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Kim JW, Jeon YJ, Baek DH, Kim TN, Chang JS. Percentage of the population at high risk of osteoporotic fracture in South Korea: analysis of the 2010 Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination survey data. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:1313-9. [PMID: 24345885 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteoporosis and high-risk osteopenia (high-risk of osteoporotic fractures) are highly prevalent in South Korean postmenopausal women and men aged 50 years and over. INTRODUCTION This study determined the percentages of the population at high risk of osteoporotic fractures according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and the Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX) model. METHODS Data collected from the 2010 Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional survey of the general South Korean general population, were analyzed. The percentages of the population with high-risk osteopenia according to the US National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) and Japanese treatment guidelines were subsequently determined and compared. RESULTS Based on the WHO criteria and FRAX model, 37.7% of the menopausal women and 12.7% of the men aged 50 years and older are at high risk of osteoporotic fracture. According to the Japanese and NOF guidelines, 10.9 (10.6% of men and 11.2% of women) and 10.7% (10.6% of men and 10.9% of women), respectively, of the study population with osteopenia are at high risk of fracture. By age group, 49.3% of Korean women aged 55 years and older, 67.7% of Korean women aged 65 years and older, and 33.5% of Korean men aged 75 years and older are at high risk. CONCLUSION As a very large percentage of the South Korean postmenopausal population has osteoporosis or high-risk osteopenia, greater effort at identifying and treating this population should be expended to prevent osteoporotic fracture.
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Chiang NJ, Chen LT, Tsai CR, Chang JS. The epidemiology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in Taiwan, 1998-2008: a nation-wide cancer registry-based study. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:102. [PMID: 24548660 PMCID: PMC3932802 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the incidence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in Taiwan and the impact of imatinib on the overall survival (OS) of GIST patients. Methods GISTs were identified from the Taiwan Cancer Registry (TCR) from 1998 to 2008. The age-adjusted incidence rates and the observed OS rates were calculated. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to examine the mortality risk in three time periods (1998–2001, 2002–2004, 2005–2008) according to the application and availability of imatinib. Results From 1998 to 2008, 2,986 GISTs were diagnosed in Taiwan. The incidence increased from 1.13 per 100,000 in 1998 to 1.97 per 100,000 in 2008. The most common sites were stomach (47-59%), small intestine (31-38%), and colon/rectum (6-9%). The 5-year observed OS was 66.5% (60.3% for men, 74.2% for women, P < .0001). GISTs in the stomach had a better 5-year observed OS (69.4%) than those in the small intestine (65.1%) (P < .0001). The outcome of GIST improved significantly after the more widespread use of imatinib; the 5-year observed OS increased from 58.9% during 1998–2001 to 70.2% during 2005–2008 (P < .0001). Younger age, female sex, stomach location, and later diagnostic years were independent predictors of a better survival. Conclusions The incidence of GIST has been increasing in Taiwan, partially due to the advancement of diagnostic technology/method and the increased awareness by physicians. The outcome of GIST has improved significantly with the availability and the wider use of imatinib.
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He PJ, Mao B, Lü F, Shao LM, Lee DJ, Chang JS. The combined effect of bacteria and Chlorella vulgaris on the treatment of municipal wastewaters. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 146:562-568. [PMID: 23973976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of Chlorella vulgaris with or without co-existing bacteria on the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter from wastewaters were studied by comparing the wastewater treatment effects between an algae-bacteria consortium and a stand-alone algae system. In the algae-bacteria system, C.vulgaris played a dominant role in the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, while bacteria removed most of the organic matter from the wastewater. When treating unsterilized wastewater, bacteria were found to inhibit the growth of algae at >231 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Using the algae-bacteria consortium resulted in the removal of 97% NH4(+), 98% phosphorus and 26% DOC at a total nitrogen (TN) level of 29-174 mg/L. The reaction rate constant (k) values in sterilized and unsterilized wastewaters were 2.17 and 1.92 mg NH4(+)-N/(mg algal cell ·d), respectively.
