51
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Lyle SJ, Osborn Popp TM, Waller PJ, Pei X, Reimer JA, Yaghi OM. Multistep Solid-State Organic Synthesis of Carbamate-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11253-11258. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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52
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Zangara PR, Henshaw J, Pagliero D, Ajoy A, Reimer JA, Pines A, Meriles CA. Two-Electron-Spin Ratchets as a Platform for Microwave-Free Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of Arbitrary Material Targets. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2389-2396. [PMID: 30884227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optically pumped color centers in semiconductor powders can potentially induce high levels of nuclear spin polarization in surrounding solids or fluids at or near ambient conditions, but complications stemming from the random orientation of the particles and the presence of unpolarized paramagnetic defects hinder the flow of polarization beyond the defect's host material. Here, we theoretically study the spin dynamics of interacting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) and substitutional nitrogen (P1) centers in diamond to show that outside protons spin-polarize efficiently upon a magnetic field sweep across the NV-P1 level anticrossing. The process can be interpreted in terms of an NV-P1 spin ratchet, whose handedness, and hence the sign of the resulting nuclear polarization, depends on the relative timing of the optical excitation pulse. Further, we find that the polarization transfer mechanism is robust to NV misalignment relative to the external magnetic field, and efficient over a broad range of electron-electron and electron-nuclear spin couplings, even if proxy spins feature short coherence or spin-lattice relaxation times. Therefore, these results pave the route toward the dynamic nuclear polarization of arbitrary spin targets brought in proximity with a diamond powder under ambient conditions.
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Grundy LS, Sethi GK, Galluzzo MD, Loo WS, Maslyn JA, Teran AA, Thelen JL, Timachova K, Reimer JA, Madsen LA, Balsara NP. Detection of the Order-to-Disorder Transition in Block Copolymer Electrolytes Using Quadrupolar 7Li NMR Splitting. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:107-112. [PMID: 35619416 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The order-to-disorder transition temperature (TODT) in a series of mixtures of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (SEO) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt is identified by the disappearance of a quadrupolar 7Li NMR triplet peak splitting above a critical temperature, where a singlet is observed. The macroscopic alignment of ordered domains required to produce a quadrupolar splitting occurs due to exposure to the NMR magnetic field. Alignment is confirmed using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The TODT determined by NMR is consistent with that determined using SAXS.
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Zangara PR, Dhomkar S, Ajoy A, Liu K, Nazaryan R, Pagliero D, Suter D, Reimer JA, Pines A, Meriles CA. Dynamics of frequency-swept nuclear spin optical pumping in powdered diamond at low magnetic fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2512-2520. [PMID: 30679282 PMCID: PMC6377465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811994116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad effort is underway to improve the sensitivity of NMR through the use of dynamic nuclear polarization. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offer an appealing platform because these paramagnetic defects can be optically polarized efficiently at room temperature. However, work thus far has been mainly limited to single crystals, because most polarization transfer protocols are sensitive to misalignment between the NV and magnetic field axes. Here we study the spin dynamics of NV-13C pairs in the simultaneous presence of optical excitation and microwave frequency sweeps at low magnetic fields. We show that a subtle interplay between illumination intensity, frequency sweep rate, and hyperfine coupling strength leads to efficient, sweep-direction-dependent 13C spin polarization over a broad range of orientations of the magnetic field. In particular, our results strongly suggest that finely tuned, moderately coupled nuclear spins are key to the hyperpolarization process, which makes this mechanism distinct from other known dynamic polarization channels. These findings pave the route to applications where powders are intrinsically advantageous, including the hyperpolarization of target fluids in contact with the diamond surface or the use of hyperpolarized particles as contrast agents for in vivo imaging.
