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Morin PO, Bura T, Sun B, Gorelsky SI, Li Y, Leclerc M. Conjugated Polymers à la Carte from Time-Controlled Direct (Hetero)Arylation Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:21-24. [PMID: 35596391 DOI: 10.1021/mz500656g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) shows great promise for simple, cheap, and environmentally benign preparation of conjugated polymers, but seems to involve a lack of selectivity when different aromatic C-H bonds are present. We report that some time-controlled DHAP reactions can yield well-defined and processable semiconducting polymers. Following these procedures, various aromatic compounds have been efficiently polymerized, including 2,7-dibromofluorene, 2,7-dibromocarbazole, 1,4-dibromobenzene, bithiophene, dithienyl-benzothiadiazole, and diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives. All resulting polymers have shown comparable, if not slightly better, properties than their Stille- and Suzuki-synthesized analogs. These findings (re)open the door for the low-cost production of many conjugated polymers for plastic electronics.
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52
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Pouliot JR, Sun B, Leduc M, Najari A, Li Y, Leclerc M. A high mobility DPP-based polymer obtained via direct (hetero)arylation polymerization. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many diketopyrrolopyrrole-based (DPP) polymers have shown remarkable transport properties and to fabricate cost efficient materials, the new direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) could become a valuable tool.
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53
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Allard N, Zindy N, Morin PO, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ, Leclerc M. Synthesis, characterization and device optimisation of new poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-alt-thieno[3,4-d]thiazole) derivatives for solar cell applications. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New alternating copolymers based on benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]-dithiophene and thieno[3,4-d]thiazole derivatives have been synthesized and their optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties were studied.
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Jaoui D, Mat D, Le Feunteun S, Beaumont M, Blachier F, Souchon I, Michon C, Leclerc M. P184: Transition nutritionnelle, microbiote et santé : dégradation de protéines alimentaires par des espèces dominantes du microbiote intestinal humain. NUTR CLIN METAB 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0985-0562(14)70826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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55
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Schelings V, Taxhet A, Derome S, Dumont P, Frédéric O, Habsch I, Brankart M, Gallo M, Halloy E, Leclerc M, Vanderheyden J. L’enfant et le milieu aquatique : la découverte ludique des sensations d’appuis sans utilisation automatique de matériel de flottaison. Sci Sports 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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56
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Baran D, Li N, Breton AC, Osvet A, Ameri T, Leclerc M, Brabec CJ. Qualitative Analysis of Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells without Device Fabrication: An Elegant and Contactless Method. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10949-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ja503134j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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57
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58
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Jo J, Pouliot JR, Wynands D, Collins SD, Kim JY, Nguyen TL, Woo HY, Sun Y, Leclerc M, Heeger AJ. Enhanced efficiency of single and tandem organic solar cells incorporating a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based low-bandgap polymer by utilizing combined ZnO/polyelectrolyte electron-transport layers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4783-4788. [PMID: 23847037 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Power conversion efficiency up to 8.6% is achieved for a solution-processed tandem solar cell based on a diketopyrrolopyrrole-containing polymer as the low-bandgap material after using a thin polyelectrolyte layer to modify the electron-transport ZnO layers, indicating that interfacial engineering is a useful approach to further enhancing the efficiency of tandem organic solar cells.