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Metayer C, Zhang L, Wiemels JL, Bartley K, Schiffman J, Ma X, Aldrich MC, Chang JS, Selvin S, Fu CH, Ducore J, Smith MT, Buffler PA. Tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias by cytogenetic subtype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1600-11. [PMID: 23853208 PMCID: PMC3769478 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens known to damage somatic and germ cells. We investigated the effect of tobacco smoke on the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and myeloid leukemia (AML), especially subtypes of prenatal origin such as ALL with translocation t(12;21) or high-hyperdiploidy (51-67 chromosomes). METHODS We collected information on exposures to tobacco smoking before conception, during pregnancy, and after birth in 767 ALL cases, 135 AML cases, and 1,139 controls (1996-2008). Among cases, chromosome translocations, deletions, or aneuploidy were identified by conventional karyotype and fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS Multivariable regression analyses for ALL and AML overall showed no definite evidence of associations with self-reported (yes/no) parental prenatal active smoking and child's passive smoking. However, children with history of paternal prenatal smoking combined with postnatal passive smoking had a 1.5-fold increased risk of ALL [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-2.23], compared to those without smoking history (ORs for pre- or postnatal smoking only were close to one). This joint effect was seen for B-cell precursor ALL with t(12;21) (OR = 2.08; 95% CI, 1.04-4.16), but not high hyperdiploid B-cell ALL. Similarly, child's passive smoking was associated with an elevated risk of AML with chromosome structural changes (OR = 2.76; 95% CI, 1.01-7.58), but not aneuploidy. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that exposure to tobacco smoking was associated with increased risks of childhood ALL and AML; and risks varied by timing of exposure (before and/or after birth) and cytogenetic subtype, based on imprecise estimates. IMPACT Parents should limit exposures to tobacco smoke before and after the child's birth.
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Chang JS, Tsai CR, Chen LT. Medical risk factors associated with cholangiocarcinoma in Taiwan: a population-based case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69981. [PMID: 23894567 PMCID: PMC3718690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma, including intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, is a rare but highly lethal cancer. Despite effort in finding the risk factors of cholangiocarcinoma, the causes of most cholangiocarcinoma remain unknown. This study utilized a population-based case-control design using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan to assess the medical conditions associated with cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS 5,157 incident cases of cholangiocarcinoma diagnosed during 2004 to 2008 and 20,628 controls matched to the cases on sex, age, and time of diagnosis (reference date for the controls) were identified from the NHIRD. Medical risk factors were ascertained from the NHIRD for each individual. Conditional logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between cholangiocarcinoma and each medical risk factor. RESULTS The results showed that factors associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma included cholangitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cirrhosis of liver, alcoholic liver disease, chronic non-alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and peptic ulcer. In addition, sex and age differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the association between cholangiocarcinoma and several less established risk factors, including diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and peptic ulcer (proxy for the presence of Helicobacter Pylori). Future studies should focus on finding additional environmental and genetic causes of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Tsai HJ, Wu CC, Tsai CR, Lin SF, Chen LT, Chang JS. The epidemiology of neuroendocrine tumors in Taiwan: a nation-wide cancer registry-based study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62487. [PMID: 23614051 PMCID: PMC3632554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemiology of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is not well illustrated, particularly for Asian countries. Methods The age-standardized incidence rates and observed survival rates of NETs diagnosed in Taiwan from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2008 were calculated using data of the Taiwan Cancer Registry (TCR) and compared to those of the Norwegian Registry of Cancer (NRC) and the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Results During the study period, a total of 2,187 NET cases were diagnosed in Taiwan, with 62% males and a mean age of 57.9 years-old. The age-standardized incidence rate of NETs increased from 0.30 per 100,000 in 1996 to 1.51 per 100,000 in 2008. The most common primary sites were rectum (25.4%), lung and bronchus (20%) and stomach (7.4%). The 5-year observed survival was 50.4% for all NETs (43.4% for men and 61.8% for women, P<0.0001). The best 5-year observed survivals for NETs by sites were rectum (80.9%), appendix (75.7%), and breast (64.8%). Conclusions Compared to the data of Norway and the US, the age-standardized incidence rate of NETs in Taiwan is lower and the major primary sites are different, whereas the long-term outcome is similar. More studies on the pathogenesis of NETs are warranted to devise preventive strategies and improve treatment outcomes for NETs.
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Chang JS, Hsiao JR, Ou CY, Wong TY, Tsai ST, Lo HI, Huang CC, Lee WT, Chen KC, Huang JS, Wang YH, Weng YL, Yang HC. Abstract 105: Serum retinol and risk of head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC), including cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, is one of the leading cancers in the world. The known risk factors, including alcohol, betel quid, and cigarette, account for the majority of the HNC cases. However, the biological mechanisms regarding the carcinogenic effects of these agents in the development of HNC are not completely understood. Retinoic acid is involved in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, which when dysregulated may lead to the development of cancer. Studies have shown that alcohol, betel quid, and cigarette can affect either the metabolism or the function of retinoic acid pathway. The current analysis evaluated the association between serum retinol and HNC risk and assessed whether this association can be modified by alcohol, betel quid, or cigarette.
