Documentation and quantitative analysis of the local knowledge on medicinal plants in Kalrayan hills of Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu, India

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The aim of the present study was to document the medicinal plants by the traditional medical practitioners from Kalrayan hills of Villupuram district in Tamil Nadu, India. Quantitatively analyses of the data were made to acquire some useful leads for further studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Successive free listing was the method adopted for the interview. In this study, 54 traditional healer medical practitioners were included and their knowledge on medicinal plants was gathered. The data were assessed with the help of two indices viz., informant consensus factor (Fic) and Informant Agreement on Remedies (IAR).

RESULTS

The present survey is in accordance with some of the aspects of our previous surveys. Regarding the demography of the informants, it exhibited unevenness in male-female ratio and majority of the informants were poorly educated. Practicing this system of medicine as part time job by majority of the informants might indicate the reduced social status of this medicinal system. The present study had recorded the usage of 81 species, which in turn yielded 1073 use reports. The major illness category 'aphrodisiac, hair care and endocrinal disorders' hold a high Fic values. Among the other illness categories, gastro-intestinal ailments, genito-urinary ailments and dermatological infection ailments have a high percentage of use reports. Eye ailments, general health, kapha ailments, psychological ailments and skeleton muscular system ailments were the other illness categories with high Fic values. Some of the claims viz., Argyrolobium roseum (aphrodisiac ailments), Rosa brunonii (eye ailments) Hibiscus surattensis (dermatological infections ailments), Bauhinia variegata (neurology Ailments), Cotinus coggygria (circulatory system/cardiovascular ailments) and Uvaria narum (gastro-intestinal ailments) which have relatively high consensus can be taken up for further biomedical studies, since no substantial studies have been conducted on them.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of our present study, we have highlighted some claims which are at high use in the study area but having little scientific support. Studies on such claims will provide scientific base to some extent which in turn will be useful to improve the health of indigenous people.

4-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dithiaheptanedioic acid

In the crystal of the title compound, C₁₁H₁₂O₅S₂, mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯O inter­actions, forming a three-dimensional network.

3-Isopropyl-2,6-bis-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C(22)H(27)NO(3), the piperidine ring adopts a slightly distorted chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 60.4 (1)°. In the crystal, the amino group forms a rather long N-H⋯O contact to a methoxy O atom. There are also C-H⋯O interactions present.

1-Formyl-c-3,t-3-dimethyl-r-2,c-6-di-phenyl-piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C(20)H(21)NO(2), the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The phenyl rings substituted at the 2- and 6-positions of the piperidine ring subtend angles of 86.0 (1) and 67.3 (1)° with the mean plane of the piperidine ring (all six non-H atoms). The crystal packing features C-H⋯O inter-actions.

Breast cancer survival in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1994-1996

The national cancer registry in Saudi Arabia has functioned since 1994, collecting population-based incidence data on malignant and in situ tumours. Cancer registration is carried out by both passive and active methods. The registry contributed data on survival from cancer of the breast registered in 1994-1996 from Riyadh province. Follow-up was carried out predominantly by active methods, and the median follow-up was 57 months. The proportion of cases with a histological confirmation of breast cancer diagnosis was almost 100%; there were no cases registered based on death certificate only (DCO); 93% of total cases registered were included in the survival analysis. Complete follow-up at five years was 80%. Relative survival rates at one, three and five years were 96%, 83% and 65%, respectively. Five-year age-standardized relative survival was 65%. Five-year relative survival by age group did not show any pattern and was fluctuating. Five-year absolute survival by extent of disease was localized (70%), regional (56%), distant metastasis (57%) and unknown (62%).

2-Meth-oxy-quinoline-3-carbaldehyde

In the title compound, C(11)H(9)NO(2), the quinoline ring system is essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.005 Å) and the meth-oxy and aldehyde groups are almost coplanar with it [N-C-O-C = 6.24 (19) and O-C-C-C = 0.3 (2)°]. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by pairs of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming centrosymmetric R(2) (2)(10) dimers. The dimers are linked via π-π inter-actions involving the pyridine and benzene rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.639 (1) Å].