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Ajoy A, Lv X, Druga E, Liu K, Safvati B, Morabe A, Fenton M, Nazaryan R, Patel S, Sjolander TF, Reimer JA, Sakellariou D, Meriles CA, Pines A. Wide dynamic range magnetic field cycler: Harnessing quantum control at low and high fields. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:013112. [PMID: 30709175 DOI: 10.1063/1.5064685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe the construction of a fast field cycling device capable of sweeping a 4-order-of-magnitude range of magnetic fields, from ∼1 mT to 7 T, in under 700 ms, and which is further extendable to a 1 nT-7 T range. Central to this system is a high-speed sample shuttling mechanism between a superconducting magnet and a magnetic shield, with the capability to access arbitrary fields in between with high resolution. Our instrument serves as a versatile platform to harness the inherent dichotomy of spin dynamics on offer at low and high fields-in particular, the low anisotropy, fast spin manipulation, and rapid entanglement growth at low field as well as the long spin lifetimes, spin specific control, and efficient inductive measurement possible at high fields. Exploiting these complementary capabilities in a single device opens up applications in a host of problems in quantum control, sensing, and information storage, besides in nuclear hyperpolarization, relaxometry, and imaging. In particular, in this paper, we focus on the ability of the device to enable low-field hyperpolarization of 13C nuclei in diamond via optically pumped electronic spins associated with nitrogen vacancy defect centers.
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Forse AC, Milner PJ, Lee JH, Redfearn HN, Oktawiec J, Siegelman RL, Martell JD, Dinakar B, Porter-Zasada LB, Gonzalez MI, Neaton JB, Long JR, Reimer JA. Elucidating CO 2 Chemisorption in Diamine-Appended Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:18016-18031. [PMID: 30501180 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The widespread deployment of carbon capture and sequestration as a climate change mitigation strategy could be facilitated by the development of more energy-efficient adsorbents. Diamine-appended metal-organic frameworks of the type diamine-M2(dobpdc) (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn; dobpdc4- = 4,4'-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate) have shown promise for carbon-capture applications, although questions remain regarding the molecular mechanisms of CO2 uptake in these materials. Here we leverage the crystallinity and tunability of this class of frameworks to perform a comprehensive study of CO2 chemisorption. Using multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments and van-der-Waals-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations for 13 diamine-M2(dobpdc) variants, we demonstrate that the canonical CO2 chemisorption products, ammonium carbamate chains and carbamic acid pairs, can be readily distinguished and that ammonium carbamate chain formation dominates for diamine-Mg2(dobpdc) materials. In addition, we elucidate a new chemisorption mechanism in the material dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) (dmpn = 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane), which involves the formation of a 1:1 mixture of ammonium carbamate and carbamic acid and accounts for the unusual adsorption properties of this material. Finally, we show that the presence of water plays an important role in directing the mechanisms for CO2 uptake in diamine-M2(dobpdc) materials. Overall, our combined NMR and DFT approach enables a thorough depiction and understanding of CO2 adsorption within diamine-M2(dobpdc) compounds, which may aid similar studies in other amine-functionalized adsorbents in the future.
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Witherspoon VJ, Xu J, Reimer JA. Solid-State NMR Investigations of Carbon Dioxide Gas in Metal–Organic Frameworks: Insights into Molecular Motion and Adsorptive Behavior. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10033-10048. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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58
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Zhang B, Wei M, Mao H, Pei X, Alshmimri SA, Reimer JA, Yaghi OM. Crystalline Dioxin-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks from Irreversible Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12715-12719. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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59
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Ajoy A, Liu K, Nazaryan R, Lv X, Zangara PR, Safvati B, Wang G, Arnold D, Li G, Lin A, Raghavan P, Druga E, Dhomkar S, Pagliero D, Reimer JA, Suter D, Meriles CA, Pines A. Orientation-independent room temperature optical 13C hyperpolarization in powdered diamond. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar5492. [PMID: 29795783 PMCID: PMC5959305 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization via contact with electronic spins has emerged as an attractive route to enhance the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance beyond the traditional limits imposed by magnetic field strength and temperature. Among the various alternative implementations, the use of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond-a paramagnetic point defect whose spin can be optically polarized at room temperature-has attracted widespread attention, but applications have been hampered by the need to align the NV axis with the external magnetic field. We overcome this hurdle through the combined use of continuous optical illumination and a microwave sweep over a broad frequency range. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate our approach using powdered diamond with which we attain bulk 13C spin polarization in excess of 0.25% under ambient conditions. Remarkably, our technique acts efficiently on diamond crystals of all orientations and polarizes nuclear spins with a sign that depends exclusively on the direction of the microwave sweep. Our work paves the way toward the use of hyperpolarized diamond particles as imaging contrast agents for biosensing and, ultimately, for the hyperpolarization of nuclear spins in arbitrary liquids brought in contact with their surface.