Methods: 93 incident cases of HNC and 79 sex- and age- frequency matched controls were recruited from the department of otolaryngology and department of stomatology. Information on the use of alcohol, betel quid, and cigarette was collected by in-person interviews. Serum retinol levels were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Unconditional logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of HNC risk associated with serum retinol levels. Additional analyses were performed stratified by alcohol, betel quid, and cigarette.
Results: Compared to controls, HNC cases had a lower level of serum retinol (Median for HNC cases: 811 ug/l vs. median for controls: 901 ug/l, Wilcoxon rank-sum P = 0.04). For every 100 ug/l increase, the risk of HNC was reduced by 8% (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.83-1.02). The OR was 0.5 (95% CI: 0.24-1.06) comparing the highest tertile of serum retinol level to the lowest tertile. A lower HNC risk associated with higher serum retinol levels was observed among never alcohol drinkers (For every 100 ug/l increment, OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.66-0.96) but not among regular alcohol drinkers (For every 100 ug/l increment, OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.86-1.13).
Conclusion: Higher levels of serum retinol are associated with a reduced risk of HNC. Alcohol consumption obliterates the inverse association between serum retinol and HNC risk, possibly by disrupting the metabolism of retinoic acid pathway.
Citation Format: Jeffrey S. Chang, Jenn-Ren Hsiao, Chun-Yen Ou, Tung-Yiu Wong, Sen-Tien Tsai, Hung-I Lo, Cheng-Chih Huang, Wei-Ting Lee, Ken-Chung Chen, Jehn-Shyun Huang, Yi-Hui Wang, Ya-Ling Weng, Han-Chien Yang. Serum retinol and risk of head and neck cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 105. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-105
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Petrie M, Lynch KL, Ekins S, Chang JS, Goetz RJ, Wu AHB, Krasowski MD. Cross-reactivity studies and predictive modeling of "Bath Salts" and other amphetamine-type stimulants with amphetamine screening immunoassays. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013; 51:83-91. [PMID: 23387345 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2013.768344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing abuse of amphetamine-like compounds presents a challenge for clinicians and clinical laboratories. Although these compounds may be identified by mass spectrometry-based assays, most clinical laboratories use amphetamine immunoassays that have unknown cross-reactivity with novel amphetamine-like drugs. To date, there has been a little systematic study of amphetamine immunoassay cross-reactivity with structurally diverse amphetamine-like drugs or of computational tools to predict cross-reactivity. METHODS Cross-reactivities of 42 amphetamines and amphetamine-like drugs with three amphetamines screening immunoassays (AxSYM(®) Amphetamine/Methamphetamine II, CEDIA(®) amphetamine/Ecstasy, and EMIT(®) II Plus Amphetamines) were determined. Two- and three-dimensional molecular similarity and modeling approaches were evaluated for the ability to predict cross-reactivity using receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS Overall, 34%-46% of the drugs tested positive on the immunoassay screens using a concentration of 20,000 ng/mL. The three immunoassays showed differential detection of the various classes of amphetamine-like drugs. Only the CEDIA assay detected piperazines well, while only the EMIT assay cross-reacted with the 2C class. All three immunoassays detected 4-substituted amphetamines. For the AxSYM and EMIT assays, two-dimensional molecular similarity methods that combined similarity to amphetamine/methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethampetamine most accurately predicted cross-reactivity. For the CEDIA assay, three-dimensional pharmacophore methods performed best in predicting cross-reactivity. Using the best performing models, cross-reactivities of an additional 261 amphetamine-like compounds were predicted. CONCLUSIONS Existing amphetamines immunoassays unevenly detect amphetamine-like drugs, particularly in the 2C, piperazine, and β-keto classes. Computational similarity methods perform well in predicting cross-reactivity and can help prioritize testing of additional compounds in the future.
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Walsh KM, Anderson E, Hansen HM, Decker PA, Kosel ML, Kollmeyer T, Rice T, Zheng S, Xiao Y, Chang JS, McCoy LS, Bracci PM, Wiemels JL, Pico AR, Smirnov I, Lachance DH, Sicotte H, Eckel-Passow JE, Wiencke JK, Jenkins RB, Wrensch MR. Analysis of 60 reported glioma risk SNPs replicates published GWAS findings but fails to replicate associations from published candidate-gene studies. Genet Epidemiol 2013; 37:222-8. [PMID: 23280628 PMCID: PMC3670948 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomewide association studies (GWAS) and candidate-gene studies have implicated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in at least 45 different genes as putative glioma risk factors. Attempts to validate these associations have yielded variable results and few genetic risk factors have been consistently replicated. We conducted a case-control study of Caucasian glioma cases and controls from the University of California San Francisco (810 cases, 512 controls) and the Mayo Clinic (852 cases, 789 controls) in an attempt to replicate previously reported genetic risk factors for glioma. Sixty SNPs selected from the literature (eight from GWAS and 52 from candidate-gene studies) were successfully genotyped on an Illumina custom genotyping panel. Eight SNPs in/near seven different genes (TERT, EGFR, CCDC26, CDKN2A, PHLDB1, RTEL1, TP53) were significantly associated with glioma risk in the combined dataset (P < 0.05), with all associations in the same direction as in previous reports. Several SNP associations showed considerable differences across histologic subtype. All eight successfully replicated associations were first identified by GWAS, although none of the putative risk SNPs from candidate-gene studies was associated in the full case-control sample (all P values > 0.05). Although several confirmed associations are located near genes long known to be involved in gliomagenesis (e.g., EGFR, CDKN2A, TP53), these associations were first discovered by the GWAS approach and are in noncoding regions. These results highlight that the deficiencies of the candidate-gene approach lay in selecting both appropriate genes and relevant SNPs within these genes.
