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Shimizu J, Izumi T, Arimitsu N, Fujiwara N, Ueda Y, Wakisaka S, Yoshikawa H, Kaneko F, Suzuki T, Takai K, Suzuki N. Skewed TGFβ/Smad signalling pathway in T cells in patients with Behçet's disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012; 30:S35-S39. [PMID: 22935165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Behçet's disease (BD) is a multi-systemic inflammatory disease, characterised by recurrent oral aphthosis, genital ulcers, skin lesions and uveitis. We have reported excessive Th1 cell activity in patients with BD. More recently, Th17 cells were suggested to associate with several autoimmune diseases. This study was designed to investigate the role of Th17 related cytokines and signalling molecules in patients with BD. METHODS We examined mRNA expressions of Th1 and Th17 related cytokines and related signalling molecules in PBMC of 12 patients with BD and 14 normal controls (NC) using quantitative RT-PCR. We studied expressions of the Th17 related cytokines in other four BD patients' skin lesions by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Major Th17 related cytokines were not detected in unstimulated PBMC in patients with BD. After stimulation, mRNA expressions of TGFβ receptor type 1, IL-12 receptor β2 and suppressor of cytokine signalling protein (SOCS) 1 on PBMC were significantly enhanced in patients with BD, as compared with NC (p<0.05). mRNA expression of RORC, a key transcription factor for Th17 cell differentiation, was comparable between BD and NC. CD4+ T cells infiltrating into BD skin lesion expressed TGFβ1 much more than those infiltrating into non-Behçet's disease erythema nodosum. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that TGFβ/Smad signalling pathway of T cells is overactive in patients with BD.
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Bomprezzi R, Powers JM, Shimizu J, Tsuji S, Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM. IFN -1b may severely exacerbate Japanese opticspinal MS in neuromyelitis optica spectrum: Japanese optic-spinal MS: Is it MS or neuromyelitis optica and does the answer dictate treatment? Neurology 2011; 77:195; discussion 195-6. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318219dde5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Daga H, Hida T, Ishikawa S, Shimizu J, Tokunaga S, Horio Y, Kobayashi K, Takeda K. The Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous ASA404 When Administered in Combination with Docetaxel (60 or 75 mg/m2) in Japanese Patients with Advanced or Recurrent Solid Tumors. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2011; 41:1067-73. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyr110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lee KJ, Shimizu J, Kishimoto M, Kadohira M, Iwasaki T, Miyake YI, Yamada K. Computed tomography of the prostate gland in apparently healthy entire dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:146-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hashimoto M, Iwata A, Tsuji S, Shimizu J. P2.48 Evaluation of the ELISA method for anti-SRP antibody detection. Neuromuscul Disord 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kadoya M, Hashimoto M, Kubota A, Shimizu J, Tsuji S. P2.49 Sensitivity and specificity of major histocompatibility complex expression on sarcoplasmic membrane for diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Neuromuscul Disord 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ota T, Shimizu J, Adachi R, Yoshioka M, Shimizu A, Sakuno L. P15-16 Change of α wave in writing motion. Clin Neurophysiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(10)60799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shimizu J, Yoshioka M, Adachi R, Ota T, Shimizu A, Sakuno L. P24-13 Analysis of EEG during the drinking in adult people. Clin Neurophysiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(10)61010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shimizu A, Yoshioka M, Sakuno L, Ota T, Adachi R, Shimizu J. P15-17 Investigation of brain activity in chopsticks task in dominant and nondominant hands while viewing computer generated movies. Clin Neurophysiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(10)60800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tomimitsu H, Arai A, Murayama K, Shimizu J, Suzuki N, Nagata T, Aoki M, Mizusawa H, Tanaka K, Nishino I. P2.04 DMRV and GNE mutations: genotype–phenotype correlation in 100 Japanese patients. Neuromuscul Disord 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shimizu J, Hatanaka Y, Hasegawa M, Iwata A, Sugimoto I, Date H, Goto J, Shimizu T, Takatsu M, Sakurai Y, Nakase H, Uesaka Y, Hashida H, Hashimoto K, Komiya T, Tsuji S. IFNβ-1b may severely exacerbate Japanese optic-spinal MS in neuromyelitis optica spectrum. Neurology 2010; 75:1423-7. [PMID: 20826711 