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Chibnall AC, Piper SH, Pollard A, Smith JA, Williams EF. The wax constituents of the apple cuticle. Biochem J 2006; 25:2095-110. [PMID: 16744780 PMCID: PMC1260846 DOI: 10.1042/bj0252095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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103
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McNaught ML, Owen EC, Smith JA. The utilization of non-protein nitrogen in the bovine rumen. 6. The effect of metals on the activity of the rumen bacteria. Biochem J 2006; 46:36-43. [PMID: 16748632 PMCID: PMC1275076 DOI: 10.1042/bj0460036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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104
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Pearson RM, Smith JA. The utilization of urea in the bovine rumen. 2. The conversion of urea to ammonia. Biochem J 2006; 37:148-53. [PMID: 16747590 PMCID: PMC1257860 DOI: 10.1042/bj0370148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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105
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Pearson RM, Smith JA. The utilization of urea in the bovine rumen. 3. The synthesis and breakdown of protein in rumen ingesta. Biochem J 2006; 37:153-64. [PMID: 16747591 PMCID: PMC1257861 DOI: 10.1042/bj0370153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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106
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Channon HJ, Irving E, Smith JA. The fatty acids of pig liver: Further evidence on the octadecenoic acids and the desaturation theory. Biochem J 2006; 28:1807-11. [PMID: 16745579 PMCID: PMC1253404 DOI: 10.1042/bj0281807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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107
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Channon HJ, Platt AP, Loach JV, Smith JA. The control of liver fat by triethyl-beta-hydroxyethylammonium hydroxide. Biochem J 2006; 31:2181-6. [PMID: 16746562 PMCID: PMC1267197 DOI: 10.1042/bj0312181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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108
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Smith JA, Dastur NN. Studies in the secretion of milk fat: The effect of inanition on the yield and composition of milk fat. Biochem J 2006; 32:1868-76. [PMID: 16746821 PMCID: PMC1264264 DOI: 10.1042/bj0321868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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109
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Pearson RM, Smith JA. The utilization of urea in the bovine rumen. 1. Methods of analysis of the rumen ingesta and preliminary experiments in vivo. Biochem J 2006; 37:142-8. [PMID: 16747589 PMCID: PMC1257859 DOI: 10.1042/bj0370142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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110
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Owen EC, Smith JA, Wright NC. Urea as a partial protein substitute in the feeding of dairy cattle. Biochem J 2006; 37:44-53. [PMID: 16747597 PMCID: PMC1257841 DOI: 10.1042/bj0370044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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111
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Piper SH, Chibnall AC, Hopkins SJ, Pollard A, Smith JA, Williams EF. Synthesis and crystal spacings of certain long-chain paraffins, ketones and secondary alcohols. Biochem J 2006; 25:2072-94. [PMID: 16744779 PMCID: PMC1260845 DOI: 10.1042/bj0252072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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112
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Channon HJ, Smith JA. The dietary prevention of fatty livers. Triethyl-beta-hydroxyethylammonium hydroxide. Biochem J 2006; 30:115-20. [PMID: 16745976 PMCID: PMC1263367 DOI: 10.1042/bj0300115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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113
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Smith JA. The utilization of urea in the bovine rumen: 4. The isolation of the synthesized material and the correlation between protein synthesis and microbial activities. Biochem J 2006; 38:496-505. [PMID: 16747840 PMCID: PMC1258134 DOI: 10.1042/bj0380496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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114
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Smith JA, Chibnall AC. The phosphatides of forage grasses: Cocksfoot. Biochem J 2006; 26:1345-57. [PMID: 16744943 PMCID: PMC1261041 DOI: 10.1042/bj0261345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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115
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Aylward FX, Blackwood JH, Smith JA. Lipaemia and milk fat secretion in the ruminant. Biochem J 2006; 31:130-7. [PMID: 16746302 PMCID: PMC1266901 DOI: 10.1042/bj0310130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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117
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Channon HJ, Jenkins GN, Smith JA. Deposition of fat in the liver and carcass of the rat on diets high in fat and low in lipotropic factors. Biochem J 2006; 31:41-53. [PMID: 16746313 PMCID: PMC1266892 DOI: 10.1042/bj0310041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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118
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McNaught ML, Smith JA. The utilization of non-protein nitrogen in the bovine rumen. 5. The isolation and nutritive value of a preparation of dried rumen bacteria. Biochem J 2006; 46:32-6. [PMID: 16748631 PMCID: PMC1275075 DOI: 10.1042/bj0460032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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119
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Smith JA, Arnett DK, Kelly RJ, Ordovas JM, Sun Y, Hopkins PN, Peacock JM, Kardia SLR. A Novel Apolipoprotein A-IV Polymorphism is Associated with Lipoprotein Metabolism and Response to Fenofibrate. Am J Epidemiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/163.suppl_11.s128-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wells DJ, Playle LC, Enser WEJ, Flecknell PA, Gardiner MA, Holland J, Howard BR, Hubrecht R, Humphreys KR, Jackson IJ, Lane N, Maconochie M, Mason G, Morton DB, Raymond R, Robinson V, Smith JA, Watt N. Assessing the welfare of genetically altered mice. Lab Anim 2006; 40:111-4. [PMID: 16600070 DOI: 10.1258/002367706776318971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2003, under the auspices of the main UK funders of biological and biomedical research, a working group was established with a remit to review potential welfare issues for genetically altered (GA) mice, to summarize current practice, and to recommend contemporary best practice for welfare assessments. The working group has produced a report which makes practical recommendations for GA mouse welfare assessment and dissemination of welfare information between establishments using a 'mouse passport'. The report can be found at www.nc3rs.org.uk/GAmice and www.lal.org.uk/gaa and includes templates for the recommended welfare assessment scheme and the mouse passport. An overview is provided below.