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He PJ, Mao B, Shen CM, Shao LM, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris on wastewater containing high levels of ammonia for biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 129:177-81. [PMID: 23246758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of cultivating Chlorella vulgaris with wastewater containing high ammonia nitrogen concentrations was examined. The average specific growth rate of C. vulgaris was 0.92 d(-1) at 17 mg L(-1) NH4+-N, but declined to 0.33 d(-1) at NH4+-N concentrations of 39-143 mg L(-1). At 39 mg L(-1) NH4+-N, lipid productivity reached a maximum value (23.3 mg L(-1)d(-1)) and dropped sharply at higher NH4+-N levels, which demonstrated NH4+-N should be controlled for biodiesel production. C16 and C18 fatty acids accounted for 80% of total fatty acids. Increasing NH4+-N from 17 to 207 mg L(-1) yielded additional short-chain and saturated fatty acids. Protein content was in positive correlation with NH4+-N content from 17 mg L(-1) (12%) to 207 mg L(-1) (42%). Carbohydrate in the dried algae cell was in the range of 14-45%, with a peak value occurring at 143 mg L(-1) NH4+-N. The results demonstrate that product quality can be manipulated by NH4+-N concentrations of the initial feeds.
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Hsiao JR, Ou CY, Lo HI, Huang CC, Lee WT, Huang JS, Chen KC, Wong TY, Tsai ST, Yen CJ, Wu YH, Hsueh WT, Yang MW, Wu SY, Chang JY, Chang KY, Lin CL, Wang FT, Wang YH, Weng YL, Yang HC, Chang JS. Allergies and risk of head and neck cancer: an original study plus meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55138. [PMID: 23383309 PMCID: PMC3562357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the relationship between allergy and cancer has been investigated extensively, the role of allergy in head and neck cancer (HNC) appears less consistent. It is not clear whether allergies can independently influence the risk of HNC in the presence of known strong environmental risk factors, including consumption of alcohol, betel quid, and cigarette. Methods The current paper reports results from: 1) an original hospital-based case-control study, which included 252 incident cases of HNC and 236 controls frequency-matched to cases on sex and age; and 2) a meta-analysis combining the results of the current case-control study and 13 previously published studies (9 cohort studies with 727,569 subjects and 550 HNC outcomes and 5 case-control studies with 4,017 HNC cases and 10,928 controls). Results In the original case-control study, we observed a strong inverse association between allergies and HNC [odds ratio = 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27–0.62]. The meta-analysis also indicated a statistically significant inverse association between HNC and allergies [meta-relative risk (RR) = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63–0.91], particularly strong for allergic rhinitis (meta-RR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.40–0.76). In addition, the inverse association between allergies and HNC was observed only among men (meta-RR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54–0.84) but not among women (meta-RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.81–1.18). Conclusions These findings suggest that immunity plays an influential role in the risk of HNC. Future studies investigating immune biomarkers, including cytokine profiles and genetic polymorphisms, are warranted to further delineate the relationship between allergies and HNC. Understanding the relationship between allergies and HNC may help devise effective strategies to reduce and treat HNC.
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Nguyen TL, Lee DJ, Chang JS, Liu JC. Effects of ozone and peroxone on algal separation via dispersed air flotation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 105:246-50. [PMID: 23376751 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Effects of pre-oxidation on algal separation by dispersed air flotation were examined. Ozone (O3) and peroxone (O3 and H2O2) could induce cell lysis, release of intracellular organic matter (IOM), and mineralization of organic substances. Separation efficiency of algal cells improved when pre-oxidized. Total of 76.4% algal cells was separated at 40 mg/L of N-cetyl-N-N-N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), while 95% were separated after 30-min ozonation. Pre-oxidation by ozone and peroxone also enhanced flotation separation efficiency of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), polysaccharide, and protein, in which peroxone process exerted more significantly than O3. Two main mechanisms were involved in flotation separation of unoxidized algal suspension, namely hydrophobic cell surface and cell flocculation resulting from CTAB adsorption. However, flocculation by CTAB was hindered for pre-oxidized algal suspensions. It implied that the compositional changes in extracellular organic matter (EOM) by pre-oxidation were more determined for flotation separation of pre-oxidized cells.