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Forse AC, Gonzalez MI, Siegelman RL, Witherspoon VJ, Jawahery S, Mercado R, Milner PJ, Martell JD, Smit B, Blümich B, Long JR, Reimer JA. Unexpected Diffusion Anisotropy of Carbon Dioxide in the Metal-Organic Framework Zn 2(dobpdc). J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1663-1673. [PMID: 29300483 PMCID: PMC8240119 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks are promising materials for energy-efficient gas separations, but little is known about the diffusion of adsorbates in materials featuring one-dimensional porosity at the nanoscale. An understanding of the interplay between framework structure and gas diffusion is crucial for the practical application of these materials as adsorbents or in mixed-matrix membranes, since the rate of gas diffusion within the adsorbent pores impacts the required size (and therefore cost) of the adsorbent column or membrane. Here, we investigate the diffusion of CO2 within the pores of Zn2(dobpdc) (dobpdc4- = 4,4'-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate) using pulsed field gradient (PFG) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The residual chemical shift anisotropy for pore-confined CO2 allows PFG NMR measurements of self-diffusion in different crystallographic directions, and our analysis of the entire NMR line shape as a function of the applied field gradient provides a precise determination of the self-diffusion coefficients. In addition to observing CO2 diffusion through the channels parallel to the crystallographic c axis (self-diffusion coefficient D∥ = (5.8 ± 0.1) × 10-9 m2 s-1 at a pressure of 625 mbar CO2), we unexpectedly find that CO2 is also able to diffuse between the hexagonal channels in the crystallographic ab plane (D⊥ = (1.9 ± 0.2) × 10-10 m2 s-1), despite the walls of these channels appearing impermeable by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and flexible lattice MD simulations. Observation of such unexpected diffusion in the ab plane suggests the presence of defects that enable effective multidimensional CO2 transport in a metal-organic framework with nominally one-dimensional porosity.
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Martell JD, Porter-Zasada LB, Forse AC, Siegelman RL, Gonzalez MI, Oktawiec J, Runčevski T, Xu J, Srebro-Hooper M, Milner PJ, Colwell KA, Autschbach J, Reimer JA, Long JR. Enantioselective Recognition of Ammonium Carbamates in a Chiral Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16000-16012. [PMID: 28991466 PMCID: PMC8230736 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chiral metal-organic frameworks have attracted interest for enantioselective separations and catalysis because of their high crystallinity and pores with tunable shapes, sizes, and chemical environments. Chiral frameworks of the type M2(dobpdc) (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn; dobpdc4- = 4,4'-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate) seem particularly promising for potential applications because of their excellent stability, high internal surface areas, and strongly polarizing open metal coordination sites within the channels, but to date these materials have been isolated only in racemic form. Here, we demonstrate that when appended with the chiral diamine trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (dach), Mg2(dobpdc) adsorbs carbon dioxide cooperatively to form ammonium carbamate chains, and the thermodynamics of CO2 capture are strongly influenced by enantioselective interactions within the chiral pores of the framework. We further show that it is possible to access both enantiomers of Mg2(dobpdc) with high enantiopurity (≥90%) via framework synthesis in the presence of varying quantities of d-panthenol, an inexpensive chiral induction agent. Investigation of dach-M2(dobpdc) samples following CO2 adsorption-using single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations-revealed that the ammonium carbamate chains interact extensively with each other and with the chiral M2(dobpdc) pore walls. Subtle differences in the non-covalent interactions accessible in each diastereomeric phase dramatically impact the thermodynamics of CO2 adsorption.
