaccharides, is introduced that involves initial deacylation of the glycolipids. The approach is illustrated here with the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 06 rough-type mutant R5, which consists of a single major low molecular weight component. The LOS was isolated by using a modified phenol/chloroform/petroleum ether extraction method. Chemical analysis of the core oligosaccharide obtained from this LOS indicated that it was composed of D-glucose (D-Glc), 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose (D-GalN), L-glycero-D-manno-heptose (L,D-Hep), 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO), L-alanine (Ala), and phosphate. The glycan structure of the LOS was elucidated by employing a novel strategy that involved the use of one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques and mass spectrometric based methods on the backbone oligosaccharide obtained from the LOS by deacylation, dephosphorylation, and reduction of the terminal glucosamine. The location of phosphomonoester groups was unambiguously established by a 2D 1H-31P chemical shift correlation experiments on an O-deacylated sample of the LOS (LOS-OH). The LOS-OH carries amide-linked 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid groups and Ala on the two D-glucosamine residues and the D-galactosamine residue, respectively.
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Le Blay K, Caroff M, Richards JC, Perry MB, Chaby R. Specific and cross-reacting monoclonal antibodies to Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica lipopolysaccharides. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1994; 140 ( Pt 9):2459-65. [PMID: 7524956 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-140-9-2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Three groups of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced that would be useful for immunochemical typing and diagnosis of infections due to Bordetella species, and for the structural analysis of their lipopolysaccharides. PP6, a representative of the first group, recognizes an epitope shared by smooth-type Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica lipopolysaccharides (LPS). This epitope is carried by structurally identical polymeric O-chains (POC) present on both LPS molecules. PP8 and PP9 are representatives of the second group of mAbs. The interaction of PP8 and PP9 with B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica LPS requires POC, but periodate-sensitive sugar units of the core are also involved in the binding. The mAb BRg1 belongs to the third group, and specifically recognizes B. bronchiseptica LPS. Binding and inhibition studies with various Bordetella LPS molecules, and with their polysaccharide fragments, indicated that BRg1 interacts with a structure located at the hinge between the POC and a core region of the B. bronchiseptica LPS containing periodate-resistant sugars. This suggests that the structures of the hinge regions of the B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica LPS are different.
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Uhrín D, Brisson JR, MacLean LL, Richards JC, Perry MB. Application of 1D and 2D NMR techniques to the structure elucidation of the O-polysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis O:57. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 1994; 4:615-630. [PMID: 7522679 DOI: 10.1007/bf00404273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The LPS O-polysaccharide (O-PS) produced by Proteus mirabilis serotype O:57 (ATCC 49995) was shown by NMR spectroscopy and chemical analysis to be a high-molecular-weight acidic branched polymer of pentasaccharide repeating units, composed of D-glucose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and glycerophosphate residues (1:2:2:2:1). Application of one- and two-dimensional NMR methods allowed the complete assignment of notoriously crowded 1H and 13C spectra of the O-PS, leading to the determination of its structure. Several of the NMR techniques used were applied for the first time to the structure elucidation of polysaccharides. The resonances of galactose H5, H6 and H6' were identified by a 1D analog of 3D NOESY-TOCSY and 2D (1H,1H) triple-quantum experiments. The position and the nature of the phosphate group were determined from 2D 31P (omega 1)-half-filtered COSY and 2D 31P-relayed COSY spectra. 2D HMQC-TOCSY and 2D single-quantum proton-carbon long-range correlation techniques were used to overcome the difficulties of severe overlap and higher order effects in the 1H NMR spectrum of the O-PS. The latter technique, together with 2D NOESY, enabled us to identify the substitution positions, the anomeric configurations and the sequence of the component glycose residues in the O-PS.
