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Yagisawa M, Nakamura M, Muranaka T, Kawamoto Y, Nakatsumi H, Yuki S, Sasaki T, Meguro T, Dazai M, Ishiguro A, Eto K, Harada K, Kobayashi Y, Miyagishima T, Iwanaga I, Uebayashi M, Hatanaka K, Sakamoto N, Sakata Y, Komatsu Y. Multicenter prospective cohort study to evaluate of eye disorder induced by chemotherapy including S-1 (EyeDropS study/HGCSG1604). Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx388.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yuki S, Komatsu Y, Yagisawa M, Tsuji Y, Harada K, Hatanaka K, Okuda H, Hosokawa A, Ogawa K, Furukawa K, Minami S, Ishiguro A, Honda T, Ohta T, Dazai M, Eto K, Sasaki T, Nakajima J, Sakamoto N, Sakata Y. A retrospective cohort study evaluating the safety and efficacy of TAS-102 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer [HGCSG1503]: Updated analysis. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx393.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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53
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Watanabe N, Nogawa M, Ishiguro M, Maruyama H, Shiba M, Satake M, Eto K, Handa M. Refined methods to evaluate the in vivo hemostatic function and viability of transfused human platelets in rabbit models. Transfusion 2017; 57:2035-2044. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sasaki T, Yuki S, Kawamoto Y, Harada K, Meguro T, Miyagishima T, Nakamura M, Sato A, Iwanaga I, Tateyama M, Hatanaka K, Eto K, Okuda H, Muto O, Abe M, Oba A, Kato S, Miyashita K, Sakata Y, Komatsu Y. 190P Observational cohort study of 1st line bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer (HGCSG0802): Sub-group analysis by the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS). Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0923-7534(21)00348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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55
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Ando T, Yuki S, Nakatsumi H, Muranaka T, Hosokawa A, Tsuji Y, Nakamura M, Muto O, Sasaki T, Iwanaga I, Hatanaka K, Sato A, Eto K, Furukawa K, Tateyama M, Takahashi Y, Sogabe S, Honda T, Sakata Y, Komatsu Y. 172PD Final analysis: Phase II trial of irinotecan/S-1/cetuximab (IRIS/Cet) as second line treatment in patients with KRAS exon2 wild type metastatic colorectal cancer: HGCSG0902. Comparison of administration interval in cetuximab treatment. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw581.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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56
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Sasaki T, Yuki S, Kawamoto Y, Harada K, Meguro T, Miyagishima T, Nakamura M, Sato A, Iwanaga I, Tateyama M, Hatanaka K, Eto K, Okuda H, Muto O, Abe M, Oba A, Kato S, Miyashita K, Sakata Y, Komatsu Y. 190P Observational cohort study of 1st line bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer (HGCSG0802): Sub-group analysis by the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS). Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw581.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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57
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Hirata S, Murata T, Suzuki D, Nakamura S, Jono‐Ohnishi R, Hirose H, Sawaguchi A, Nishimura S, Sugimoto N, Eto K. Selective Inhibition of ADAM17 Efficiently Mediates Glycoprotein Ibα Retention During Ex Vivo Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Platelets. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:720-730. [PMID: 28297575 PMCID: PMC5442763 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor‐independent platelet concentrates for transfusion can be produced in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, culture at 37°C induces ectodomain shedding on platelets of glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα), the von Willebrand factor receptor critical for adhesive function and platelet lifetime in vivo, through temperature‐dependent activation of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). The shedding can be suppressed by using inhibitors of panmetalloproteinases and possibly of the upstream regulator p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), but residues of these inhibitors in the final platelet products may be accompanied by harmful risks that prevent clinical application. Here, we optimized the culture conditions for generating human iPSC‐derived GPIbα+ platelets, focusing on culture temperature and additives, by comparing a new and safe selective ADAM17 inhibitor, KP‐457, with previous inhibitors. Because cultivation at 24°C (at which conventional platelet concentrates are stored) markedly diminished the yield of platelets with high expression of platelet receptors, 37°C was requisite for normal platelet production from iPSCs. KP‐457 blocked GPIbα shedding from iPSC platelets at a lower half‐maximal inhibitory concentration than panmetalloproteinase inhibitor GM‐6001, whereas p38 MAPK inhibitors did not. iPSC platelets generated in the presence of KP‐457 exhibited improved GPIbα‐dependent aggregation not inferior to human fresh platelets. A thrombus formation model using immunodeficient mice after platelet transfusion revealed that iPSC platelets generated with KP‐457 exerted better hemostatic function in vivo. Our findings suggest that KP‐457, unlike GM‐6001 or p38 MAPK inhibitors, effectively enhances the production of functional human iPSC‐derived platelets at 37°C, which is an important step toward their clinical application. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:720–730
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Karagiannis P, Eto K. Ten years of induced pluripotency: from basic mechanisms to therapeutic applications. Development 2016; 143:2039-43. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.138172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ten years ago, the discovery that mature somatic cells could be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) redefined the stem cell field and brought about a wealth of opportunities for both basic research and clinical applications. To celebrate the tenth anniversary of the discovery, the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) and Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, together held the symposium ‘Pluripotency: From Basic Science to Therapeutic Applications’ in Kyoto, Japan. The three days of lectures examined both the mechanisms and therapeutic applications of iPSC reprogramming. Here we summarize the main findings reported, which are testament to how far the field has come in only a decade, as well as the enormous potential that iPSCs hold for the future.