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Pranowo R, Lee DJ, Liu JC, Chang JS. Effect of O3 and O3/H2O2 on algae harvesting using chitosan. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2013; 67:1294-1301. [PMID: 23508154 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2013.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of pre-oxidation using ozone (O3) and a combination of O3 and hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2) on algae suspensions and their harvesting. Inactivation of algae cells, release of intracellular organic matter (IOM), mineralization of extracellular organic matter (EOM), and changes in molecular weight distribution of EOM were found after pre-oxidation. Enhanced separation efficiency of turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), protein, and polysaccharide using chitosan and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) was found after pre-oxidation, especially when algae cells were subject to O3/H2O2. Chitosan showed higher efficiency than PACl. Judging from the remarkable increase in floc size, it was proposed that released IOM formed complexes with cationic chitosan and resulted in enhanced dual flocculation and facilitated algae separation.
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Chang JS, Tsai YW, Tsai CR, Wiemels JL. Allergy and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a population-based and record-based study. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176:970-8. [PMID: 23171876 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficit of normal immune stimulation in early childhood is a suspected risk factor for both childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and allergies. The present study utilized a population-based case-control design using medical claims data from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan to evaluate the association between allergy and childhood leukemia. Eight hundred forty-six childhood ALL patients who were newly diagnosed during 2000 to 2008 and were older than 1 but less than 10 years of age were individually matched with 3,374 controls based on sex, birth date, and time of diagnosis (reference date for the controls). Conditional logistic regression was performed to assess the association between childhood ALL and allergies. An increased risk of ALL was observed with having an allergy less than 1 year before the case's ALL diagnosis (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5, 2.0), more than 1 year before the case's diagnosis (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.5), and before the age of 1 year (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.7). These results suggest that the pathogenesis of childhood ALL and allergy share a common biologic mechanism.
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Chang JS, Hsiao JR, Wong TY, Tsai ST, Ou CY, Lo HI, Huang CC, Lee WT, Chen KC, Huang JS, Wang YH, Weng YL, Yang HC. Abstract 15: Interaction between retinol transporter genes and alcohol on the risk of head and neck cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.gwas-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Alcohol is a major risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC). The metabolism of ethanol can disrupt the metabolism of retinoic acid because the two pathways share some key enzymes. Retinoic acid is involved in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, which when dysregulated may lead to the development of cancer. A previous genome-wide association study reported an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two retinol transporter genes (TTR and RBP4) and serum retinol level (1). The current study evaluates the interaction between alcohol consumption and SNPs in TTR and RBP4 on the risk of HNC.
Methods: 223 incident cases of HNC and 214 sex- and age- matched controls were recruited from the department of otolaryngology and department of stomatology. In-person interviews were conducted to collect information on the use of alcohol, cigarette, and betel quid. Three tag-SNPs of TTR and 8 tag-SNPs of RBP4 were genotyped using the Taqman-based real-time PCR method or mass spectrometry-based detection method. Unconditional logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of HNC risk associated with each SNP and to evaluate the joint influence of SNPs and alcohol consumption on HNC risk, adjusted for age, sex, education, cigarette smoking and betel quid use.
Results: No significant association between HNC risk and any of the 11 tag-SNPs was observed. However, three SNPs of RBP4 appeared to modify the relationship between alcohol consumption and HNC risk. After combining the three SNPs into a polygenic risk score, the results showed that those who drank alcohol daily had a different risk of HNC, depending on the number of variant alleles (0 to 2 variant alleles: OR=1.2, 95% CI: 0.7-2.1; 3 or more variant alleles: OR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.1-7.9; interaction P-value = 0.01)
Conclusion: The association between HNC risk and alcohol consumption is modified by the polymorphisms of RBP4.
Citation Format: Jeffrey S. Chang, Jenn-Ren Hsiao, Tung-Yiu Wong, Sen-Tien Tsai, Chun-Yen Ou, Hung-I Lo, Cheng-Chih Huang, Wei-Ting Lee, Ken-Chung Chen, Jehn-Shyun Huang, Yi-Hui Wang, Ya-Ling Weng, Han-Chien Yang. Interaction between retinol transporter genes and alcohol on the risk of head and neck cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr 15.