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f8832e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-β-1b (IFNβ-1b) has been used to prevent exacerbation of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) including optic-spinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS) in Japan. We encountered 2 patients with OSMS with unexpectedly severe exacerbation soon after the initiation of IFNβ-1b therapy. The experience urged us to retrospectively review the patients with RRMS who had been treated with IFNβ-1b to identify similar cases. METHODS At neurologic departments of 9 hospitals, the medical records of 56 patients with RRMS were reviewed to identify those who showed severe exacerbation soon after the initiation of IFNβ-1b therapy. RESULTS Of 56 patients with RRMS, we identified 7 who experienced severe exacerbation (exacerbation with increased scores of Expanded Disability Status Scale ≧7.0) within 90 days of the initiation of IFNβ-1b therapy. In all 7 patients, the exacerbations after the initiation of IFNβ-1b therapy were more severe than those experienced by the individual patients before the use of IFNβ-1b, and seemed to have occurred unexpectedly in a short time after the initiation of INFβ-1b therapy. A retrospective analysis revealed that all 7 patients had antibodies toward aquaporin 4, and the clinical features of all 7 patients after the exacerbation were consistent with those of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that IFNβ-1b may trigger severe exacerbation in patients with the NMO spectrum. In INFβ-1b therapy, cases in NMO spectrum should be carefully excluded.
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Lee K, Ikeo S, Kishimoto M, Shimizu J, Iwasaki T, Miyake Y, Yamada K. Use of a saline chaser to reduce the dose of contrast material for dynamic CT in cattle. Vet Rec 2010; 167:170-2. [PMID: 20675626 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effectiveness of a saline chaser in reducing the required dose of contrast material while carrying out dynamic CT scans in cattle, six clinically normal Holstein calves were subjected to CT scans of the head in a study using a crossover design. The calves were studied as three groups: group A received only contrast material (600 mgI/kg); group B received a 30 per cent lower dose of the same contrast material followed by 50 ml of saline solution; and group C received a 40 per cent lower dose of the same contrast material followed by 50 ml of saline solution. In all the animals, a power injector was used for administering the contrast material, with an injection rate of 4 ml/s and a pressure of 4.7 to 5.7 kg/cm(2). Attenuation values were obtained from the right and left maxillary arteries and dorsal sagittal sinus. There were no significant differences in the maximum enhancement value (MEV) of the maxillary arteries and dorsal sagittal sinus between groups A and B. The MEVs of the maxillary arteries and dorsal sagittal sinus in groups A and B were significantly greater than the MEV in group C (P<0.05). The use of a saline chaser allowed a 30 per cent reduction in the dose of contrast material without decreasing vascular enhancement.
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Horio Y, Ishikawa S, Yatabe Y, Shimizu J, Yoshida K, Fukui T, Ito S, Hasegawa Y, Mitsudomi T, Hida T. Clinical features in surgically treated patients with small cell lung cancer: Risk of brain metastasis and possible role of prophylactic cranial irradiation. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e17532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hida T, Takeda K, Daga H, Ishikawa S, Shimizu J, Tokunaga S, Horio Y, Ito K, Kobayashi K. A safety and tolerability study of vadimezan in combination with docetaxel in Japanese patients with advanced or recurrent solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lee K, Kishimoto M, Shimizu J, Iwasaki T, Miyake Y, Yamada K. Effect of a saline chaser for contrast enhancement of computed tomographic angiography in cattle. Vet Rec 2010; 166:137-9. [PMID: 20118470 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomographic angiography was performed on nine normal Holstein calves in a crossover method to investigate the effect of a saline chaser for enhancement of the maxillary arteries and dorsal sagittal sinus. One group was administered a contrast injection (600 mg iodine/kg at 4 ml/s) followed by 50 ml of a saline chaser at the same rate as the contrast material. The second group was administered a contrast injection without a saline chaser. Addition of the saline chaser to the contrast material resulted in a higher peak attenuation in the maxillary artery (244.45 +/- 36.19 v 202.20 +/- 27.07, P<0.05) and dorsal sagittal sinus (241.2 +/- 31.51 v 198.88 +/- 21.09, P<0.05). These results indicate that a contrast injection followed by saline chaser increased uptake in contrast-enhanced CT.