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Cheesman A, Smith JA, Ashfold MNR, Langford N, Wright S, Duxbury G. Application of a Quantum Cascade Laser for Time-Resolved, in Situ Probing of CH4/H2 and C2H2/H2 Gas Mixtures during Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:2821-8. [PMID: 16494395 DOI: 10.1021/jp056622u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
First illustrations of the utility of pulsed quantum cascade lasers for in situ probing of the chemistry prevailing in microwave plasma activated hydrocarbon/Ar/H2 gas mixtures used for diamond thin film growth are reported. CH4 and C2H2 molecules, and their interconversion, have been monitored by line-of-sight single pass absorption methods, as a function of process conditions (e.g., choice of input hydrocarbon (CH4 or C2H2), hydrocarbon mole fraction, total gas pressure, and applied microwave power). The observed trends can be rationalized, qualitatively, within the framework of the previously reported modeling of the gas-phase chemistry prevailing in hot filament activated hydrocarbon/H2 gas mixtures (Ashfold et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2001, 3, 3471). Column densities of vibrationally excited C2H2(v5=1) molecules at low input carbon fractions are shown to be far higher than expected on the basis of local thermodynamic equilibrium. The presence of vibrationally excited C2H2 molecules (C2H2(double dagger)) can be attributed to the exothermicity of the C2H3 + H <==> C2H2 + H2 elementary reaction within the overall multistep CH4 --> C2H2 conversion. Diagnostic methods that sample just C2H2(v=0) molecules thus run the risk of underestimating total C2H2 column densities in hydrocarbon/H2 mixtures operated under conditions where the production rate of C2H2(double dagger) molecules exceeds their vibrational relaxation (and thermal equilibration) rates.
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Smith JA, Owen EC, Jones AM, Dodd ME, Webb AK, Woodcock A. Objective measurement of cough during pulmonary exacerbations in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2006; 61:425-9. [PMID: 16449266 PMCID: PMC2111194 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2005.050963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about cough frequency in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). This study aimed to determine (1) daytime and overnight cough rates in patients with CF at the beginning and end of a course of antibiotics for treatment of an exacerbation; (2) the relationship between cough frequencies and standard clinical measures of disease; and (3) the relationship between objective cough rates and the subjective assessment of cough. METHODS Nineteen adult patients admitted with a pulmonary exacerbation performed daytime and overnight sound recordings on admission; 13 had repeat recordings prior to discharge. Coughs were manually quantified in cough seconds (time spent coughing). Patients subjectively scored their cough using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and numerical score. Lung function, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and sputum weights were recorded. RESULTS Cough rates fell substantially with treatment; median fall in cough rate was 51.3% (IQR 32.3-77.5) (p<0.001) for daytime and 72.2% (28.6-90.1) (p = 0.049) for overnight. Multivariate regression analyses showed that forced expiratory volume in 1 second and CRP levels predicted overnight cough rates on admission. On discharge, sputum volume predicted daytime cough rates. Only the change in overnight VAS correlated with the change in objective cough rates. CONCLUSIONS The cough rate significantly decreases with treatment of a pulmonary exacerbation in adults with CF. Lung function, sputum volume, and CRP influences the cough rate, with the effects differing from day to night and between admission and discharge. Subjective reporting of a nocturnal cough may indicate a pulmonary exacerbation of CF in adults.
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Schwingle BW, Smith JA, Blanchette RA, Gould S, Blanchette BL, Pokorny J, Cohen SD. First Report of Dieback and Leaf Lesions on Rhododendron sp. Caused by Phytophthora hedraiandra in the United States. PLANT DISEASE 2006; 90:109. [PMID: 30786487 DOI: 10.1094/pd-90-0109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surveys for Phytophthora ramorum in Minnesota nurseries revealed the presence of P. hedraiandra de Cock & Man in't Veld and several other Phytophthora species but not P. ramorum. Symptomatic leaf and stem tissues from diseased Rhododendron and Quercus species were cultured on PARP, a selective growth medium for Phytophthora (3). The Phytophthora isolates obtained were later identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA and comparing the sequences with those in GenBank using BLAST searches (1). The ITS sequences of six cultures (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ139804-DQ139809), isolated during 2003 from various Rhododendron cultivars exhibiting leaf lesions and shoot dieback, showed 100% identity with the ITS sequence of P. hedraiandra (GenBank Accession No. AY707987) (2). This is a recently described pathogenic species from the Netherlands responsible for causing leaf spots on Viburnum spp. Since the ITS sequence of P. hedraiandra differs little from that of P. cactorum (2), we verified one isolate to be P. hedraiandra by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (cox1) (GenBank Accession No. DQ139810). Comparison of this sequence with the P. hedraiandra voucher specimen in GenBank (Accession No. AY769115) showed 99% identity, which was the closest match. Reproductive structures were measured on V8 juice agar. The average oogonium diameter for three isolates was 29 μm with a range of 26 to 32 μm, while the average antheridium length was 13 μm (11 to 15 μm). Sporangium length and width averages on crushed hemp seeds were 32 μm (28 to 36 μm) and 26 μm (21 to 30 μm), respectively, with the average length to width ratio of 1.25 (1.23 to 1.29). Pathogenicity tests on Rhododendron cv. Mikkeli were carried out using three of our P. hedraiandra isolates. Spore suspensions of 2 × 104 zoospores per ml were used to mist-spray shoots of five, 3-year-old plants for each isolate. Five controls were mist sprayed with water. After inoculation, plants were placed in plastic bags in a dark growth chamber (22°C) for 7 days and then moved to a greenhouse. Leaf blotches and shoot dieback were apparent 5 days after inoculation, and P. hedraiandra was reisolated from those symptomatic tissues and identified by an exact match of the ITS sequence. Necrotic areas lengthened from the shoot tips to the main stems of the plants while expanding into petioles and leaves. No symptoms were observed on control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. hedraiandra in the United States as well as the first report of Koch's postulates performed with P. hedraiandra on Rhododendron cv. Mikkeli. The significance of this disease to other woody plants in nurseries or the landscape is unknown, and further study is needed to determine the host range and extent of the disease that may occur from this introduction. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. J. Mol. Biol. 215:403, 1990. (2) A. W. A.M de Cock and C. A. Lévesque. Stud Mycol 50:481, 2004. (3) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996.