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Ouattara MP, Lenfant S, Vuillaume D, Pézolet M, Rioux-Dubé JF, Brisson J, Leclerc M. Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Amphiphilic Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-Based Alternating Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401030m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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60
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Mercier LG, Leclerc M. Direct (hetero)arylation: a new tool for polymer chemists. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:1597-605. [PMID: 23544354 DOI: 10.1021/ar3003305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of aryl halides with catalytically activated aryl C-H bonds provides a desirable and atom-economical alternative to standard cross-coupling reactions for the construction of new C-C bonds. The reaction, termed direct (hetero)arylation, is believed to follow a base-assisted, concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) pathway. During this process, carboxylate or carbonate anions coordinate to the metal center, typically palladium, in situ and assist in the deprotonation transition state. Researchers have employed this methodology with numerous arenes and heteroarenes, including substituted benzenes, perfluorinated benzenes, and thiophenes. Thiophene substrates have demonstrated high reactivity toward C-H bond activation when appropriately substituted with electron-rich and/or electron-deficient groups. Because of the pervasive use of thiophenes in materials for organic electronics, researchers have used this chemistry to modularly prepare conjugated small molecules and, more recently, conjugated polymers. Although optimization of reaction conditions such as solvent system, phosphine ligand, carboxylate additives, temperature, and time is necessary for efficient C-H bond reactivity of each monomer, direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) can afford high yielding polymeric materials with elevated molecular weights. The properties of these materials often rival those of polymers prepared by traditional methods. Moreover, DHAP provides a facile means for the synthesis of polymers that were previously inaccessible or difficult to prepare due to the instability of organometallic monomers. The major downfall of direct (hetero)arylation, however, is the lack of C-H bond selectivity, particularly for thiophene substrates, which can result in cross-linked material during polymerization reactions. Further fine-tuning of reaction conditions such as temperature and reaction time may suppress these unwanted side reactions. Alternatively, new monomers can be designed where other reactive bonds are blocked, either sterically or by substitution with unreactive alkyl or halogen groups. In this Account, we illustrate these methods and present examples of DHAP reactions that involve the preparation of common homopolymers used in organic electronics (P3HT, PEDOT, PProDOT), copolymers formed by activation of electron-rich (bithiophene, fused bithiophenes) and electron-deficient monomers (TPD, 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene, 2,2'-bithiazole). Our group is optimizing these reactions and developing ways to make DHAP a common atom-economical synthetic tool for polymer chemists.
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61
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Niklas J, Mardis KL, Banks BP, Grooms GM, Sperlich A, Dyakonov V, Beaupré S, Leclerc M, Xu T, Yu L, Poluektov OG. Highly-efficient charge separation and polaron delocalization in polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunctions: a comparative multi-frequency EPR and DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:9562-74. [PMID: 23670645 PMCID: PMC4985177 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51477c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing depletion of fossil fuels has led to an intensive search for additional renewable energy sources. Solar-based technologies could provide sufficient energy to satisfy the global economic demands in the near future. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are the most promising man-made devices for direct solar energy utilization. Understanding the charge separation and charge transport in PV materials at a molecular level is crucial for improving the efficiency of the solar cells. Here, we use light-induced EPR spectroscopy combined with DFT calculations to study the electronic structure of charge separated states in blends of polymers (P3HT, PCDTBT, and PTB7) and fullerene derivatives (C60-PCBM and C70-PCBM). Solar cells made with the same composites as active layers show power conversion efficiencies of 3.3% (P3HT), 6.1% (PCDTBT), and 7.3% (PTB7), respectively. Upon illumination of these composites, two paramagnetic species are formed due to photo-induced electron transfer between the conjugated polymer and the fullerene. They are the positive, P(+), and negative, P(-), polarons on the polymer backbone and fullerene cage, respectively, and correspond to radical cations and radical anions. Using the high spectral resolution of high-frequency EPR (130 GHz), the EPR spectra of these species were resolved and principal components of the g-tensors were assigned. Light-induced pulsed ENDOR spectroscopy allowed the determination of (1)H hyperfine coupling constants of photogenerated positive and negative polarons. The experimental results obtained for the different polymer-fullerene composites have been compared with DFT calculations, revealing that in all three systems the positive polaron is distributed over distances of 40-60 Å on the polymer chain. This corresponds to about 15 thiophene units for P3HT, approximately three units for PCDTBT, and about three to four units for PTB7. No spin density delocalization between neighboring fullerene molecules was detected by EPR. Strong delocalization of the positive polaron on the polymer donor is an important reason for the efficient charge separation in bulk heterojunction systems as it minimizes the wasteful process of charge recombination. The combination of advanced EPR spectroscopy and DFT is a powerful approach for investigation of light-induced charge dynamics in organic photovoltaic materials.
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Plante MP, Bérubé E, Bissonnette L, Bergeron MG, Leclerc M. Polythiophene biosensor for rapid detection of microbial particles in water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:4544-4548. [PMID: 23521757 DOI: 10.1021/am400162h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most microbial particles have a negatively charged surface and in this work, we describe a water quality monitoring application of a cationic polythiophene derivative (AH-35) for the rapid assessment of microbial contamination of water. Using E. coli as a prototype microbial particle, we demonstrate that the AH-35 polymer can provide a qualitative assessment of water if exposed to more than 500 CFU/mL, thereby paving the way to a new family of biosensors potentially useful for monitoring drinking water distribution systems.
