Neuropsychological differences between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and control children and adolescents referred for academic impairment

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performances of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with a group of control comparison subjects, both taken from a large clinical sample, using some of the most widely employed attention-based Brazilian tests. METHOD: The performances of 186 children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were compared to that of 80 control individuals based on attention and working memory scores. Both groups had been referred due to academic impairment. All individuals were submitted to the TAVIS-3 sustained, shifted and focused attention tests, as well as to the working memory tests that make up the WISC-III Freedom from Distractibility Index (Digit Span and Arithmetic). RESULTS: The control group was slightly older than the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group (p = 0.07); IQ and schooling did not differ between groups (p = 0.34 and p = 0.38, respectively). While performing a test requiring sustained attention for a longer period of time, the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group showed a significantly higher number of commission errors compared to the controls, thus presenting sustained attention deficits (p = 0.003); when the influence of IQ, age and schooling was reduced, the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group also made more omission errors during a sustained attention task in comparison to the control group, thus achieving a borderline significance level (p = 0.08); the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group also performed worse in Digit Span forward and backward (p = 0.013 and p = 0.01, respectively) and in Arithmetic (p = 0.008). Other scores did not achieve significance. CONCLUSION : Our findings suggest that some of the most commonly used Brazilian attention-based tests - especially the sustained attention and working memory tests - may be useful to help distinguish subjects with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from control subjects.

Suicide behavior and neuropsychological assessment of type I bipolar patients

BACKGROUND

Neuropsychological deficits are often described in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Some symptoms and/or associated characteristics of BD can be more closely associated to those cognitive impairments. We aimed to explore cognitive neuropsychological characteristics of type I bipolar patients (BPI) in terms of lifetime suicide attempt history.

METHOD

We studied 39 BPI outpatients compared with 53 healthy controls (HC) matched by age, educational and intellectual level. All subjects were submitted to a neuropsychological assessment of executive functions, decision-making and declarative episodic memory.

RESULTS

When comparing BDI patients, regardless of suicide attempt history or HC, we observed that bipolar patients performed worse than controls on measures of memory, attention, executive functions and decision-making. Patients with a history of suicide attempt performed worse than non-attempters on measures of decision-making and there were a significant negative correlation between the number of suicide attempts and decision-making results (block 3 and net score). We also found significant positive correlation between the number of suicide attempts and amount of errors in Stroop Color Word Test (part 3).

LIMITATIONS

The sample studied can be considered small and a potentially confounding variable - medication status - were not controlled.

CONCLUSION

Our results show the presence of neuropsychological deficits in memory, executive functions, attention and decision-making in BPI patients. Suicide attempts BPI scored worse than non-suicide attempt BPI on measures of decision-making. More suicide attempts were associated with a worse decision-making process. Future research should explore the relationship between the association between this specific cognitive deficits in BPIs, serotonergic function and suicide behavior in bipolar patients as well other diagnostic groups.

Emprego de metilfenidato para o tratamento de déficit cognitivo em paciente com seqüela de traumatismo cranioencefálico

O traumatismo craniencefálico (TCE) é a principal causa de morte e deficiência em jovens. Déficits da atenção e das funções executivas são freqüentemente relatados após comprometimentos do córtex pré-frontal. Os autores relatam um caso de emprego do metilfenidato para o tratamento de alterações cognitivas em paciente com cerca de dois anos de evolução pós-TCE. Com dois meses de tratamento, o paciente relatou melhora significativa de suas dificuldades cognitivas, com maior poder de concentração na leitura, melhor capacidade de manter a atenção em conversas e filmes, além de redução do número de vezes em que perdia objetos. Como efeito colateral, houve um pequeno aumento da irritabilidade nas primeiras duas semanas de tratamento. Ao exame neuropsicológico, constatou-se melhora substancial nas medidas de velocidade de processamento, nos erros por omissão e nos erros por comissão.