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Yuki S, Komatsu Y, Nakatsumi H, Kawamoto Y, Muranaka T, Sawada K, Tsuji Y, Hosokawa A, Nakamura M, Muto O, Sasaki T, Iwanaga I, Hatanaka K, Sato A, Eto K, Furukawa K, Tateyama M, Takahashi Y, Sogabe S, Honda T, Sakamoto N, Sakata Y. P-147 Final analysis: phase II trial of Irinotecan/S-1/cetuximab (IRIS/Cet) as second line treatment in patients with KRAS exon2 wild type mCRC: HGCSG0902. -comparison of administration interval in cetuximab treatment. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw199.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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60
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Miyagishima T, Yuki S, Nakatsumi H, Kawamoto Y, Muranaka T, Sawada K, Kobayashi Y, Sasaki T, Nakamura M, Sato A, Iwanaga I, Tateyama M, Hatanaka K, Eto K, Okuda H, Muto O, Abe M, Oba A, Kato S, Miyashita K, Sakata Y, Komatsu Y. P-152 Observational Cohort Study of 1st line Bevacizumab Combined with Chemotherapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (HGCSG0802): Sub-group Analysis by the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS). Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw199.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Suzuki D, Eto K. [Progress towards development of a platelet transfusion product employing iPS cells]. [RINSHO KETSUEKI] THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY 2016; 57:308-14. [PMID: 27076243 DOI: 10.11406/rinketsu.57.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Platelet transfusion is indispensable for current medical treatments of hematological disorders. However, alternative platelet sources are urgently needed due to the inadequate donor blood supply, particularly of HLA/HPA-matched platelets. The advent of 'iPS cell (iPSC) technology' was considered in light of this problem, which yielded the idea of iPSC-derived platelet production. The safety of iPSC-derived cell therapy is critical, but platelets can be gamma-irradiated prior to their use. Thus, there is an advantage in terms of clinical application. The remaining developmental aim of the in vitro iPSC-derived platelet generation process is to further scale up industrialized culture and production for the packaging of washed-type platelet concentrates, and a laboratory scale production system has already been optimized in preparation for meeting this goal.
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Saito T, Yano F, Mori D, Kawata M, Hoshi K, Takato T, Masaki H, Otsu M, Eto K, Nakauchi H, Chung UI, Tanaka S. Hyaline cartilage formation and tumorigenesis of implanted tissues derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomed Res 2016; 36:179-86. [PMID: 26106047 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.36.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising cell source for cartilage regenerative medicine. Meanwhile, the risk of tumorigenesis should be considered in the clinical application of human iPSCs (hiPSCs). Here, we report in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of hiPSCs and maturation of the differentiated hiPSCs through transplantation into mouse knee joints. Three hiPSC clones showed efficient chondrogenic differentiation using an established protocol for human embryonic stem cells. The differentiated hiPSCs formed hyaline cartilage tissues at 8 weeks after transplantation into the articular cartilage of NOD/SCID mouse knee joints. Although tumors were not observed during the 8 weeks after transplantation, an immature teratoma had developed in one mouse at 16 weeks. In conclusion, hiPSCs are a potent cell source for regeneration of hyaline articular cartilage. However, the risk of tumorigenesis should be managed for clinical application in the future.