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63
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Charlebois I, Gravel C, Arrad N, Boissinot M, Bergeron MG, Leclerc M. Impact of DNA sequence and oligonucleotide length on a polythiophene-based fluorescent DNA biosensor. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:717-22. [PMID: 23512409 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA hybridization is a universal and specific mechanism for the recognition of biological targets. Some cationic polythiophene transducers sensitive to DNA structure have been previously utilized to detect such biomolecules. Further characterization of these systems indicates that both DNA sequence composition and length modulate the biosensor performance. It appears that different repeated sequence patterns cause different conformational changes of the polythiophene, from a more relaxed form to an extremely rigid one. A length difference between the DNA oligonucleotide probe and target has a detrimental effect on the fluorescent signal, but it can be attenuated by changing the sequence composition of the protruding target sequence. This demonstrates that the nature of DNA can be critical for hybridization-based detection systems.
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Grenier F, Berrouard P, Pouliot JR, Tseng HR, Heeger AJ, Leclerc M. Synthesis of new n-type isoindigo copolymers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20986a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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65
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Mercier LG, Aïch BR, Najari A, Beaupré S, Berrouard P, Pron A, Robitaille A, Tao Y, Leclerc M. Direct heteroarylation of β-protected dithienosilole and dithienogermole monomers with thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione and furo[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py21138j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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66
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Beaupré S, Leclerc M. PCDTBT: en route for low cost plastic solar cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A 2013; 1:11097. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ta12420g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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67
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Pouliot JR, Mercier LG, Caron S, Leclerc M. Accessing New DPP-Based Copolymers by Direct Heteroarylation Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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68
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Pron A, Berrouard P, Leclerc M. Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-Based Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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69
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Guo X, Zhou N, Lou SJ, Hennek JW, Ponce Ortiz R, Butler MR, Boudreault PLT, Strzalka J, Morin PO, Leclerc M, López Navarrete JT, Ratner MA, Chen LX, Chang RPH, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Bithiopheneimide–Dithienosilole/Dithienogermole Copolymers for Efficient Solar Cells: Information from Structure–Property–Device Performance Correlations and Comparison to Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18427-39. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3081583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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70
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Paraecattil AA, Beaupré S, Leclerc M, Moser JE, Banerji N. Intensity Dependent Femtosecond Dynamics in a PBDTTPD-Based Solar Cell Material. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:2952-8. [PMID: 26292232 DOI: 10.1021/jz301110e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PBDTTPD is a conjugated polymer with high power conversion efficiency if used in organic solar cells together with fullerene derivatives. We have investigated for the first time the excited state dynamics of pristine PBDTTPD thin film as well as the ultrafast evolution of charge carriers in PBDTTPD:PCBM bulk heterojunction blend using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. In the latter, charges appear within the time resolution of the experiment (<100 fs), but clean spectral signatures allowed to directly follow slower ∼1 ps charge separation. Only the slower quenching component competes with exciton-exciton and exciton-charge annihilation, leading to a reduced yield of charge carriers at high laser fluence. Our excellent measuring sensitivity made it possible to reduce pump power to a point where annihilation is quasi suppressed. In this case >80% of charges survive after 1 ns; the rest recombines (most probably geminately) on the 200 ps time scale.
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71
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Berrouard P, Dufresne S, Pron A, Veilleux J, Leclerc M. Low-Cost Synthesis and Physical Characterization of Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-Based Polymers. J Org Chem 2012; 77:8167-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301512e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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72
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Beaupré S, Pron A, Drouin SH, Najari A, Mercier LG, Robitaille A, Leclerc M. Thieno-, Furo-, and Selenopheno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione Copolymers: Effect of the Heteroatom on the Electrooptical Properties. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3011894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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73
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Provencher F, Sakowicz M, Brosseau CN, Latini G, Beaupré S, Leclerc M, Reynolds LX, Haque SA, Leonelli R, Silva C. Slow geminate-charge-pair recombination dynamics at polymer: Fullerene heterojunctions in efficient organic solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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74
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Najari A, Berrouard P, Ottone C, Boivin M, Zou Y, Gendron D, Caron WO, Legros P, Allen CN, Sadki S, Leclerc M. High Open-Circuit Voltage Solar Cells Based on New Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione and 2,7-Carbazole Copolymers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202540j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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75
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Allard N, Najari A, Pouliot JR, Pron A, Grenier F, Leclerc M. Easy and versatile synthesis of new poly(thieno[3,4-d]thiazole)s. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20422c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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