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Dhalwani NN, West J, Abdul Sultan A, Ban L, Tata LJ. Do Women with Coeliac Disease Clinically Present with Fertility Problems more often than Women in the General Population. Int J Epidemiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv096.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Humes DJ, Walker AJ, Blackwell J, Hunt BJ, West J. Variation in the risk of venous thromboembolism following colectomy. Br J Surg 2015; 102:1629-38. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Guidelines recommend extended thromboprophylaxis following colectomy for malignant disease, but not for non-malignant disease. The aim of this study was to determine absolute and relative rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following colectomy by indication, admission type and time after surgery.
Methods
A cohort study of patients undergoing colectomy in England was undertaken using linked primary (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) and secondary (Hospital Episode Statistics) care data (2001–2011). Crude rates and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for the risk of first VTE following colectomy using Cox regression analysis.
Results
Some 12 388 patients were identified; 312 (2·5 per cent) developed VTE after surgery, giving a rate of 29·59 (95 per cent c.i. 26·48 to 33·06) per 1000 person-years in the first year after surgery. Overall rates were 2·2-fold higher (adjusted HR 2·23, 95 per cent c.i. 1·76 to 2·50) for emergency compared with elective admissions (39·44 versus 25·78 per 1000 person-years respectively). Rates of VTE were 2·8-fold higher in patients with malignant disease versus those with non-malignant disease (adjusted HR 2·84, 2·04 to 3·94). The rate of VTE was highest in the first month after emergency surgery, and declined from 121·68 per 1000 person-years in the first month to 25·65 per 1000 person-years during the rest of the follow-up interval. Crude rates of VTE were similar for malignant and non-malignant disease (114·76 versus 120·98 per 1000 person-years respectively) during the first month after emergency surgery.
Conclusion
Patients undergoing emergency colectomy for non-malignant disease have a similar risk of VTE as patients with malignant disease in the first month after surgery.
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Crooks CJ, West J, Card TR. A comparison of the recording of comorbidity in primary and secondary care by using the Charlson Index to predict short-term and long-term survival in a routine linked data cohort. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e007974. [PMID: 26048212 PMCID: PMC4458584 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hospital admission records provide snapshots of clinical histories for a subset of the population admitted to hospital. In contrast, primary care records provide continuous clinical histories for complete populations, but might lack detail about inpatient stays. Therefore, combining primary and secondary care records should improve the ability of comorbidity scores to predict survival in population-based studies, and provide better adjustment for case-mix differences when assessing mortality outcomes. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING English primary and secondary care 1 January 2005 to 1 January 2010. PARTICIPANTS All patients 20 years and older registered to a primary care practice contributing to the linked Clinical Practice Research Datalink from England. OUTCOME The performance of the Charlson index with mortality was compared when derived from either primary or secondary care data or both. This was assessed in relation to short-term and long-term survival, age, consultation rate, and specific acute and chronic diseases. RESULTS 657,264 people were followed up from 1 January 2005. Although primary care recorded more comorbidity than secondary care, the resulting C statistics for the Charlson index remained similar: 0.86 and 0.87, respectively. Higher consultation rates and restricted age bands reduced the performance of the Charlson index, but the index's excellent performance persisted over longer follow-up; the C statistic was 0.87 over 1 year, and 0.85 over all 5 years of follow-up. The Charlson index derived from secondary care comorbidity had a greater effect than primary care comorbidity in reducing the association of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with mortality. However, they had a similar effect in reducing the association of diabetes with mortality. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the use of the Charlson index from linked data and show that secondary care comorbidity coding performed at least as well as that derived from primary care in predicting survival.