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Gaudette MD, Smith JA. Process-oriented administration of the picture arrangement test does not affect the quantitative outcome. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2005; 5:154-8. [PMID: 16318454 DOI: 10.1207/s15324826an0503_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Extracting the maximum amount of qualitative information of cognitive functioning from tests is one of the major goals, of the process approach to neuropsychological assessment. This study examined whether there is a difference in score in the Picture Arrangement (PA) test of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised for participants who completed the standardized versus a process-oriented administration (i.e., asking the person to "tell the story" immediately following each item). Eighteen traumatic brain injury patients and 20 control participants (i. e., non-brain-injury volunteers) were randomly assigned to the standardized administration or the process-oriented administration of the PA test. A 2 x 2 (Group x Type of Administration) analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant interaction effect or main effect for type of administration. Therefore, the process of maximizing the elicitation of qualitative information does not appear to affect the quantitative outcome of the PA test.
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Clark DE, Errington TM, Smith JA, Frierson HF, Weber MJ, Lannigan DA. The serine/threonine protein kinase, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase, is an important regulator of prostate cancer cell proliferation. Cancer Res 2005; 65:3108-16. [PMID: 15833840 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has been correlated with the progression of prostate cancer to advanced disease in humans. The serine/threonine protein kinase p90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) is an important downstream effector of MAPK but its role in prostate cancer has not previously been examined. Increasing RSK isoform 2 (RSK2) levels in the human prostate cancer line, LNCaP, enhanced prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression, an important diagnostic marker for prostate cancer, whereas inhibiting RSK activity using a RSK-specific inhibitor, 3Ac-SL0101, decreased PSA expression. The RSK2 regulation of PSA expression occurred via a mechanism involving both RSK2 kinase activity and its ability to associate with the coactivator, p300. RNA interference of the androgen receptor (AR) showed that the AR was important in the RSK2-mediated increase in PSA expression. RSK levels are higher in approximately 50% of human prostate cancers compared with normal prostate tissue, which suggests that increased RSK levels may participate in the rise in PSA expression that occurs in prostate cancer. Furthermore, 3Ac-SL0101 inhibited proliferation of the LNCaP line and the androgen-independent human prostate cancer line, PC-3. These results suggest that proliferation of some prostate cancer cells is dependent on RSK activity and support the hypothesis that RSK may be an important chemotherapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Gallagher J, Muirhead RH, Daykin JM, Smith JA, Beavan SD, Kirkham J, Turnball AT, Davies JI. Bovine TB and badgers. Vet Rec 2005; 156:555-6. [PMID: 15849350 DOI: 10.1136/vr.156.17.555-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Talar-Williams C, Sneller MC, Langford CA, Smith JA, Cox TA, Robinson MR. Orbital socket contracture: a complication of inflammatory orbital disease in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:493-7. [PMID: 15774931 PMCID: PMC1772590 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2004.050039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the clinical characteristics of orbital socket contracture in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). METHODS A retrospective cohort study The medical records of 256 patients with WG examined at the National Institutes of Health from 1967 to 2004 were reviewed to identify patients with orbital socket contracture. Details of the orbital disease including Hertel exophthalmometry readings, radiological findings, and results of eye examinations were recorded. Orbital socket contracture was defined as orbital inflammation with proptosis followed by the development of enophthalmos and radiographic evidence of residual fibrotic changes in the orbit. To examine for risk factors in the development of a contracted orbit, patients with orbital socket contracture were compared to patients without contracture with respect to multiple variables including history of orbital surgery, orbital disease severity, and major organ system involvement. The main outcome measures were the clinical characteristics of orbital socket contracture associated with inflammatory orbital disease in patients with WG. RESULTS Inflammatory orbital disease occurred in 34 of 256 (13%) patients and detailed clinical data on 18 patients were available and examined. Orbital socket contracture occurred during the clinical course in six patients; the features included restrictive ophthalmopathy (five), chronic orbital pain (three), and ischaemic optic nerve disease (two) resulting in blindness (no light perception) in one patient. The orbital socket contracture occurred within 3 months of treatment with immunosuppressive medications for inflammatory orbital disease in five patients and was not responsive to immunosuppressive medications. The median degree of enophthalmos in the contracted orbit compared with the fellow eye was 2.8 mm (range 1.5-3.5 mm) by Hertel exophthalmometry. There were no risk factors that predicted development of orbital socket contracture. CONCLUSIONS In six patients with WG and active inflammatory orbital disease, orbital socket contracture occurred during the treatment course with systemic immunosuppressive medications. The orbital socket contracture, presumably caused by orbital fibrosis, led to enophthalmos, restrictive ophthalmopathy, chronic orbital pain, and optic nerve disease and was not responsive to immunosuppressive therapy. Orbital socket contracture has not been previously reported as a complication of inflammatory orbital disease associated with WG and was an important cause of visual morbidity in our cohort of patients.