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62
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Milner PJ, Siegelman RL, Forse AC, Gonzalez MI, Runčevski T, Martell JD, Reimer JA, Long JR. A Diaminopropane-Appended Metal-Organic Framework Enabling Efficient CO 2 Capture from Coal Flue Gas via a Mixed Adsorption Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13541-13553. [PMID: 28906108 PMCID: PMC8221660 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new diamine-functionalized metal-organic framework comprised of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane (dmpn) appended to the Mg2+ sites lining the channels of Mg2(dobpdc) (dobpdc4- = 4,4'-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate) is characterized for the removal of CO2 from the flue gas emissions of coal-fired power plants. Unique to members of this promising class of adsorbents, dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) displays facile step-shaped adsorption of CO2 from coal flue gas at 40 °C and near complete CO2 desorption upon heating to 100 °C, enabling a high CO2 working capacity (2.42 mmol/g, 9.1 wt %) with a modest 60 °C temperature swing. Evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption for dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) suggests that the narrow temperature swing of its CO2 adsorption steps is due to the high magnitude of its differential enthalpy of adsorption (Δhads = -73 ± 1 kJ/mol), with a larger than expected entropic penalty for CO2 adsorption (Δsads = -204 ± 4 J/mol·K) positioning the step in the optimal range for carbon capture from coal flue gas. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis and breakthrough experiments indicate that, in contrast to many adsorbents, dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) captures CO2 effectively in the presence of water and can be subjected to 1000 humid adsorption/desorption cycles with minimal degradation. Solid-state 13C NMR spectra and single-crystal X-ray diffraction structures of the Zn analogue reveal that this material adsorbs CO2 via formation of both ammonium carbamates and carbamic acid pairs, the latter of which are crystallographically verified for the first time in a porous material. Taken together, these properties render dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) one of the most promising adsorbents for carbon capture applications.
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Flaig RW, Osborn Popp TM, Fracaroli AM, Kapustin EA, Kalmutzki MJ, Altamimi RM, Fathieh F, Reimer JA, Yaghi OM. The Chemistry of CO2 Capture in an Amine-Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework under Dry and Humid Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12125-12128. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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64
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Barin G, Peterson GW, Crocellà V, Xu J, Colwell KA, Nandy A, Reimer JA, Bordiga S, Long JR. Highly effective ammonia removal in a series of Brønsted acidic porous polymers: investigation of chemical and structural variations. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4399-4409. [PMID: 30155218 PMCID: PMC6100238 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05079d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient removal of ammonia from air is demonstrated in a series of Brønsted acidic porous polymers under dry and humid conditions. The impact of acidic group strength and their spatial distribution on the ammonia uptake is investigated systematically.
Although a widely used and important industrial gas, ammonia (NH3) is also highly toxic and presents a substantial health and environmental hazard. The development of new materials for the effective capture and removal of ammonia is thus of significant interest. The capture of ammonia at ppm-level concentrations relies on strong interactions between the adsorbent and the gas, as demonstrated in a number of zeolites and metal–organic frameworks with Lewis acidic open metal sites. However, these adsorbents typically exhibit diminished capacity for ammonia in the presence of moisture due to competitive adsorption of water and/or reduced structural stability. In an effort to overcome these challenges, we are investigating the performance of porous polymers functionalized with Brønsted acidic groups, which should possess inherent structural stability and enhanced reactivity towards ammonia in the presence of moisture. Herein, we report the syntheses of six different Brønsted acidic porous polymers exhibiting –NH3Cl, –CO2H, –SO3H, and –PO3H2 groups and featuring two different network structures with respect to interpenetration. We further report the low- and high-pressure NH3 uptake in these materials, as determined under dry and humid conditions using gas adsorption and breakthrough measurements. Under dry conditions, it is possible to achieve NH3 capacities as high as 2 mmol g–1 at 0.05 mbar (50 ppm) equilibrium pressure, while breakthrough saturation capacities of greater than 7 mmol g–1 are attainable under humid conditions. Chemical and structural variations deduced from these measurements also revealed an important interplay between acidic group spatial arrangement and NH3 uptake, in particular that interpenetration can promote strong adsorption even for weaker Brønsted acidic functionalities. In situ infrared spectroscopy provided further insights into the mechanism of NH3 adsorption, revealing a proton transfer between ammonia and acidic sites as well as strong hydrogen bonding interactions in the case of the weaker carboxylic acid-functionalized polymer. These findings highlight that an increase of acidity or porosity does not necessarily correspond directly to increased NH3 capacity and advocate for the development of more fine-tuned design principles for efficient NH3 capture under a range of concentrations and conditions.