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Caroff M, Deprun C, Richards JC, Karibian D. Structural characterization of the lipid A of Bordetella pertussis 1414 endotoxin. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:5156-9. [PMID: 8051033 PMCID: PMC196360 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.16.5156-5159.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure of Bordetella pertussis 1414 lipid A was investigated by classical methods of chemical analysis as well as plasma desorption mass spectrometry and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Previous analysis showed that it contained a bisphosphorylated beta-(1-->6)-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide with hydroxytetradecanoic acid in amide linkage. The presence of two main molecular species as seen by thin-layer chromatography was confirmed by plasma desorption mass spectrometry, in which the larger signal was attributable to a molecular ion containing two glucosamine, two phosphate, one tetradecanoic acid, one hydroxydecanoic acid, and three hydroxytetradecanoic acid residues. The ion of the smaller signal was lighter by the mass of one hydroxytetradecanoic acid residue (226 Da). The fatty acids in ester linkage were localized by chemical and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry analysis. C-4 and C-6' hydroxyl groups of the backbone disaccharide were unsubstituted, the latter being the proposed attachment site for Kdo (3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid).
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Choquet CG, Richards JC, Patel GB, Sprott GD. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis in methanogenic bacteria. Arch Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00307767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Choquet CG, Richards JC, Patel GB, Sprott GD. Ribose biosynthesis in methanogenic bacteria. Arch Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00307768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Beynon LM, Richards JC, Perry MB. The structure of the lipopolysaccharide O antigen from Yersinia ruckeri serotype 01. Carbohydr Res 1994; 256:303-17. [PMID: 7514497 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)84215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The O antigen obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia ruckeri serotype 01, by mild acid hydrolysis, is composed of a branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit containing 2-acetamidino-2,6-dideoxy-L-galactose (L-FucAm), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (D-GlcNAc), and 7-acetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-5-(4-hydroxybutyramido)-D-glycero-L -galacto- nonulosonic acid (L-Sug). Partial hydrolysis of the O antigen with 0.1 M HClafforded a trisaccharide and a tetrasaccharide having nonulosonic acid at their reducing ends. Cleavage of the O antigen with anhydrous methanolic hydrogen fluoride afforded the methyl glycoside derivatives of a trisaccharide and a tetrasaccharide. 1H and 13C NMR analysis, including 1H-13C heteronuclear multiple bond correlation spectroscopy to locate the N-acyl substituents, together with mass spectrometric analysis of the above oligosaccharides, allowed the structure of the O-specific polysaccharide to be assigned as: [formula: see text].
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Dasgupta T, de Kievit TR, Masoud H, Altman E, Richards JC, Sadovskaya I, Speert DP, Lam JS. Characterization of lipopolysaccharide-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa derived from serotypes O3, O5, and O6. Infect Immun 1994; 62:809-17. [PMID: 8112851 PMCID: PMC186187 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.3.809-817.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-characterized rough mutants are important for the understanding of structures, functions, and biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in gram-negative organisms. In this study, three series of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS-deficient mutants, namely PAC strains derived from serotype O3, AK strains derived from strain PAO1 (serotype O5), and serotype O6-derived mutants were subjected to biochemical analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining as well as immunochemical characterization using LPS-specific monoclonal antibodies. The O-side-chain deficiency among the O6-derived mutants was also examined, and three mutants, A28, R5, and H4, were subsequently chosen for the elucidation of component sugars of the core structure of serotype O6 LPS. LPS of strain A28 has L-rhamnose and proportionally higher amounts of D-glucose, a feature shared by the O5-derived mutant, strain AK1401 (previously demonstrated as a mutant with a core-plus-one O repeat). In contrast strains R5 and H4 were shown to be devoid of L-rhamnose and have low and undetectable amounts of D-glucose, respectively, which indicated their core deficiency. The LPS-deficient or -sufficient characteristics of the P. aeruginosa strains examined correlated will with serum sensitivity data. This report represents a comprehensive analysis of rough mutants derived from O3 and O5 strains that have been used by others in many studies and a first look at the core oligosaccharide region of serotype O6 LPS obtained with the O6-derived mutants generated in this study.