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Chan CC, Smith JA, Shen DF, Ursea R, LeHoang P, Grossniklaus HE. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) molecular signature in conjunctival mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Histol Histopathol 2005; 19:1219-26. [PMID: 15375765 PMCID: PMC1971129 DOI: 10.14670/hh-19.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctival mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is an extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma that is characterized by an exaggerated clonal expansion of B cells, which implicate a pathological proliferative response to antigen(s) including bacteria. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is recognized as one of the causative agents of gastric MALT lymphoma; however, it has not been reported in extra gastric MALT lymphoma. We studied 5 patients (4 adults and 1 child) with salmon-colored conjunctival lesions. One patient also had a history of abnormal bone marrow biopsy a year earlier with lymphoid aggregates involving 5% of the overall bone marrow. The conjunctival lesions of the 5 patients were biopsied. Histopathological diagnoses were consistent with conjunctival MALT lymphoma. Lymphoma and normal conjunctival cells were microdissected using laser capture microscopy or manual techniques. DNA was extracted and subjected to PCR amplification using H. pylori gene-specific primers from the urease B and vac/m2 gene. Cells from chronic conjunctivitis (normal lymphocytes), conjunctival human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1/adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1/ATL), and orbital B-cell lymphoma were also microdissected, processed and analyzed. PCR amplification and Southern blot hybridization demonstrated H. pylori DNA in the conjunctival MALT lymphoma cells of 4/5 cases. The negative case was the one with a history of abnormal bone marrow. In contrast, H. pylori gene was not detected in normal conjunctival cells from the cases of MALT lymphoma or the lymphocytes, ATL and orbital B-lymphoma cells from the controls. These data suggest that H. pylori may play a role in conjunctival MALT lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Child
- Conjunctival Neoplasms/etiology
- Conjunctival Neoplasms/microbiology
- Conjunctival Neoplasms/pathology
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Female
- Genes, Bacterial
- Helicobacter pylori/genetics
- Helicobacter pylori/immunology
- Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
- Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/etiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Mucous Membrane/microbiology
- Mucous Membrane/pathology
- Urease/genetics
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Smith JA, Calverley PMA. Cough in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005; 17:393-8. [PMID: 15564082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) most commonly complain of cough, production of phlegm and breathlessness. The cough reflex sensitivity is heightened compared with that in healthy volunteers and is similar to that in subjects with asthma. The degree of airflow obstruction does not predict cough reflex sensitivity or objective cough counts, implying an independent process. Objective cough rates seem to be relatively low in COPD, despite frequent reporting of the symptom by patients. The relative contribution of cough to disability in COPD seems to be small, if assessed by subjective reporting. Effective treatments for cough in COPD have not yet been identified. Improved outcome measures of cough, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cough, and the importance of cough to patients is required to progress in this field.
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Harveson RM, Smith JA, Stroup WW. Improving Root Health and Yield of Dry Beans in the Nebraska Panhandle with a New Technique for Reducing Soil Compaction. PLANT DISEASE 2005; 89:279-284. [PMID: 30795350 DOI: 10.1094/pd-89-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A field study conducted during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons investigated the integration of fungicide applications and tillage methods for reducing root health problems in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants by alleviating soil compaction and its potential exacerbation of root disease. Several cultural practices were combined with applications of the strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin. Soil compaction was created artificially throughout the entire plot area. Six treatments, consisting of four tillage treatments and two combinations of tillage or applications of azoxystrobin, were tested to alleviate the compaction and enhance root health. Tillage treatments included a compacted control with no additional tillage, formation of beds approximately 10 cm above soil surface, zone tillage with an implement using in-row shanks, and both zone tillage and bedding combined. Fungicide treatments utilized the combination of both zone tillage and bedding with fungicide applications, and a fungicide treatment singly. Effects of compaction on plant vigor and disease development and severity were evaluated 67 and 83 days after planting in 2001 and 2002, respectively, by a visual estimation of plot vigor and by destructively sampling and making root and hypocotyl disease ratings on dry bean plants from nonharvest rows. Soil resistance and moisture were measured in plots 80 and 104 days after planting in 2001 and 2002, respectively, to estimate degree of compaction. In both years, Fusarium root rot, caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli, was determined to be the main root disease impacting plant health in studies. All measured variables (root disease index, plant vigor ratings, total seed yield, seed size, and soil resistance) were significantly improved by any treatment that included zone tillage prior to planting. No added advantages were observed for decreasing disease or improving root health and plant performance with the use of azoxystrobin or by planting on raised beds. This is the first study to evaluate zone tillage as a method of reducing plant stress and root disease in dry bean plants.