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Waller PJ, Lyle SJ, Osborn Popp TM, Diercks CS, Reimer JA, Yaghi OM. Chemical Conversion of Linkages in Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15519-15522. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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66
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Cao Z, Kim D, Hong D, Yu Y, Xu J, Lin S, Wen X, Nichols EM, Jeong K, Reimer JA, Yang P, Chang CJ. A Molecular Surface Functionalization Approach to Tuning Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8120-5. [PMID: 27322487 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) to value-added products is an important challenge for sustainable energy research, and nanomaterials offer a broad class of heterogeneous catalysts for such transformations. Here we report a molecular surface functionalization approach to tuning gold nanoparticle (Au NP) electrocatalysts for reduction of CO2 to CO. The N-heterocyclic (NHC) carbene-functionalized Au NP catalyst exhibits improved faradaic efficiency (FE = 83%) for reduction of CO2 to CO in water at neutral pH at an overpotential of 0.46 V with a 7.6-fold increase in current density compared to that of the parent Au NP (FE = 53%). Tafel plots of the NHC carbene-functionalized Au NP (72 mV/decade) vs parent Au NP (138 mV/decade) systems further show that the molecular ligand influences mechanistic pathways for CO2 reduction. The results establish molecular surface functionalization as a complementary approach to size, shape, composition, and defect control for nanoparticle catalyst design.
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Lee S, Barin G, Ackerman CM, Muchenditsi A, Xu J, Reimer JA, Lutsenko S, Long JR, Chang CJ. Copper Capture in a Thioether-Functionalized Porous Polymer Applied to the Detection of Wilson's Disease. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7603-9. [PMID: 27285482 PMCID: PMC5555401 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
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Copper is an essential
nutrient for life, but at the same time,
hyperaccumulation of this redox-active metal in biological fluids
and tissues is a hallmark of pathologies such as Wilson’s and
Menkes diseases, various neurodegenerative diseases, and toxic environmental
exposure. Diseases characterized by copper hyperaccumulation are currently
challenging to identify due to costly diagnostic tools that involve
extensive technical workup. Motivated to create simple yet highly
selective and sensitive diagnostic tools, we have initiated a program
to develop new materials that can enable monitoring of copper levels
in biological fluid samples without complex and expensive instrumentation.
Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and properties of PAF-1-SMe,
a robust three-dimensional porous aromatic framework (PAF) densely
functionalized with thioether groups for selective capture and concentration
of copper from biofluids as well as aqueous samples. PAF-1-SMe exhibits
a high selectivity for copper over other biologically relevant metals,
with a saturation capacity reaching over 600 mg/g. Moreover, the combination
of PAF-1-SMe as a material for capture and concentration of copper
from biological samples with 8-hydroxyquinoline as a colorimetric
indicator affords a method for identifying aberrant elevations of
copper in urine samples from mice with Wilson’s disease and
also tracing exogenously added copper in serum. This divide-and-conquer
sensing strategy, where functional and robust porous materials serve
as molecular recognition elements that can be used to capture and
concentrate analytes in conjunction with molecular indicators for
signal readouts, establishes a valuable starting point for the use
of porous polymeric materials in noninvasive diagnostic applications.