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Lee K, Yamada K, Tsuneda R, Kishimoto M, Shimizu J, Kobayashi Y, Furuoka H, Matsui T, Sasaki N, Ishii M, Inokuma H, Iwasaki T, Miyake Y. Clinical experience of using multidetector-row CT for the diagnosis of disorders in cattle. Vet Rec 2010; 165:559-62. [PMID: 19897870 DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.19.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To determine the clinical usefulness of multidetector-row CT for the diagnosis of disorders in cattle, images were obtained from 27 cattle, which were then subjected to postmortem and histopathological examinations. The cattle were divided into three categories of disorder: neurological (18 cases), skeletal (four cases) and other (five cases). In five cattle, which were suspected to have brain diseases, no abnormalities were identified by either CT or histopathological examination. Eight types of lesions were detected by CT in the cattle with neurological and vestibular disorders. The diseases diagnosed included hydrocephalus (three cases), intracranial arachnoid cysts (three cases), otitis media (five cases), cerebral abscess (one case), meningoencephalocele (one case), porencephaly (one case), bicephalus (one case) and rupture of the spinal cord (one case). Lesions were identified in all the cattle with skeletal disorders, including luxation (two cases), fracture (two cases), spondylosis (one case) and congenital disorders of the skeletal system (one case). Morphological disorders in the eyes (one case), nasal cavity (two cases), frontal sinuses (one case), thyroid glands (two cases), lung fields (two cases) and abdominal organs (two cases) were diagnosed by CT.
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Nakatani S, Mano H, Sampei C, Shimizu J, Wada M. Chondroprotective effect of the bioactive peptide prolyl-hydroxyproline in mouse articular cartilage in vitro and in vivo. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:1620-7. [PMID: 19615963 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the direct effect of prolyl-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) on chondrocytes under in vivo and in vitro conditions in an attempt to identify Pro-Hyp as the bioactive peptide in collagen hydrolysate (CH). METHODS The in vivo effects of CH and Pro-Hyp intake on articular cartilage were studied by microscopic examination of sections of dissected articular cartilage from treated C57BL/6J mice. In this study, mice that were fed diets containing excess phosphorus were used as an in vivo model. This mouse line showed loss of chondrocytes and reduced thickness of articular cartilage, with abnormality of the subchondral bone. The in vitro effects of CH, Pro-Hyp, amino acids and other peptides on proliferation, differentiation, glycosaminoglycan content and mineralization of chondrocytes were determined by MTT activity and staining with alkaline phosphatase, alcian blue and alizarin red. Expression of chondrogenesis-specific genes in ATDC5 cells was determined by semiquantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS In vivo, CH and Pro-Hyp inhibited the loss of chondrocytes and thinning of the articular cartilage layer caused by phosphorus-induced degradation. In the in vitro study, CH and Pro-Hyp did not affect chondrocyte proliferation but inhibited their differentiation into mineralized chondrocytes. A combination of amino acids such as proline, hydroxyproline and prolyl-hydroxyprolyl-glycine did not affect chondrocyte proliferation or differentiation. Moreover, CH and Pro-Hyp caused two and threefold increases, respectively, in the staining area of glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix of ATDC5 cells. RT-PCR indicated that Pro-Hyp increased the aggrecan mRNA level approximately twofold and decreased the Runx1 and osteocalcin mRNA levels by two-thirds and one-tenth, respectively. CONCLUSION Pro-Hyp is the first bioactive edible peptide derived from CH to be shown to affect chondrocyte differentiation under pathological conditions.