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Abstract
The cattle major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DR gene product is a heterodimer encoded by the BoLA-DRA and -DRB3 genes. Several groups have isolated cDNA and genomic clones for these genes, but their full genomic organization has not been described. We used a combination of long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloning and sequencing to define the organization of the DRB3 gene on existing genomic clones and in genomic DNA. We estimate the size of the coding region to be 11.4 kbp. Sequencing of full-length PCR clones from two different haplotypes confirmed that they carried complete DRB3 genes and allowed the design of probes and primers to isolate and characterize the DRB3 promoter and 3' end. Fragments carrying the 5' end of the DRB3 gene and its promoter were identified on bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones carrying the BoLA-DR genes. A 10-kbp promoter fragment was subcloned from one clone and a 1.7-kbp region including exon 1 and the promoter was sequenced. A 3-kbp fragment encoding exons 4-6 and the entire 3' untranslated region of the DRB3 gene was isolated from lambda clone A1 and sequenced. This provides us with improved characterization of the DRB3*0101 and DRB3*2002 alleles, and also subcloned 5' and 3' flanking regions of the polymorphic DRB3 gene for use in functional studies.
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Smith JA, Andreopoulou E. An overview of the status of imaging screening technology for breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2004; 15 Suppl 1:I18-I26. [PMID: 15280183 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdh653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With breast cancer incidence rates showing no signs of abating, advances in risk stratification and increasing awareness of cancer control, there is interest in expanding the breast imaging arsenal. Mammography is still the standard of care, and a recent meta-analysis of seven large studies supports its value as a screening tool. There is, however, clear need for improved sensitivity and specificity. Imaging of function, metabolism and molecular activity in breast tissue is of potential benefit in addressing these issues. In this article we provide an overview of the current methods of imaging in breast cancer, including mammography, ultrasound, digital mammography, magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Screening and surveillance should, ideally, be tailored to an individual's cancer risk and breast tissue. Current evidence questions the recent move toward magnetic resonance imaging as a single or multimodality strategy for breast cancer screening. In a high-risk group, the cost effectiveness of technical innovations may be justified.
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Dixon-Woods M, Shaw RL, Agarwal S, Smith JA. The problem of appraising qualitative research. Qual Saf Health Care 2004. [PMID: 15175495 DOI: 10.1136/qshc.2003.008714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Qualitative research can make a valuable contribution to the study of quality and safety in health care. Sound ways of appraising qualitative research are needed, but currently there are many different proposals with few signs of an emerging consensus. One problem has been the tendency to treat qualitative research as a unified field. We distinguish universal features of quality from those specific to methodology and offer a set of minimally prescriptive prompts to assist with the assessment of generic features of qualitative research. In using these, account will need to be taken of the particular method of data collection and methodological approach being used. There may be a need for appraisal criteria suited to the different methods of qualitative data collection and to different methodological approaches. These more specific criteria would help to distinguish fatal flaws from more minor errors in the design, conduct, and reporting of qualitative research. There will be difficulties in doing this because some aspects of qualitative research, particularly those relating to quality of insight and interpretation, will remain difficult to appraise and will rely largely on subjective judgement.
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Dixon-Woods M, Shaw RL, Agarwal S, Smith JA. The problem of appraising qualitative research. Qual Saf Health Care 2004; 13:223-5. [PMID: 15175495 PMCID: PMC1743851 DOI: 10.1136/qhc.13.3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Qualitative research can make a valuable contribution to the study of quality and safety in health care. Sound ways of appraising qualitative research are needed, but currently there are many different proposals with few signs of an emerging consensus. One problem has been the tendency to treat qualitative research as a unified field. We distinguish universal features of quality from those specific to methodology and offer a set of minimally prescriptive prompts to assist with the assessment of generic features of qualitative research. In using these, account will need to be taken of the particular method of data collection and methodological approach being used. There may be a need for appraisal criteria suited to the different methods of qualitative data collection and to different methodological approaches. These more specific criteria would help to distinguish fatal flaws from more minor errors in the design, conduct, and reporting of qualitative research. There will be difficulties in doing this because some aspects of qualitative research, particularly those relating to quality of insight and interpretation, will remain difficult to appraise and will rely largely on subjective judgement.