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Hosokawa A, Yuki S, Kawamoto Y, Ando T, Muto O, Nakamura M, Kato T, Iwanaga I, Hatanaka K, Tsuji Y, Sato A, Eto K, Furukawa K, Okuda H, Hayashi H, Fujikawa K, Kudo M, Honda T, Sakata Y, Komatsu Y. 162P Updated analysis: Phase II trial of irinotecan plus S-1 (IRIS) with cetuximab (IRIS/Cet) in pre-treated patients with KRAS wild type metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): HGCSG0902. Ann Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv523.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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64
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Dazai M, Yuki S, Muranaka T, Yoshida S, Ohta Y, Hatanaka K, Tsuji Y, Ohta T, Sato A, Eto K, Onodera K, Sato Y, Kato K, Nakamura M, Muto O, Ishiguro A, Tateyama M, Okuda H, Sakata Y, Komatsu Y. 158P A retrospective cohort study evaluating the safety and efficacy of regorafenib in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer; The HGCSG1401 study -first report. Ann Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv523.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Komatsu Y, Yuki S, Nakatsumi H, Sawada K, Hatanaka K, Kato T, Meguro T, Nakamura M, Iwanaga I, Uebayashi M, Tateyama M, Eto K, Kudo M, Kato K, Okuda H, Sogabe S, Miyagishima T, Miyashita K, Sakamoto N, Sakata Y. 172P Updated analysis: observational cohort study of 1st line bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer (HGCSG0802): Comparison of infusional FU/oxaliplatin (OX) + BV and oral FU/OX + BV. Ann Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv523.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Fujii T, Sakata A, Nishimura S, Eto K, Nagata S. TMEM16F is required for phosphatidylserine exposure and microparticle release in activated mouse platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12800-5. [PMID: 26417084 PMCID: PMC4611630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516594112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure on the surface of activated platelets requires the action of a phospholipid scramblase(s), and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of the tenase and prothrombinase complexes involved in blood coagulation. Here, we found that the activation of mouse platelets with thrombin/collagen or Ca(2+) ionophore at 20 °C induces PtdSer exposure without compromising plasma membrane integrity. Among five transmembrane protein 16 (TMEM16) members that support Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid scrambling, TMEM16F was the only one that showed high expression in mouse platelets. Platelets from platelet-specific TMEM16F-deficient mice exhibited defects in activation-induced PtdSer exposure and microparticle shedding, although α-granule and dense granule release remained intact. The rate of tissue factor-induced thrombin generation by TMEM16F-deficient platelets was severely reduced, whereas thrombin-induced clot retraction was unaffected. The imaging of laser-induced thrombus formation in whole animals showed that PtdSer exposure on aggregated platelets was TMEM16F-dependent in vivo. The phenotypes of the platelet-specific TMEM16F-null mice resemble those of patients with Scott syndrome, a mild bleeding disorder, indicating that these mice may provide a useful model for human Scott syndrome.
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Nakatsumi H, Yuki S, Kawamoto Y, Muranaka T, Hatanaka K, Kato T, Meguro T, Nakamura M, Iwanaga I, Uebayashi M, Tateyama M, Eto K, Kudo M, Kato S, Okuda H, Sogabe S, Miyashita K, Sakata Y, Sakamoto N, Komatsu Y. 2092 Updated analysis: Observational cohort study of 1st line bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer (HGCSG0802): Comparison of infusional FU/oxaliplatin(OX)+BV and oral FU/OX+BV. Eur J Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)31014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nakamura M, Yuki S, Nakatsumi H, Muto O, Hosokawa A, Kato T, Iwanaga I, Hatanaka K, Tsuji Y, Sato A, Eto K, Furukawa K, Okuda H, Onodera M, Fujikawa K, Kudo M, Yokoyama S, Honda T, Sakata Y, Komatsu Y. 2096 Phase II trial of Irinotecan plus S-1 (IRIS) with Cetuximab (IRIS/Cet) in pre-treated patients with KRAS wild type of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): HGCSG0902 updated analysis. Eur J Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)31018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nishimura S, Nagasaki M, Kunishima S, Sawaguchi A, Sakata A, Sakaguchi H, Ohmori T, Manabe I, Italiano JE, Ryu T, Takayama N, Komuro I, Kadowaki T, Eto K, Nagai R. IL-1α induces thrombopoiesis through megakaryocyte rupture in response to acute platelet needs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:453-66. [PMID: 25963822 PMCID: PMC4427781 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201410052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An alternative pathway triggering enhanced platelet release from bone marrow megakaryocytes via a rupture-based mechanism is regulated by IL-1α in response to acute platelet requirements. Intravital visualization of thrombopoiesis revealed that formation of proplatelets, which are cytoplasmic protrusions in bone marrow megakaryocytes (MKs), is dominant in the steady state. However, it was unclear whether this is the only path to platelet biogenesis. We have identified an alternative MK rupture, which entails rapid cytoplasmic fragmentation and release of much larger numbers of platelets, primarily into blood vessels, which is morphologically and temporally different than typical FasL-induced apoptosis. Serum levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1α were acutely elevated after platelet loss or administration of an inflammatory stimulus to mice, whereas the MK-regulator thrombopoietin (TPO) was not elevated. Moreover, IL-1α administration rapidly induced MK rupture–dependent thrombopoiesis and increased platelet counts. IL-1α–IL-1R1 signaling activated caspase-3, which reduced plasma membrane stability and appeared to inhibit regulated tubulin expression and proplatelet formation, and ultimately led to MK rupture. Collectively, it appears the balance between TPO and IL-1α determines the MK cellular programming for thrombopoiesis in response to acute and chronic platelet needs.