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Hashimoto M, Kowa H, Iwata A, Tsuji S, Shimizu J. G.P.16.05 Clinical and pathological features of myopathy associated with anti-signal recognition particle antibodies. Neuromuscul Disord 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.06.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shimizu J, Yamada K, Mochida K, Kato T, Muroya N, Teratani Y, Kishimoto M, Lee K, Iwasaki T, Miyake Y. Comparison of the diagnosis of intervertebral disc herniation in dogs by CT before and after contrast enhancement of the subarachnoid space. Vet Rec 2009; 165:200-2. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.7.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hida T, Ogawa S, Park J, Park J, Shimizu J, Horio Y, Yoshida K, Sekido Y. Chemosensitivity of newly established human malignant pleural mesothelioma cells: Significant growth inhibition by amrubicin, a novel 9-aminoanthracycline, or cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e19060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e19060 Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma is asbestos-related malignancy that is highly resistant to current therapeutic modalities. Survival of patients with malignant mesothelioma is very poor, especially in advanced stage, regardless of a recent advancement of chemotherapeutical modalities of combination with cisplatin and antifolate. Methods: Eleven cell lines derived from malignant mesothelioma were established in our laboratory. Chemosensitivity of these cell lines to nine chemotherapeutic drugs (cisplatin, vinorelbine, irinotecan, gemcitabine, pemetrexed, gefitinib, erlotinib, and amrubicin and its active in vivo substance, amrubicin-13-OH) and four cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors was tested by MTT assay. Results: Anti-cancer agents, cisplatin, vinorelbine, gemcitabine, gefitinib, or erlotinib, showed little growth inhibition, and pemetrexed and irinotecan showed modest growth inhibition in malignant mesothelioma cells, whereas amrubicin-13-OH showed strong growth inhibition. Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors inhibit proliferation of malignant mesothelioma cells in a dose-dependent manner: modest growth inhibition at clinically achievable low concentrations and complete growth inhibition at clinically achievable high concentrations by intrapleural instillation. In addition, enhanced growth suppression was obtained by using amrubicin-13-OH in combination with cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor. Conclusions: Our study suggests that amrubicin can inhibit proliferation of malignant mesothelioma cells. In addition, the use of a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor may be a promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of mesothelioma, because previous studies indicated the presence of increased cyclooxygenase 2 expression in malignant mesothelioma, which is notoriously resistant to chemotherapy. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Ishiura H, Matsuda S, Higashihara M, Hasegawa M, Hida A, Hanajima R, Yamamoto T, Shimizu J, Dalmau J, Tsuji S. Response of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis without tumor to immunotherapy including rituximab. Neurology 2009; 71:1921-3. [PMID: 19047564 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000336648.43562.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kawakami S, Sonoo M, Hatanaka Y, Tsukamoto H, Taji A, Kusunoki S, Chiba A, Shimizu J, Shimizu T. 78. The correlation between electrophysiological subgroups and antibodies in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang GX, Kimura S, Murao K, Shimizu J, Matsuyoshi H, Takaki M. Role of neuronal NO synthase in regulating vascular superoxide levels and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:389-99. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Kawahara K, Saito E, Matsushita S, Shimizu J, Ishida C, Takahara R, Hayano K, Chuhyang C, Murata K, Kinoshita M. P2.020 Bene.t of a music exercise program incorporating elocution with abdominal respiration in the elderly living in the community. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sakamoto H, Shimizu J, Horio Y, Ueda R, Takahashi T, Mitsudomi T, Yatabe Y. Disproportionate representation of KRAS gene mutation in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, but even distribution of EGFR gene mutation from preinvasive to invasive adenocarcinomas. J Pathol 2007; 212:287-94. [PMID: 17534846 DOI: 10.1002/path.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the resected lung, additional small lesions are occasionally found incidentally, and include the full spectrum of preinvasive to invasive lesions under the current putative schema of the sequential development of lung cancer. In this study, we examined EGFR and KRAS gene mutations in 119 synchronous pulmonary lesions, including 40 precursor lesions (atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, AAH), 26 carcinomas in situ (non-mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, BAC), 14 minimally invasive adenocarcinomas, 34 overt invasive adenocarcinomas, and five of other subtypes of cancer. Although the mutually exclusive nature of KRAS and EGFR gene mutations was maintained even in preinvasive lesions, the incidences of the lesions along the putative progression schema were quite different. The KRAS gene was mutated in 33% of AAH, 12% of carcinomas in situ, 8% of minimally invasive adenocarcinomas and 0% of well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, whereas the frequencies of EGFR mutation did not fluctuate greatly, at 25%, 51%, 36%, 86% and 67%, respectively. These results are consistent with the findings of a published gene-targeted mouse model; the mice expressing oncogenic KRAS developed AAH but not invasive adenocarcinoma, whereas a spectrum of preinvasive to invasive adenocarcinomas was observed in the mice expressing mutant EGFR. Taking these factors together, it is suggested that AAH could develop by either KRAS or EGFR gene mutation, but AAH harbouring a KRAS gene mutation might not progress further to an invasive cancer.
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