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Masoud H, Perry MB, Richards JC. Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide of Moraxella catarrhalis. Structural analysis of the lipid A from M. catarrhalis serotype A lipopolysaccharide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 220:209-16. [PMID: 8119289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide of Moraxella catarrhalis serotype A (ATCC 25238) was found to consist of a short-chain oligosaccharide attached to a lipid A moiety. Composition and NMR analyses showed the oligosaccharide component in O-deacylated LPS to be composed of D-glucose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid in the molar ratio of 5:2:1:2. In addition, the lipid A region contained phosphate, D-glucosamine, 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid and decanoic acid. The lipid A was examined in detail by high-field NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. It was found to consist of a beta-1,6-D-glucosamine disaccharide backbone esterified at C4' by a phosphomonoester and glycosidically at C1 by diphosphoethanolamine or phosphomonoester. The amide group of the reducing and nonreducing glucosamine residues were acylated by 3-dodecanoyloxydodecanoic acid and 3-decanoyl-oxydodecanoic acid, respectively. The hydroxyl group at C3 and C3' were acylated by 3-decanoyl-oxydodecanoic acid and 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid respectively, while the hydroxyl groups at C4 and C6' were unsubstituted.
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Masoud H, Richards JC. Structural elucidation of the specific capsular polysaccharide of Rhodococcus equi serotype 7. Carbohydr Res 1994; 252:223-33. [PMID: 8137362 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)90017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Structural analysis of the specific capsular polysaccharide produced by Rhodococcus equi serotype 7 indicated it to be a high-molecular-weight polymer consisting of equal molar amounts of D-galactose, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, and pyruvic acid. By employing a combination of chemical and NMR techniques, it was established that the polysaccharide is composed of the linear repeating trisaccharide units: [formula: see text] -->3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Manp-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap -(1-->, in which the cyclic pyruvic acid acetal groups bridging the O-4 and O-6 positions of the alpha-D-Manp residues have the S-configuration. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the native and pyruvic acetal-free polysaccharides were fully assigned.
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Kelly RF, Severn WB, Richards JC, Perry MB, MacLean LL, Tomás JM, Merino S, Whitfield C. Structural variation in the O-specific polysaccharides of Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1 and O8 lipopolysaccharide: evidence for clonal diversity in rfb genes. Mol Microbiol 1993; 10:615-25. [PMID: 7526122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The O-polysaccharide fraction of the lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O8 was found to comprise two galactose-containing homopolymers. Structural analysis, using chemical and high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, established that the K. pneumoniae O8 polysaccharides are composed of the linear, disaccharide repeating units [formula: see text] K. pneumoniae O8 mutant RFK-1 was isolated by resistance to phage KO1-2; strain RFK-1 expressed only D-galactan I-OAc. The 1H- and 13C-NMR resonances from this O-polysaccharide indicate that all of the O-acetyl groups within the K. pneumoniae O8 polysaccharide are carried on D-galactan I and O-acetylation occurs only on the beta-D-galactofuranose residues; 60% of the available beta-D-galactofuranose residues are non-acetylated. The O-acetylation of the remaining residues is equally distributed between the O-2 and O-6 positions. The carbohydrate backbone structures in the O8 polysaccharide are identical to D-galactan I and II expressed by K. pneumoniae O1, accounting for the antigenic cross-reaction between strains belonging to serotypes O1 and O8. However, the O1 polysaccharides are not acetylated and the O-acetyl groups present in the K. pneumoniae serotype O8 polysaccharides provide a structural basis for their recognition as distinct serotypes. The rfb (O-polysaccharide biosynthesis) gene cluster of K. pneumoniae serotype O1 determines the synthesis of D-galactan I. rfbKpO1-specific gene probes were used to examine conservation in the rfb gene clusters of other K. pneumoniae serotypes which produce D-galactan I. Six O1 strains were examined and all showed hybridization with rfbKpO1 probes under conditions of high stringency. Three serotype O2 strains produce D-galactan I and these strains also contained DNA sequences recognized by rfbKpO1 probes under high stringency. The physical maps of these homologous rfb chromosomal regions showed some polymorphism. Surprisingly, the rfbKpO8 region from K. pneumoniae serotype O8 was only recognized by rfbKpO1 probes under low-stringency hybridization conditions, providing evidence for two substantially different clonal groups of rfb genes from K. pneumoniae strains with structurally related O-antigens.
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Beynon LM, Richards JC, Perry MB. Characterization of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype K11:01 capsular antigen. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 214:209-14. [PMID: 8508793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The capsular antigen of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 11 was characterized by one-dimensional high-field nuclear magnetic resonance methods and chemical analyses, as a teichoic-acid-type polymer composed of a repeating unit with the structure [see text].