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135
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Tillman FD, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Smith JA, Alther GR. Evaluation of an organoclay, an organoclay-anthracite blend, clinoptilolite, and hydroxy-apatite as sorbents for heavy metal removal from water. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2004; 72:1134-1141. [PMID: 15362441 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-004-0362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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136
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Smith JA, Deitsch JJ. Distributed-rate model configured in series to simulate sorption of organic pollutants to natural soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2004; 72:94-100. [PMID: 15058659 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-003-0245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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137
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Smith JA. Autogenous vaccines: current use patterns and end users' needs in the integrated broiler industry. DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOLOGICALS 2004; 117:63-7. [PMID: 15597618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Mulherin D, Williams S, Smith JA, Edwards J, Sheeran TP, Price T. Identification of risk factors for future fracture in patients following distal forearm fracture. Osteoporos Int 2003; 14:757-60. [PMID: 12897979 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-003-1441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2002] [Accepted: 05/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The challenge for healthcare systems around the world is delivering timely preventative strategies to subjects most likely to develop fragility fractures. The success or failure of national campaigns will be determined at local level, and many studies to date have found under-utilization of osteoporosis treatment strategies due to reduced public and healthcare professional awareness. An important link between the at-risk patients and their appropriate therapy is their identification and assessment. In the context of a medium sized secondary care provider, this study examined the efficiency of a nurse-led service for assessing women following distal forearm fracture, looking for additional risk factors for future fracture and also looking at uptake of the assessment programme among the target population. Two hundred and two women, median (range) age 69 (50-91) years presented with distal forearm fracture over a 9-month period. Fifty-four subjects did not participate in the study: they were significantly older than those who did ( P<0.002). One hundred and forty-eight subjects underwent assessment of falls risk, future hip fracture risk and calcaneal ultrasound attenuation measurement: 107 attended for assessment at the hospital and 41 required a health professional to visit at their place of residence-the latter group were significantly older ( P<0.0002). Of 148 subjects assessed, 76 (51%) had one or more risk factors for a fall: these subjects were significantly older ( P<0.0002) and more likely to have required a home visit ( P<0.002). Twenty-seven (18%) were considered at risk of a future hip fracture: again they were older and more likely to have required a home visit ( P<0.0005). Ninety-one subjects (61%) had a calcaneal ultrasound attenuation T-score below -2.0, and were referred for bone densitometry: again, they were older ( P<0.0002) and more likely to have required a home visit ( P<0.05). Bone densitometry demonstrated osteoporosis in 47 (52%) of those with low attenuation, osteopenia in 31 and normal bone density in 13. Of 76 subjects deemed to be at risk of falls, 31 (41%) had osteoporosis demonstrated on bone densitometry and of those at risk of future hip fracture, 12 (44%) had osteoporosis. Only nine (22%) subjects who received home visits had no risk factors for falls or hip fracture and normal bone density, compared to 45 (42%) of those who attended hospital. This study has demonstrated that the efficiency of a program to assess additional risk of future fracture in a population who have already fractured may be influenced by where the assessment is delivered: it may be that the patients at greatest risk did not avail of the service.
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Jackson L, Wahli W, Michalik L, Watson SA, Morris T, Anderton K, Bell DR, Smith JA, Hawkey CJ, Bennett AJ. Potential role for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) in preventing colon cancer. Gut 2003; 52:1317-22. [PMID: 12912864 PMCID: PMC1773786 DOI: 10.1136/gut.52.9.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors involved in genetic control of many cellular processes. PPAR and PPAR have been implicated in colonic malignancy. Here we provide three lines of evidence suggesting an inhibitory role for PPAR in colorectal cancer development. METHODS Levels of PPAR mRNA and protein in human colorectal cancers were compared with matched non-malignant mucosa using RNAse protection and western blotting. APC(Min)/+ mice were randomised to receive the PPAR activator methylclofenapate 25 mg/kg or vehicle for up to 16 weeks, and small and large intestinal polyps were quantified by image analysis. The effect of methylclofenapate on serum stimulated mitogenesis (thymidine incorporation), linear cell growth, and annexin V and propidium iodide staining were assessed in human colonic epithelial cells. RESULTS PPAR (mRNA and protein) expression levels were significantly depressed in colorectal cancer compared with matched non-malignant tissue. Methylclofenapate reduced polyp area in the small intestine from 18.7 mm(2) (median (interquartile range 11.1, 26.8)) to 9.90 (4.88, 13.21) mm(2) (p=0.003) and in the colon from 9.15 (6.31, 10.5) mm(2) to 3.71 (2.71, 5.99) mm(2) (p=0.009). Methylclofenapate significantly reduced thymidine incorporation and linear cell growth with no effect on annexin V or propidium iodide staining. CONCLUSIONS PPAR may inhibit colorectal tumour progression, possibly via inhibition of proliferation, and may be an important therapeutic target.
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Smith JA, Michie S, Allanson A, Elwy R. Certainty and uncertainty in genetic counselling: a qualitative case study. Psychol Health 2003; 15:1-12. [PMID: 12569931 DOI: 10.1080/08870440008400284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the communication that occurs during routine genetic counselling sessions. It involves the qualitative analysis of nine consultations with one member of a clinical genetics team. The consultations were characterised by a contrast between the sense of certainty apparent in how the clinicians talked about the power and promise of the new genetics and the uncertainty communicated regarding the actual information produced by genetic tests and their limitations in solving people's problems. There was also a contrast between how the clinician seemed to control the format and agenda of the consultation and the apparently uncontrollable personal and social implications of the topics discussed. We speculate that this may be explained in terms of the clinician giving some order and certainty in an area of inherent uncertainty, and where great promises are as yet unrealised.
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Telford RD, Sly GJ, Hahn AG, Cunningham RB, Bryant C, Smith JA. Footstrike is the major cause of hemolysis during running. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94:38-42. [PMID: 12391035 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00631.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide body of literature reporting red cell hemolysis as occurring after various forms of exercise. Whereas the trauma associated with footstrike is thought to be the major cause of hemolysis after running, its significance compared with hemolysis that results from other circulatory stresses on the red blood cell has not been thoroughly addressed. To investigate the significance of footstrike, we measured the degree of hemolysis after 1 h of running. To control for the potential effects of oxidative and circulatory stresses on the red blood cell, the same subjects cycled for 1 h at equivalent oxygen uptake. Our subjects were 10 male triathletes, who each completed two separate 1-h sessions of running and cycling at 75% peak oxygen uptake, which were performed in random order 1 wk apart. Plasma free hemoglobin and serum haptoglobin concentrations were measured as indicators of hemolysis. We also measured methemoglobin as a percentage of total hemoglobin immediately postexercise as an indicator of red cell oxidative stress. Plasma free hemoglobin increased after both running (P < 0.01) and cycling (P < 0.01), but the increase was fourfold greater after running (P < 0.01). This was reflected by a significant fall in haptoglobin 1 h after the running trials, whereas no significant changes occurred after cycling at any sample point. Methemoglobin increased twofold after both running and cycling (P < 0.01), with no significant differences between modes of exercise. The present data indicate that, whereas general circulatory trauma to the red blood cells associated with 1 h of exercise at 75% maximal oxygen uptake may result in some exercise-induced hemolysis, footstrike is the major contributor to hemolysis during running.