8-Methoxy-3,3,5-trimethyl-3,11-dihydropyrano[3,2-a]carbazole

In the title compound, C₁₉H₁₉NO₂, commonly called koenimbine, the pyran ring adopts a sofa conformation. The carbazole ring system is planar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.063 (1) Å]. A C(10) zigzag chain running along the b axis is formed through inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The chains are linked via weak C—H⋯π and N—H⋯π inter­actions.

1-Formyl-t-3,t-5-dimethyl-r-2,c-6-diphenyl-piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C₂₀H₂₁NO₂, the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The dihedral angle between the two phenyl rings is 61.33 (18)°. In the crystal, inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions link the mol­ecules into zigzag C(5) chains running parallel to [100].

1-Chloro-acetyl-2,6-bis-(2-chloro-phen-yl)-3,5-dimethyl-piperidin-4-one oxime

In the title compound, C(21)H(21)Cl(3)N(2)O(2), the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. One of the chloro-phenyl rings is almost perpendicular to the best plane through piperidine ring, making a dihedral angle of 88.7 (1)°, whereas the other ring is twisted by 71.8 (1)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter-molecular C-H⋯O, C-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯O inter-actions.

1-Dichloro-acetyl-r-2,c-6-bis-(4-methoxy-phen-yl)-t-3-methyl-piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C(22)H(23)Cl(2)NO(4), the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The meth-oxy groups lie in the plane of the benzene rings to which they are attached. The benzene rings are oriented at angles of 84.3 (1) and 76.8 (1)° with respect to the best plane through the piperidine ring. The crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular C-H⋯O inter-actions.

1-Acetyl-t-3-ethyl-r-2,c-6-bis-(4-methoxy-phen-yl)piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C(23)H(27)NO(4), the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The meth-oxy groups lie in the plane of benzene rings to which they are attached [maximum deviations of 0.014 (3) and 0.007 (3) Å]. The benzene rings are oriented at angles of 67.2 (1) and 87.0 (1)° with respect to the best plane through the four co-planar atoms of the piperidine ring.

1-Chloro-acetyl-3-isopropyl-r-2,c-6-diphenyl-piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C(22)H(24)ClNO(2), the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The dihedral angle between the two phenyl rings is 83.2 (1)°. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked into chains running along the b axis by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The Cl atom of the chloro-acetyl group is disordered over two positions with occupancies of 0.66 (2) and 0.34 (2).

(E)-3-(4-Bromo-phen-yl)-3-[3-(4-bromo-phen-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]prop-2-enal

There are two crystallographically independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C₁₈H₁₂Br₂N₂O. In each mol­ecule, one of the bromo­phenyl rings lies almost in the plane of pyrazole unit [dihedral angles of 5.8 (3)° in the first mol­ecule and and 5.1 (3)° in the second] while the other ring is approximately perpendicular to it [dihedral angles of 80.3 (3) and 76.5 (3)°]. The crystal packing shows inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions. The crystal studied was a racemic twin.

1-Dichloro-acetyl-r-2,c-6-bis-(4-methoxy-phen-yl)-t-3,t-5-dimethyl-piperidin-4-one

In the title compound, C₂₃H₂₅Cl₂NO₄, the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 54.8 (1)°. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to the ab plane by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Chloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)(4-methyl-aniline)cobalt(III) dichloride monohydrate

In the title compound, [CoCl(C(2)H(8)N(2))(2)(C(7)H(9)N)]Cl(2)·H(2)O, the Co(III) ion has a distorted octa-hedral coordination environment and is surrounded by four N atoms in an equatorial plane, with the other N and Cl atoms occupying the axial positions. The crystal packing is stabilized by N-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯Cl inter-actions.

1-Chloro-acetyl-r-2,c-6-bis-(4-methoxy-phen-yl)-t-3-methyl-piperidin-4-one

There are two crystallographically independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(22)H(24)ClNO(4). The piperidine ring in both mol-ecules adopts a distorted boat conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯Cl inter-actions.

c-3,t-3-Dimethyl-r-2,c-7-diphenyl-1,4-diazepan-5-one

In the title compound, C₁₉H₂₂N₂O, the diazepine ring adopts a distorted chair conformation. One of the N—H groups forms an inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond generating an R₂²(8) graph-set motif. The other N—H group does not form a hydrogen bond.