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Chokkalingam AP, Metayer C, Scelo G, Chang JS, Schiffman J, Urayama KY, Ma X, Hansen HM, Feusner JH, Barcellos LF, Wiencke JK, Wiemels JL, Buffler PA. Fetal growth and body size genes and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:1577-85. [PMID: 22878902 PMCID: PMC3415610 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may be initiated in utero or early in the postnatal period. High birth weight (or rapid fetal growth) is associated with risk of ALL, but the mechanisms are not understood. In a population-based epidemiologic study of childhood ALL, we utilized a haplotype-based approach to assess the role of eight genes involved in fetal growth and body size regulation in 377 childhood ALL cases and 448 controls. We found significant haplotype associations with risk of childhood ALL for IGF1 among non-Hispanics and Hispanics together (p = 0.002), for IGF2 among Hispanics (p = 0.040), and for IGF2R among Hispanics and non-Hispanics (p = 0.051 and 0.009, respectively). No haplotype associations were observed for IGF1R or the studied genes involved in body size regulation, including LEP, LEPR, GHRL, and NPY. Our study is the first to identify an association between the genes involved in the IGF axis and risk of childhood ALL. These findings for childhood ALL emphasize the importance of fetal growth, when lymphoid progenitor cells are not yet fully differentiated and therefore more susceptible to malignant transformation. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings and identify specific causal variants.
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Chang JS, Tsai CR, Tsai YW, Wiemels JL. Medically diagnosed infections and risk of childhood leukaemia: a population-based case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41:1050-9. [PMID: 22836110 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on the association between childhood infections and childhood leukaemia have produced inconsistent results, likely due to the recall error/bias of infection data reported by the parents. The current study used a population-based and record-based case-control design to evaluate the association between childhood leukaemia and infections using the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. METHODS In all, 846 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and 193 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients newly diagnosed between 2000 and 2008, aged >1 and <10 years, were included. Up to four controls (3374 for ALL and 766 for AML) individually matched to each case on sex, birth date and time of diagnosis (reference date for the controls) were identified. Conditional logistic regression was performed to assess the association between childhood leukaemia and infections. RESULTS Having any infection before 1 year of age was associated with an increased risk for both childhood ALL (odds ratio = 3.2, 95% confidence interval 2.2-4.7) and AML (odds ratio = 6.0, 95% confidence interval 2.0-17.8), with a stronger risk associated with more episodes of infections. Similar results were observed for infections occurring >1 year before the cases' diagnosis of childhood leukaemia. CONCLUSIONS Children with leukaemia may have a dysregulated immune function present at an early age, resulting in more episodes of symptomatic infections compared with healthy controls. However, confounding by other infectious measures such as birth order and day care attendance could not be ruled out. Finally, the results are only relevant to the medically diagnosed infections.
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Lee JY, Chang JS, Lee SH, Ham WS, Cho HJ, Yoo TK, Lee KS, Kim TH, Moon HS, Choi HY, Lee SW. Efficacy of vasectomy reversal according to patency for the surgical treatment of postvasectomy pain syndrome. Int J Impot Res 2012; 24:202-5. [PMID: 22622333 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2012.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess outcomes (according to patency) of vasectomy reversal (VR) in qualified patients with postvasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS). A total of 32 patients with PVPS undergoing VR between January 2000 and May 2010 were examined retrospectively. Of these, 68.8% (22/32) completed a study questionnaire, either onsite at the outpatient clinic or via telephone interview. Preoperative clinical findings, preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores, patency and pregnancy rate and overall patient satisfaction were analyzed. For the latter, a four-point rating of (1) cure, (2) improvement, (3) no change or (4) recurrence was used. The mean age was 45.09±4.42 years and the mean period of follow-up was 3.22 years (0.74-7.41). Patency rates were 68.2% (15/22) and pregnancy rates were 36.4% (8/22). The mean VAS was 6.64±1.00 preoperatively and 1.14±0.71 postoperatively (P<0.001). The difference in the mean preoperative and postoperative VAS was 6.00±1.25 (4-8) in the patency group and 4.43±0.98 (3-6) in the no patency group (P=0.011). A significant difference in procedural satisfaction with surgical outcome was observed between patency and no patency groups (P=0.014). In conclusion, in PVPS patients requiring VR, a significant difference was observed between the patency and no patency groups in terms of pain reduction and the degree of patient procedural satisfaction.