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Altarescu G, Sun M, Moore DF, Smith JA, Wiggs EA, Solomon BI, Patronas NJ, Frei KP, Gupta S, Kaneski CR, Quarrell OW, Slaugenhaupt SA, Goldin E, Schiffmann R. The neurogenetics of mucolipidosis type IV. Neurology 2002; 59:306-13. [PMID: 12182165 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.59.3.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the MCOLN1 gene that codes for mucolipin, a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) gene family. OBJECTIVE To comprehensively characterize the clinical and genetic abnormalities of MLIV. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with MLIV, aged 2 to 25 years, were studied. Ten returned for follow-up every 1 to 2 years for up to 5 years. Standard clinical, neuroimaging, neurophysiologic, and genetic techniques were used. RESULTS All patients had varying degrees of corneal clouding, with progressive optic atrophy and retinal dystrophy. Twenty-three patients had severe motor and mental impairment. Motor function deteriorated in three patients and remained stable in the rest. All had a constitutive achlorhydria with elevated plasma gastrin level, and 12 had iron deficiency or anemia. Head MRI showed consistent characteristic findings of a thin corpus callosum and remained unchanged during the follow-up period. Prominent abnormalities of speech, hand usage, and swallowing were also noted. Mutations in the MCOLN1 gene were present in all patients. Correlation of the genotype with the neurologic handicap and corpus callosum dysplasia was found. CONCLUSIONS MLIV is both a developmental and a degenerative disorder. The presentation as a cerebral palsy-like encephalopathy may delay diagnosis.
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Marshall TC, Coltman DW, Pemberton JM, Slate J, Spalton JA, Guinness FE, Smith JA, Pilkington JG, Clutton-Brock TH. Estimating the prevalence of inbreeding from incomplete pedigrees. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:1533-9. [PMID: 12184822 PMCID: PMC1691061 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous review of inbreeding in natural populations suggested that close inbreeding (inbreeding coefficient f = 0.25) is generally rare in wild birds and mammals. However, the review did not assess rates of moderate inbreeding (f = 0.125), which may make a rather larger contribution to overall inbreeding in a population. Furthermore, previous studies may have underestimated the prevalence of inbreeding in wild populations with incomplete pedigrees. By categorizing inbreeding events by the relationship of the parental pair, we suggest a simple method for estimating rates of close and moderate inbreeding from incomplete pedigree data. We applied this method to three wild populations of ruminants: red deer on Rum, Scotland, Soay sheep on Hirta, Scotland and reintroduced Arabian oryx on the Jiddat-al-Harasis, Oman. Although paternal half-sib pairs were the most common category of inbreeding in all three populations, there was considerable variation among populations in the frequencies of the various categories of inbreeding. This variation may be largely explained by differences in population size and dynamics, in maternal and paternal sibship size and in the overlap of reproductive lifespan of consecutive generations. Close and moderate inbreeding appear to be a routine part of breeding behaviour in these ruminant populations.
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Rembert MS, Smith JA, Pettifer G, Hosgood G, Marks SL, Tully TN. Comparison of traditional thermal support with the forced-air warmer system in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Vet Anaesth Analg 2002; 29:110-111. [PMID: 28404295 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00078_32.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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145
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Mitchell MA, Miller S, Heatley JJ, Wolf T, Lapuz F, Lafortune M, Smith JA. Clinical and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol in the spotted bamboo shark (Chylloscyllium plagiosum). Vet Anaesth Analg 2002; 29:111. [PMID: 28404297 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00078_33.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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146
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Harveson RM, Hein GL, Smith JA, Wilson RG, Yonts CD. An Integrated Approach to Cultivar Evaluation and Selection for Imporving Suger Beet Profitability: A Successful Case Study for the Central High Plains. PLANT DISEASE 2002; 86:192-204. [PMID: 30818594 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2002.86.3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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147
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Akesson A, Ingvarsson S, Karlsson F, Leyva L, Blanca M, Cuerden SA, Smith JA, Coleman JW, Borrebaeck CAK. Characterization of specific IgE response in vitro against protein and drug allergens using atopic and normal donors. Allergy 2002; 57:193-200. [PMID: 11906332 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.1o3321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the incidence of allergy to different compounds increases in society, the need to understand and characterize specific IgE responses becomes obvious. Different cell culture systems have been evaluated for their ability to support such IgE secretion. METHODS One system employed human peripheral lymphocytes (PBL) from normal donors stimulated with anti-CD3 activated T cells with or without the presence of allergens like benzylpenicillin (BP) and Phlenum pratense (PP). Secretion of IgE was analyzed in ELISA and compared to the IgG response to the nonallergenic antigen tetanus toxoid (TT). Another system employed stimulation of T and B cells with a heterotope, consisting of a T helper cell epitope derived from TT, and a B cell allergen epitope derived from BP. The specific IgE secretion was compared, using lymphocytes from normal as well as BP-allergic donors. RESULTS Anti-CD3 stimulated T cells supported BP-specific IgE secretion in six of 11 normal donors. This response was inhibited in four donors and enhanced in two donors by the addition of the BP-allergen to the culture. In contrast, addition of the protein allergen (PP) or antigen (TT) to the same culture system inhibited both IgE and IgG synthesis in all experiments. Cells from the majority (10/16) of the BP-allergic donors failed to produce BP-specific IgE in vitro, when cultured in the presence of allergen. CONCLUSIONS An allergen specific immune response is readily generated in vitro. The differential response against benzylpenicillin between different donor categories most probably reflects the level of pre-exposure to this allergen in vivo.