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Severn WB, Richards JC. Characterization of the O-polysaccharide of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1. Carbohydr Res 1993; 240:277-85. [PMID: 7681360 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)84190-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide was isolated from Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 by using the phenol-water extraction procedure. Hydrolysis with mild acid afforded a high-molecular-weight antigenic O-chain. On the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral studies and microanalytical chemical methods, the O-polysaccharide was determined to be a linear polymer of a trisaccharide repeating unit having the structure -->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1--> This O-polysaccharide antigen is expressed by several P. haemolytica biotype A serotypes.
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Lacroix RP, Duncan JR, Jenkins RP, Leitch RA, Perry JA, Richards JC. Structural and serological specificities of Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharides. Infect Immun 1993; 61:170-81. [PMID: 8418039 PMCID: PMC302702 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.1.170-181.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from 16 serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and examined by silver staining and immunoblotting. Silver staining of proteinase K-digested cell lysates revealed two rough LPS serotypes (serotypes 2 and 8), which lacked demonstrable O-polysaccharide, while 14 others demonstrated a ladder pattern characteristic of smooth-type LPS. Purified LPSs from several serotypes yielded O-polysaccharide in addition to low-molecular-weight core oligosaccharide components when subjected to mild acid hydrolysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the O-chain polysaccharides of serotypes 1, 6, and 9 to be identical. Immunoblots using hyperimmune rabbit, mouse, bovine, and ovine sera from homologous and heterologous serotypes supported this finding and suggested that most of the A biotypes share common O-chain epitopes. Immunoblotting results also supported structural data which demonstrated that the O-polysaccharides of serotypes 3 and 15 and of serotypes 4 and 10 (T biotypes) are identical. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that the core oligosaccharides of serotypes 1, 6, 8, 9, and 12 share similar structures, but that they are distinct from those of serotypes 3, 4, 10, and 15. Immunoblots with hyperimmune antisera and monoclonal antibody having specificity for the core region of serotype 1 LPS revealed shared epitopes in the core oligosaccharides of several A biotypes. Characterization of the molecular structure and antigenic specificities of LPS has been an important consideration in the development of purity and potency assays for veterinary vaccines which contain P. haemolytica.
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Anderson AN, Richards JC, Perry MB. Structure of the O-antigen of Escherichia coli 0119 lipopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 1992; 237:249-62. [PMID: 1284112 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(92)84247-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the O-polysaccharide component of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Escherichia coli 0119 was determined by the use of methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometric methods. The O-polysaccharide was found to be a high molecular weight polymer of a repeating pentasaccharide unit composed of D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-3-formamido-D-rhamnose residues (1:1:1:1:1) and had the structure: [formula: see text]
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Karunaratne DN, Richards JC, Hancock RE. Characterization of lipid A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-antigenic B band lipopolysaccharide by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectral analysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 299:368-76. [PMID: 1280066 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Lipid A from the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined by high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). The backbone structure and the position of phosphate substituents were unambiguously established by one- and two-dimensional 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR techniques on a de-O-acylated Lipid A sample. The Lipid A has a beta-(1,6)-glucosamine disaccharide structure which is substituted by phosphomonoesters through glycosidic bonds at C-1 and at C-4'. The configuration of the glycosidically linked phosphate at position C-1 was identified as alpha which is the same as that of Enterobacterial Lipid A. Chemical analysis revealed that the Lipid A contained 2-hydroxydodecanoic, 3-hydroxydodecanoic, dodecanoic, 3-hydroxydecanoic, and hexadecanoic acids in the approximate molar ratios 2.2:2.0:0.2:0.8:0.4. From 1H NMR and fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry on the de-O-acylated Lipid A, it was established that both glucosamine residues were N-acylated by 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid. The identity and positions of the ester bound fatty acids in the intact Lipid A were investigated by negative ion FAB-MS. In addition to the hexaacyl and pentaacyl Lipid A species, a tetraacyl species was identified. Heterogeneity due to hydroxylated and nonhydroxylated dodecanoic acid esters could be uniquely localized to the nonreducing beta-glucosamine residue from the fragmentation pattern observed in the negative ion FAB-MS. The complete structure of the Lipid A from P. aeruginosa will be useful in understanding the determinants responsible for the endotoxin activity of this molecule.
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