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Chen YF, Chang JS. PTPN22 C1858T and the risk of psoriasis: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7861-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chang JS, Hsiao JR, Wong TY, Tsai ST, Ou CY, Lo HI, Huang CC, Lee WT, Chen KC, Huang JS, Wang YH, Weng YL, Yang HC. Abstract 2627: Polymorphisms of retinol transporter genes and risk of head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Retinoic acid is important for cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, which when dysregulated may predispose the development of cancer. Retinoic acid metabolism can be influenced by ethanol, cigarette smoking, and areca nut, the three major risk factors of head and neck cancer (HNC). A previous genome-wide association study reported an association between serum retinol level and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two retinol transporter genes (TTR rs1667255 and RBP4 rs10882272) (1). The current study assesses the association between these two SNPs and HNC risk. Methods: 133 incident cases of HNC and 128 sex- and age- matched controls were recruited from the department of otolaryngology and department of stomatology. Data on the use of alcohol, cigarette, and areca nut were ascertained through in-person interview. Genotyping of TTR rs1667255 and RBP4 rs10882272 was performed using the Taqman-based real-time PCR method. Unconditional logistic regression was performed to estimate HNC risk associated with the two SNPs. Results: No association between HNC risk and TTR rs1667255 or RBP4 rs10882272 was observed. However, the two SNPs appeared to modify the relationship between alcohol consumption and HNC risk. There was an increased risk of HNC associated with daily alcohol drinking only among subjects with the “high serum retinol genotypes” (CC for TTR rs1667255: odds ratio (OR) = 4.6, 95 confidence interval (CI): 1.3-16.3; TT for RBP4 rs10882272: OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2-4.4). While daily alcohol drinking was not associated with an increased risk of HNC among subjects with the “low serum retinol genotypes” (AA or AC for TTR rs1667255: OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 0.7-2.9; TC or CC for RBP4: OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.1-3.6). Conclusion: The association between alcohol consumption and HNC risk is modified by the polymorphisms of retinol transporter genes. Reference: 1. Mondul AM, Yu K, Wheeler W, et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating retinol levels. Human molecular genetics 2011;20:4724-31.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2627. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2627
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Baldessarini RJ, Undurraga J, Vázquez GH, Tondo L, Salvatore P, Ha K, Khalsa HMK, Lepri B, Ha TH, Chang JS, Tohen M, Vieta E. Predominant recurrence polarity among 928 adult international bipolar I disorder patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012; 125:293-302. [PMID: 22188017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that patients with bipolar disorder (BPD) differ demographically and clinically within subgroups based on the predominant-polarity of major recurrences. METHOD We tested factors for association with predominantly (≥2 : 1) depressive vs. mania-like episodes with 928 DSM-IV type-I BPD subjects from five international sites. RESULTS Factors preliminarily associated with predominant-depression included: electroconvulsive treatment, longer latency-to-BPD diagnosis, first episode depressive or mixed, more suicide attempts, more Axis-II comorbidity, ever having mixed-states, ever married, and female sex. Predominant-mania was associated with: initial manic or psychotic episodes, more drug abuse, more education, and more family psychiatric history. Of the 47.3% of subjects without polarity-predominance, risks for all factors considered were intermediate. Expanding the definition of polarity-predominance to ≥51% added little, but shifting mixed-states to 'predominant-depression' increased risk of suicidal acts from 2.4- to 4.5-fold excess over predominant-mania-hypomania, and suicidal risk was associated continuously with increasing proportions of depressive or mixed episodes. CONCLUSION Subtyping by predominant-polarity yielded predictive associations, including the polarity of first episodes and risk of suicide attempts. Such subtyping may contribute to improve planning of clinical care and to biological studies of BPD.
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Chow L, Lin PC, Chang JS, Chu PY, Lee PK, Chen SN, Cheng YM, Lee JC, Chang JY, Liu TW. Differences in the frequencies of K-ras c12-13 genotypes by gender and pathologic phenotypes in colorectal tumors measured using the allele discrimination method. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:22-31. [PMID: 22223432 DOI: 10.1002/em.20673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The frequencies of different genotypes of the K-ras oncogene in colorectal cancer (CRC) reveal complex relationships among gender, age, and tumor aggression, however, differences among these studies could also be attributed to a lack of standardization of the detection methods used. We developed the allele discrimination assay, which uses dual-color real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as a fast K-ras genotyping method, and demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity than DNA sequencing with formalin-fixed paraffin tissues. The assay detected K-ras mutations among 83 of 204 patients with CRC (40.7%); 20.6% of these mutations were G12D (GAT) mutations, 7.4% were G13D (GAC) and G12V (GTT), and 5.3% were other types. A higher proportion of females was observed overall in tumors with K-ras mutations (60.2%, P = 0.01), codon 12 mutations (63.2%, P = 0.005), and transversions (69.6%, P = 0.02), which reflected the higher prevalence of females among the well- to moderately differentiated tumors (29% in males vs. 53% in females; interaction P = 0.03). The opposite was observed for poorly differentiated tumors (47% in males vs. 35% in females). No significant influence of age was found on the prevalence of K-ras mutation. Males with pathological changes and females with poorly differentiated tumors displayed GAT as a less common genotype compared with most other prevalence studies. In conclusion, allele discrimination, with no additional amplification step, is a fast and reliable genotyping method for detecting K-ras c12-13 mutations. Using this method, we demonstrate differences in the frequencies of K-ras genotypes by gender and pathologic phenotypes of CRC.