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Wilkins L, Ugas M, West J, Sabri S, Angle J. Analysis of Distal Protection Debris to Identify High Risk Peripheral Interventions. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Canavan C, West J, Card T. Review article: the economic impact of the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 40:1023-34. [PMID: 25199904 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional disorder of the gastrointestinal system affecting a large number of people worldwide. Whilst it has no attributable mortality, it has substantial impact on patients' quality of life (QoL) and is associated with considerable healthcare resource use. AIM To review the economic impact of IBS, firstly on the individual, secondly on healthcare systems internationally and thirdly to society. METHODS Appropriate databases were searched for relevant papers using the terms: Irritable Bowel Syndrome; IBS; irritable colon; functional bowel/colonic disease; economics; health care/service costs; health expenditure/resources; health care/service utilisation; productivity. RESULTS Irritable bowel syndrome impacts most substantially on patients' work and social life. Reduction in QoL is such that on average patients would sacrifice between 10 and 15 years of their remaining life expectancy for an immediate cure. Between 15% and 43% of patients pay for remedies. No studies quantify loss of earnings related to IBS. Direct care costs are substantial; 48% of patients incur some costs in any year with annual international estimates per patient of: USA $742-$7547, UK £90-£316, France €567-€862, Canada $259, Germany €791, Norway NOK 2098 (€262) and Iran $92. Minimising extensive diagnostic investigations could generate savings and has been shown as not detrimental to patients. Cost to industry internationally through absenteeism and presenteeism related to IBS is estimated between £400 and £900 per patient annually. CONCLUSIONS Irritable bowel syndrome is associated with substantial costs to patients, healthcare systems and society. Considerable benefit could be obtained from effective interventions.
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Ban L, West J, Abdul Sultan A, Dhalwani NN, Ludvigsson JF, Tata LJ. Limited risks of major congenital anomalies in children of mothers with coeliac disease: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 2014; 122:1833-41. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Orton E, West J, Kendrick D, Tata LJ. Persistence of health inequalities in childhood injury in the UK; A population-based cohort study of children under 5 from 1990-2009. Eur J Public Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku165.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Otete EH, West J, Orton E, Fleming K. PP02 Opportunities to prevent alcohol misuse in UK primary healthcare settings: a retrospective study of individuals with a diagnosis of alcohol-induced cirrhosis. Br J Soc Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204726.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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West J, Lawlor DA, Fairley L, Wright J. PP35 Differences in health related pregnancy characteristics between White British and Pakistani women: the influence of the woman’s, her partner’s and their parents’ place of birth. Br J Soc Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204726.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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West J, Fairley L, Lennon L, O’Connell C, Wright J, Brierley S, Lawlor DA. OP93 Adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in White British and Pakistani origin children: skinfold and blood pressure measurements of 1563 reception year children in the Born in Bradford prospective cohort study. Br J Soc Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204726.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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West J, Lawlor DA, Fairley L, Wright J. Differences in socioeconomic position, lifestyle and health-related pregnancy characteristics between Pakistani and White British women in the Born in Bradford prospective cohort study: the influence of the woman's, her partner's and their parents' place of birth. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e004805. [PMID: 24948746 PMCID: PMC4067825 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine differences between Pakistani and White British women in relation to socioeconomic position, lifestyle and health-related pregnancy characteristics, and to determine whether these differences vary depending on the woman's, her partner's and both of their parents' place of birth. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Bradford, UK PARTICIPANTS: 3656 Pakistani and 3503 White British women recruited to the Born in Bradford study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Socioeconomic position (employment status; level of education; receipt of benefits; housing tenure), lifestyle characteristics (body mass index (BMI) at the start of pregnancy; smoking during pregnancy) and health-related pregnancy characteristics (hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; gestational diabetes; fasting glucose, postload glucose and fasting insulin at ∼27 weeks gestation). RESULTS Fewer Pakistani women were employed (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.19), the difference being markedly less for UK born women. UK born Pakistani women were more likely, and South Asian born less likely, to be educated post 16 than White British women. Smoking was uncommon among Pakistani women, though the difference comparing UK born Pakistani women to White British women was less than for other groups. BMI was lower among Pakistani compared to White British women (adjusted mean difference -1.12, 95% CI -1.43 to -0.81), the difference being greatest when partners were UK born irrespective of the woman's place of birth. Pakistani women had higher fasting and postload glucose (mean difference 0.20 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.24; 0.37, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.45), higher fasting insulin and were more likely to have gestational diabetes (GDM). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that some socioeconomic, lifestyle and pregnancy characteristics could be beginning to change in response to migration to the UK, with generally beneficial changes, that is, improving education and employment prospects, lower BMI and no evidence that being UK born has further increased the risk of GDM, but some negative, that is, slight increases in smoking.
