Health psychology - the challenge for nurses

It has become increasingly recognised that there are significant psychological dimensions to health and health care, and the whole field of health related psychology is expanding rapidly as a distinct discipline. The field of health psychology encompasses any activity of psychology relating to any aspect of health, illness, the health care system or health policy formation.

Effect of socioeconomic status on survival from cervical cancer in Sheffield

The relation between age at registration, socioeconomic status, and survival from cervical cancer for women resident in Sheffield was examined using the 556 such cases registered with the Trent Cancer Registry from 1971 to 1984. The address and electoral ward at registration were used to categorize the socioeconomic status of 99% of the women. Five year survival for all cases was 49%, increasing age having a predictable deleterious effect. Socioeconomic status seemed to have little effect on survival, especially when the covarying effect of age had been taken into account. It is hypothesised that the survival inequalities for cervical cancer demonstrated elsewhere have largely been prevented in Sheffield by good access to effective treatment from the National Health Service.

Bacteria on blood films

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The Ethiopia applied nutrition project

The British projects conducted in Ethiopia under the auspices of the I. B. P. have collected a vast amount of information concerning the peoples in Begemedir province, a highland area. This background served well as baseline data to establish the value of an applied nutrition project covering a broad range of activities. In the project township, Debarek, a polyclinic was introduced. Special attention was given to nutrition education for the under-fives by using several approaches. Other activities included nutrition education in the school and polyclinic, investigations into treatment of goitre and vitamin A deficiency, market garden schemes and improvements in poultry keeping. The only input in the control town Adi Arkai was a polyclinic set up by the Ethiopian Ministry of Health. Information about Debarek (the target community) and Adi Arkai (control) was also obtained from government statistics and surveys carried out by the Gondar Public Health College in 1968. The Project carried out censuses in 1970 and again in 1972. The evidence collected in the two communities over this period, while insufficient to establish any long-term trend, showed clearly a similar population structure. The most marked characteristics were the imbalance in the sex-ratio (67 males per 100 females Debarek, 86/100 in Adi Arkai) which reflected mobility, and the employment of about 80 % of the labour force in the tertiary or service sector, which reflected the economic function of the towns. On the other hand, religious groupings appeared to be remarkably stable and were an important aspect of the pattern of authority in the community. The monitoring of births and deaths during the Project gave accurate data for the first time. Crude birth rates in Debarek and Adi Arkai were 42 and 50 per thousand, crude death rates 19 and 35 per thousand, and infant mortality rates 229 and 198 per thousand live births respectively. A number of indicators of nutritional status were employed. Within a stratified sample of families three-day individual food intakes were measured on six occasions during 1969 and again at the conclusion of the Project in 1972. Energy intakes were consistently low, being about 70 % of the 1973 F. A. O./W. H. O. recommendations. Measurements made on these families, and on schoolchildren, of height, mass, skinfold thickness and arm circumference demonstrated that the people are small and underweight, with very little body fat. Clinical examinations revealed few overt signs of nutritional deficiencies, except for vitamin A and goitre. Evaluation was achieved by comparing anthropometric, mortality, and morbidity data from the Project and control towns. The most significant changes observed in the Project town were a 38 % reduction in the infant mortality rate, an improvement in the mass for age data for under-fives, and a reduction in the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and goitre. Assessment of nutritional knowledge, its application, and effectiveness was attempted on selected groups. The achievements and failures of applied nutrition programmes are discussed in relation to the underlying economic basis of malnutrition, i.e. poverty.