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Chang JS, Straif K, Guha N. The role of alcohol dehydrogenase genes in head and neck cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of ADH1B and ADH1C. Mutagenesis 2011; 27:275-86. [PMID: 22042713 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol drinking is a major risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC). This risk may be modified by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes, particularly ADH1B and ADH1C, that oxidise ethanol to its carcinogenic metabolite, acetaldehyde. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between ADH1B and ADH1C and HNC risk. Twenty-nine studies from 28 articles identified from a literature search were included. Summary odds ratios (meta-ORs) were generated using random effect models. A reduced risk for HNC was associated with carrying the ADH1B*2 and ADH1C*1 alleles that confer faster metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde [meta-OR ADH1B, 0.50; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37-0.68, 13 studies; meta-OR ADH1C, 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76-0.99, 22 studies]. ADH1B*2 and ADH1C*1 alleles appear to be protective for HNC, possibly due to: (i) decreasing the opportunity for oral microflora to produce acetaldehyde locally from a prolonged systemic circulation of ethanol, (ii) preventing ethanol from acting as a solvent for other carcinogens, and (iii) decreasing the amount of ethanol a person consumes since a consequent peak in systemic acetaldehyde could cause discomfort. These results underscore the importance of ADH1B and ADH1C in the association between alcohol consumption and the risk for HNC.
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Metayer C, Scélo G, Chokkalingam AP, Barcellos LF, Aldrich MC, Chang JS, Guha N, Urayama KY, Hansen HM, Block G, Kiley V, Wiencke JK, Wiemels JL, Buffler PA. Genetic variants in the folate pathway and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:1243-58. [PMID: 21748308 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Folate is involved in the one-carbon metabolism that plays an essential role in the synthesis, repair, and methylation of DNA. We examined whether child's germline genetic variation in the folate pathway is associated with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and whether periconception maternal folate and alcohol intake modify the risk. METHODS Seventy-six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 66 haplotype-tagging SNPs in 10 genes (CBS, DHFR, FOLH1, MTHFD1, MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, SHMT1, SLC19A1, and TYMS), were genotyped in 377 ALL cases and 448 controls. Log-additive associations between genotypes and ALL risk were adjusted for age, sex, Hispanic ethnicity (when appropriate), and maternal race. RESULTS Single and haplotype SNPs analyses showed statistically significant associations between SNPs located in (or adjacent to) CBS, MTRR, TYMS/ENOFS, and childhood ALL. Many regions of CBS were associated with childhood ALL in Hispanics and non-Hispanics (p < 0.01). Levels of maternal folate intake modified associations with SNPs in CBS, MTRR, and TYMS. CONCLUSION Our data suggest the importance of genetic variability in the folate pathway and childhood ALL risk.
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Chang JS, Zhou M, Buffler PA, Chokkalingam AP, Metayer C, Wiemels JL. Profound deficit of IL10 at birth in children who develop childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1736-40. [PMID: 21653647 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may originate via abnormal immune responses to infectious agents. It is unknown whether prenatal immune development may differ in children who develop the disease. The current study examines the association between neonatal cytokine profiles, a proxy measure for a child's prenatal immune development, and childhood ALL. METHODS Neonatal blood spots of 116 childhood ALL cases and 116 controls living in California were ascertained. Eleven cytokines associated with Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes were measured using a multiplex bead-based assay. Unconditional logistic regression was done to estimate the odds ratio (OR) by measuring the association between neonatal cytokines and ALL adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and household income. RESULTS Of the 11 cytokines measured, 5 [interleukin (IL)4, IL6, IL10, IL12, and IL13] were detectable. Except for IL12, the other 4 cytokines were all significantly lower among cases than controls. In a multivariable model including the 5 cytokines, only IL10 remained independently associated with childhood ALL with an OR = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.18, comparing the highest tertile to the lowest tertile. CONCLUSIONS A child's neonatal level of IL10, a key regulator for modulating the intensity and duration of immune responses, is associated with his/her subsequent risk of developing ALL. IMPACT The current analysis shows that children with ALL may have a dysregulated immune function present at birth.
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