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Walker AJ, West J, Card TR, Humes DJ, Grainge MJ. Variation in the risk of venous thromboembolism in people with colorectal cancer: a population-based cohort study from England. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:641-9. [PMID: 24977288 PMCID: PMC4230392 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with colorectal cancer are at high risk of developing venous thromboembolism(VTE), and recent international guidelines have advised extended prophylaxis for some of these patients following surgery or during chemotherapy. However, our understanding of which patients are at increased risk, and to what extent, is limited. OBJECTIVES To determine absolute and relative rates of VTE among patients with colorectal cancer according to Dukes stage, surgical intervention,and chemotherapy. METHODS We analyzed data from four linked databases from 1997 to 2006: the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, linked to Hospital Episode Statistics, Cancer Registry data, and Office for National Statistics cause of death data, all from England. Rates were compared by the use of Cox regression. RESULTS There were 10 309 patients with colorectal cancer, and 555 developed VTE (5.4%). The incidence varied by Dukes stage, being three-fold higher among Dukes D patients than among Dukes A patients (hazard ratio [HR] 3.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.95–4.84), and 40% higher for those receiving chemotherapy than for those not receiving chemotherapy(HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.14–1.69). The risk following surgery varied by stage of disease and chemotherapy, with Dukes A patients having a low incidence of VTE (0.74%; 95% CI 0.28–1.95) at 6 months,with all events occurring within 28 days of surgery, as compared with Dukes B and Dukes C patients, whose risk at 6 months was ~ 2%. CONCLUSION Twenty-eight days of prophylaxis following surgery for colorectal cancer is appropriate for Dukes A patients. However, Dukes B and Dukes C patients receiving postoperative chemotherapy have a longer duration of risk.
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Ban L, Gibson JE, West J, Fiaschi L, Sokal R, Smeeth L, Doyle P, Hubbard RB, Tata LJ. Maternal depression, antidepressant prescriptions, and congenital anomaly risk in offspring: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 2014; 121:1471-81. [PMID: 24612301 PMCID: PMC4232879 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To estimate risks of major congenital anomaly (MCA) among children of mothers prescribed antidepressants during early pregnancy or diagnosed with depression but without antidepressant prescriptions. Design Population-based cohort study. Setting Linked UK maternal–child primary care records. Population A total of 349 127 singletons liveborn between 1990 and 2009. Methods Odds ratios adjusted for maternal sociodemographics and comorbidities (aORs) were calculated for MCAs, comparing women with first-trimester selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and women with diagnosed but unmedicated depression, or women without diagnosed depression. Main outcome measures Fourteen system-specific MCA groups classified according to the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies and five specific heart anomaly groups. Results Absolute risks of MCA were 2.7% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 2.6–2.8%) in children of mothers without diagnosed depression, 2.8% (95% CI 2.5–3.2%) in children of mothers with unmedicated depression, and 2.7% (95% CI 2.2–3.2%) and 3.1% (95% CI 2.2–4.1%) in children of mothers with SSRIs or TCAs, respectively. Compared with women without depression, MCA overall was not associated with unmedicated depression (aOR 1.07, 95% CI 0.96–1.18), SSRIs (aOR 1.01, 95% CI 0.88–1.17), or TCAs (aOR 1.09, 95% CI 0.87–1.38). Paroxetine was associated with increased heart anomalies (absolute risk 1.4% in the exposed group compared with 0.8% in women without depression; aOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.09–2.88), which decreased marginally when compared with women with diagnosed but unmedicated depression (aOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.00–2.80). Conclusions Overall MCA risk did not increase with maternal depression or with antidepressant prescriptions. Paroxetine was associated with increases of heart anomalies, although this could represent a chance finding from a large number of comparisons undertaken.
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Humes DJ, Radcliffe RS, Camm C, West J. Population-based study of presentation and adverse outcomes after femoral hernia surgery. Br J Surg 2013; 100:1827-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Rates of emergency admission with femoral hernia are high compared with those for other hernias. This study aimed to determine the modes and consequences of presentation to primary care before admission to hospital.