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Hatanaka K, Yuki S, Nakatsumi H, Hosokawa A, Nakamura M, Muto O, Meguro T, Iwanaga I, Tsuji Y, Sato A, Eto K, Furukawa K, Onodera M, Tateyama M, Takahashi Y, Dazai M, Yokoyama S, Honda T, Okuda H, Kudo M, Sakata Y, Komatsu Y. P-269 Phase II trial of Irinotecan/S-1 (IRIS) with Cetuximab (IRIS/Cet) as second line treatment in patients with KRAS WT metastatic colorectal cancer: HGCSG0902. -Comparison of administration interval in Cetuximab treatment. Ann Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv233.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Historically, platelet transfusion has proven a reliable way to treat patients suffering from thrombocytopenia or similar ailments. An undersupply of donors, however, has demanded alternative platelet sources. Scientists have therefore sought to recapitulate the biological events that convert hematopoietic stem cells into platelets in the laboratory. Such platelets have shown good function and potential for treatment. Yet the number manufactured ex vivo falls well short of clinical application. Part of the reason is the remarkable gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving platelet formation. Using several stem cell sources, scientists have progressively clarified the chemical signaling and physical microenvironment that optimize ex vivo platelets and reconstituted them in synthetic environments. Key advances in cell reprogramming and the ability to propagate self-renewal have extended the lifetime of megakaryocytes to increase the pool of platelet progenitors.
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Yuki S, Komatsu Y, Muranaka T, Yoshida S, Ohta Y, Hatanaka K, Tsuji Y, Kawamoto Y, Yoshizaki K, Sato A, Eto K, Onodera K, Kato S, Nakamura M, Muto O, Abe M, Sato Y, Ishiguro A, Tateyama M, Okuda H, Sakamoto N, Sakata Y. P-271 Retrospective Cohort Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Regorafenib for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients: The HGCSG1401 Study -First Report-. Ann Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv233.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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73
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Nishimura S, Nagasaki M, Kunishima S, Sawaguchi A, Sakata A, Sakaguchi H, Ohmori T, Manabe I, Italiano JE, Ryu T, Takayama N, Komuro I, Kadowaki T, Eto K, Nagai R. IL-1[alpha] induces thrombopoiesis through megakaryocyte rupture in response to acute platelet needs. J Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1084/jem.2125oia27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Nishimura S, Nagasaki M, Okudaira S, Aoki J, Ohmori T, Ohkawa R, Nakamura K, Igarashi K, Yamashita H, Eto K, Uno K, Hayashi N, Kadowaki T, Komuro I, Yatomi Y, Nagai R. ENPP2 contributes to adipose tissue expansion and insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity. Diabetes 2014; 63:4154-64. [PMID: 24969110 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Body weight is tightly regulated by food intake and energy dissipation, and obesity is related to decreased energy expenditure (EE). Herein, we show that nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2, autotaxin) is an adipose-derived, secreted enzyme that controls adipose expansion, brown adipose tissue (BAT) function, and EE. In mice, Enpp2 was highly expressed in visceral white adipose tissue and BAT and is downregulated in hypertrophied adipocytes/adipose tissue. Enpp2(+/-) mice and adipocyte-specific Enpp2 knockout mice fed a high-fat diet showed smaller body weight gains and less insulin resistance than control mice fed the same diet. BAT was functionally more active and EE was increased in Enpp2-deficient mice. In humans, ENPP2 expression in subcutaneous fat and ENPP2 levels in serum were reduced in obese subjects. Taken together, our results establish ENPP2 as an adipose-derived, secreted enzyme that regulates adipose obesity and systemic metabolism. They also suggest ENPP2 could be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Shiomi Y, Nomura K, Kajiwara Y, Eto K, Novak M, Segawa K, Ando Y, Saitoh E. Spin-electricity conversion induced by spin injection into topological insulators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:196601. [PMID: 25415913 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.196601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report successful spin injection into the surface states of topological insulators by using a spin pumping technique. By measuring the voltage that shows up across the samples as a result of spin pumping, we demonstrate that a spin-electricity conversion effect takes place in the surface states of bulk-insulating topological insulators Bi(1.5)Sb(0.5)Te(1.7)Se(1.3) and Sn-doped Bi(2)Te(2)Se. In this process, the injected spins are converted into a charge current along the Hall direction due to the spin-momentum locking on the surface state.
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