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Henneke P, Takeuchi O, van Strijp JA, Guttormsen HK, Smith JA, Schromm AB, Espevik TA, Akira S, Nizet V, Kasper DL, Golenbock DT. Novel engagement of CD14 and multiple toll-like receptors by group B streptococci. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:7069-76. [PMID: 11739528 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.12.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) imposes a major health threat to newborn infants. Little is known about the molecular basis of GBS-induced sepsis. Both heat-inactivated whole GBS bacteria and a heat-labile soluble factor released by GBS during growth (GBS-F) induce nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, the secretion of TNF-alpha, and the formation of NO in mouse macrophages. Macrophages from mice with a targeted disruption of MyD88 failed to secrete TNF-alpha in response to both heat-inactivated whole bacteria and GBS-F, suggesting that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in different aspects of GBS recognition. Immune cell activation by whole bacteria differed profoundly from that by secreted GBS-F. Whole GBS activated macrophages independently of TLR2 and TLR6, whereas a response to the secreted GBS-F was not observed in macrophages from TLR2-deficient animals. In addition to TLR2, TLR6 and CD14 expression were essential for GBS-F responses, whereas TLR1 and TLR4 or MD-2 did not appear to be involved. Heat lability distinguished GBS-F from peptidoglycan and lipoproteins. GBS mutants deficient in capsular polysaccharide or beta-hemolysin had GBS-F activity comparable to that of wild-type streptococci. We suggest that CD14 and TLR2 and TLR6 function as coreceptors for secreted microbial products derived from GBS and that cell wall components of GBS are recognized by TLRs distinct from TLR1, 2, 4, or 6.
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Chang SS, Alberts G, Wells N, Smith JA, Cookson MS. Intrarectal lidocaine during transrectal prostate biopsy: results of a prospective double-blind randomized trial. J Urol 2001; 166:2178-80. [PMID: 11696730 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent reports have indicated the benefit of anesthesia during prostate biopsy. To assess this finding objectively we performed a prospective randomized double-blind study to compare patient pain with and without local anesthesia during transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between August 2000 and March 2001, 108 men undergoing transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate were randomized in double-blind fashion to receive intrarectal 2% lidocaine gel or intrarectal lubricant alone. No patient received pre-procedure narcotics or sedation. Pain associated with biopsy was determined using a horizontal linear visual analog pain scale. Pain scores in the 2 treatment groups were compared and possible predictors of increased pain were examined. RESULTS The 2 groups were similar in demographic characteristics. There was no significant difference in pain score in the 2% lidocaine and lubricant alone groups (28.3 versus 28.9 mm., p = 0.88). Previous biopsy, time since previous biopsy, physician, number of biopsies and prostate volume did not correlate with pain score, while age correlated negatively with the score (r = -0.27, p = 0.005). A single complication involving a vasovagal episode resolved spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS Intrarectal lidocaine gel provides no significant therapeutic or analgesic benefit compared with lubricant alone for transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate. In younger patients more discomfort is associated with this procedure.
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Scott MB, Ellis MH, Cruz-Rivera M, Fitzpatrick S, Smith JA. Once-daily budesonide inhalation suspension in infants and children < 4 and > or = 4 years of age with persistent asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001; 87:488-95. [PMID: 11770696 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Budesonide inhalation suspension (Pulmicort Respules; AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, DE), a nebulized corticosteroid, was developed for use in infants and young children with persistent asthma. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of once-daily budesonide inhalation suspension in children < 4 years of age and in those > or = 4 years of age with persistent asthma. METHODS A retrospective analysis stratified by age group was performed on data from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies that evaluated the efficacy and safety of budesonide inhalation suspension 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, or 1.0 mg once daily for 12 weeks in children 6 months to 8 years of age with persistent asthma. Clinical assessments included nighttime and daytime asthma symptoms, breakthrough medication use, adverse events, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis function. RESULTS In both randomized studies, budesonide inhalation suspension demonstrated statistically significant improvement in nighttime and daytime asthma symptom scores compared with placebo. In the retrospective analysis of pooled data from these studies, the efficacy of budesonide was maintained when children were stratified by age group. Clinical improvements from baseline in nighttime and daytime asthma symptom scores were observed in both age groups at all budesonide inhalation suspension dose levels. No significant differences were observed between age groups in breakthrough medication use in any of the treatment groups. No differences were observed in the incidence of adverse events between the two age groups, and significant (P < 0.01) effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis function was apparent only in children < 4 years of age at the 0.25-mg dose level. CONCLUSIONS Once-daily budesonide inhalation suspension is effective in the treatment of persistent asthma in children aged < 4 and > or = 4 years of age.
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