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Scott E, Drake M, Reimer JA. The phenomenology of optically pumped (13)C NMR in diamond at 7.05T: Room temperature polarization, orientation dependence, and the effect of defect concentration on polarization dynamics. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 264:154-162. [PMID: 26920840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Room temperature optical illumination of NV- imbibed single crystal diamonds with a 532 nm laser produces (13)C polarization enhancements up to 200 times greater than that of the thermal equilibrium value at 7.05 T. We report high field NV- mediated (13)C polarization as a function of the number and type (NV- and P1) of defects in commercially available diamonds. Surprisingly, both positive and negative (13)C polarizations are observed depending on the orientation of the crystal with respect to the external magnetic field and the electric field vector of the optical illumination. The data reported herein cannot be explained by a previously proposed mechanism.
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Braun E, Chen JJ, Schnell SK, Lin LC, Reimer JA, Smit B. Nanoporous Materials Can Tune the Critical Point of a Pure Substance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14349-52. [PMID: 26419318 PMCID: PMC4678509 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Molecular simulations and NMR relaxometry experiments demonstrate that pure benzene or xylene confined in isoreticular metal–organic frameworks (IRMOFs) exhibit true vapor–liquid phase equilibria where the effective critical point may be reduced by tuning the structure of the MOF. Our results are consistent with vapor and liquid phases extending over many MOF unit cells. These results are counterintuitive since the MOF pore diameters are approximately the same length scale as the adsorbate molecules. As applications of these materials in catalysis, separations, and gas storage rely on the ability to tune the properties of adsorbed molecules, we anticipate that the ability to systematically control the critical point, thereby preparing spatially inhomogeneous local adsorbate densities, could add a new design tool for MOF applications.
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Braun E, Chen JJ, Schnell SK, Lin L, Reimer JA, Smit B. Nanoporous Materials Can Tune the Critical Point of a Pure Substance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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71
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Fracaroli AM, Furukawa H, Suzuki M, Dodd M, Okajima S, Gándara F, Reimer JA, Yaghi OM. Metal–Organic Frameworks with Precisely Designed Interior for Carbon Dioxide Capture in the Presence of Water. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8863-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja503296c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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72
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Chen JJ, Kong X, Sumida K, Manumpil MA, Long JR, Reimer JA. Ex Situ NMR Relaxometry of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Rapid Surface-Area Screening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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73
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Chen JJ, Kong X, Sumida K, Manumpil MA, Long JR, Reimer JA. Ex situ NMR relaxometry of metal-organic frameworks for rapid surface-area screening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12043-6. [PMID: 24108503 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kong X, Deng H, Yan F, Kim J, Swisher JA, Smit B, Yaghi OM, Reimer JA. Mapping of Functional Groups in Metal-Organic Frameworks. Science 2013; 341:882-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1238339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We determined the heterogeneous mesoscale spatial apportionment of functional groups in a series of multivariate metal-organic frameworks (MTV-MOF-5) containing BDC (1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) linkers with different functional groups—B (BDC-NH2), E (BDC-NO2), F [(BDC-(CH3)2], H [BDC-(OC3H5)2], and I [BDC-(OC7H7)2]—using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements combined with molecular simulations. Our analysis reveals that these methods discern between random (EF), alternating (EI and EHI), and various cluster (BF) forms of functional group apportionments. This combined synthetic, characterization, and computational approach predicts the adsorptive properties of crystalline MTV-MOF systems. This methodology, developed in the context of ordered frameworks, is a first step in resolving the more general problem of spatial disorder in other ordered materials, including mesoporous materials, functionalized polymers, and defect distributions within crystalline solids.
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Mayer BP, Chinn SC, Maxwell RS, Reimer JA. Solid state NMR investigation of γ-irradiated composite siloxanes: Probing the silica/polysiloxane interface. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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