Methods
This was a population-based cohort study using healthcare records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to Hospital Episode Statistics data from 1997 to 2007. Length of hospital stay, bowel resection rates and 30-day mortality were calculated.
Results
A total of 885 patients (690 female, 78.0 per cent) underwent femoral hernia repair, with 406 operations (45·9 per cent) performed as an emergency. The majority of patients who were admitted as an emergency (331, 81·5 per cent) presented to the general practitioner for the first time with symptoms of a hernia in the 7 days before admission, compared with just ten (2·1 per cent) of 479 patients admitted electively (P < 0·001). The median (i.q.r.) length of stay for patients undergoing elective surgery was 1 (0–2) day compared with 5 (3–9) days for those having an emergency repair (P < 0·001). Adverse events were more common among patients operated on as emergency, with 94 (23·2 per cent) having a small bowel resection compared with one (0·2 per cent) who had elective surgery. There were no deaths within 30 days in the elective group, but seven (1·7 per cent) in the emergency group.
Conclusion
A large proportion of patients with femoral hernia present late to primary care and are operated on as an emergency, with worse outcomes.
Presented to the Annual Meeting of the Society of Academic and Research Surgery, Nottingham, UK, January 2012; published in abstract form as Br J Surg 2012; 99(Suppl 4): 18
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Liu J, Ko JH, Secretov E, Huang E, Chukwu C, West J, Piserchia K, Galiano RD. Comparing the hydrosurgery system to conventional debridement techniques for the treatment of delayed healing wounds: a prospective, randomised clinical trial to investigate clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Int Wound J 2013; 12:456-61. [PMID: 24618054 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In these uncertain times of high health care costs, clinicians are looking for cost-effective devices to employ in their everyday practices. In an effort to promote cost-effective and proper wound repair, the hydrosurgical device allows accurate debridement of only unwanted tissue while precisely conserving viable structures for eventual repair. This prospective, randomised study compared procedures using the hydrosurgery system (VERSAJET™) with conventional debridement in order to assess clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness when treating subjects with chronic wounds. A total of 40 subjects were recruited. There was no difference in time to achieve stable wound closure between the treatment groups (P = 0·77). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of cost of the first operative procedure (P = 0·28), cost of surgical procedures during the study (P = 0·51), cost of study treatment (P = 0·29) or cost to achieve stable wound closure (P = 0·85). There were no differences in quantitative bacterial counts after debridement with either methods (P = 0·376). However, the time taken for the first excision procedure was significantly faster using the hydrosurgery system (VERSAJET) when compared with conventional debridement (P < 0·001). The total excision time for all procedures was significantly less for the Hydrosurgery group than for the conventional group (P = 0·005). Also, the Hydrosurgery group demonstrated significantly less intraoperative blood loss than conventional group for all procedures (P = 0·003). In this study, although there were no differences in time to stable wound closure or bacterial reduction between the two groups, the hydrosurgery system (VERSAJET) did offer advantages in terms of operative times and intraoperative blood loss and was cost-neutral, despite the handpiece cost.
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Ratib S, West J, Crooks CJ, Fleming KM. OP69 Occurrence of Liver Cirrhosis in England, A Cohort Study, 1998-2009: A Comparison with Cancer. Br J Soc Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-203126.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Crooks CJ, West J, Card TR. Letter: the burden of co-morbidity in the population contributes more to upper gastrointestinal bleeding than aspirin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:1115. [PMID: 23656421 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Dhalwani NN, Fiaschi L, West J, Tata LJ. Occurrence of fertility problems presenting to primary care: population-level estimates of clinical burden and socioeconomic inequalities across the UK. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:960-8. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kendrick D, Orton E, West J, Tata L. Independent risk factors for injury in pre-school children: three population-based nested case-control studies using routine primary care data. Inj Prev 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040590w.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Prasad V, West J, Kendrick D, Sayal K. Risk of fracture in children with epilepsy: a cohort study using the general practice research database. Inj Prev 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040590d.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Crooks C, Card T, West J. Commentary: comparisons of upper gastrointestinal bleeding mortality by admission time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:681-2. [PMID: 22966794 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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