51
|
Reid N, Misra PK, Bloxam R, Yap D, Rao ST, Civerolo K, Brankov E, Vet RJ. Do we understand trends in atmospheric sulfur species? JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2001; 51:1561-1567. [PMID: 11720103 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2001.10464384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anomalies appear to exist in our understanding of atmospheric sulfur compounds, specifically as evidenced in the time trends of the different chemical forms of these compounds. Trends determined at a number of locations by several different groups seem to indicate that, responding to emission reductions across North America, the concentration of SO2 in the atmosphere is declining more rapidly than that of aerosol SO4(2-). A number of possible reasons for this discrepancy are examined, but it is not possible to provide a definitive answer at this stage. The intent is to stimulate debate, because shortcomings in our understanding of the processes involved could have profound implications for the credibility of abatement strategies and policies for both acid deposition and fine particulate matter (PM).
Collapse
|
52
|
Reid N. Airthrey Castle Maternity Hospital 1939-1948. REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS. SCOTTISH SOCIETY OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 2001:14-6. [PMID: 11618497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
|
53
|
McCaughrean M, Reid N, Tinney C, Kirkpatrick D, Hillenbrand L, Burgasser A, Gizis J, Hawley S. What is a planet? Science 2001; 291:1487-8. [PMID: 11234073 DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5508.1487b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
54
|
|
55
|
McKENZIE H, Reid N, Dijkhuizen RS. Clinical and microbiological epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49:361-366. [PMID: 10755631 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-49-4-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia in the Grampian region of Scotland was carried out over a 2-year period. One hundred and four bacteraemic episodes were identified in 103 patients, an incidence of 9.8/100,000 population/year, and the mortality was 24%. Clinical information was abstracted from 92 sets of patient notes and 98 isolates of S. pneumoniae were available for further study. The incidence of S. pneumoniae bacteraemia was highest at the extremes of age and peaked at 78 cases/100,000 population/year in those over 80 years old. Many patients had predisposing conditions, of which chronic lung disease (23%), chronic alcohol abuse (10%) and malignant disease (10%) were the commonest. Age was the highest risk factor for mortality, with 20 of the 22 deaths in those over 65 years old. The commonest serotype of S. pneumoniae isolated was serotype 14 (23.5%). Only one isolate (serotype 6A) showed intermediate resistance to penicillin, but 12 isolates (12.2%) were resistant to erythromycin. Nine of these 12 isolates were of serotype 14 and had MICs clustered in the range 12-24 mg/L. Examination of all serotype 14 isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed the presence of two distinct genetic clusters, with all the erythromycin-resistant isolates in the same cluster. These isolates had similar PFGE profiles to erythromycin-resistant serotype 14 strains isolated elsewhere in the UK and they were positive for the mefE gene by PCR, confirming that resistance was of the M phenotype. The recent increase in erythromycin resistance in S. pneumoniae may be due, at least in part, to the spread of a serotype 14 clone of the M phenotype which appears to be an important cause of invasive disease.
Collapse
|
56
|
Mukerjee R, Reid N. On confidence intervals associated with the usual and adjusted likelihoods. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-9868.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
57
|
Abstract
Abstract
This article examines the role of the confidence interval (CI) in statistical inference and its advantages over conventional hypothesis testing, particularly when data are applied in the context of clinical practice. A CI provides a range of population values with which a sample statistic is consistent at a given level of confidence (usually 95%). Conventional hypothesis testing serves to either reject or retain a null hypothesis. A CI, while also functioning as a hypothesis test, provides additional information on the variability of an observed sample statistic (ie, its precision) and on its probable relationship to the value of this statistic in the population from which the sample was drawn (ie, its accuracy). Thus, the CI focuses attention on the magnitude and the probability of a treatment or other effect. It thereby assists in determining the clinical usefulness and importance of, as well as the statistical significance of, findings. The CI is appropriate for both parametric and nonparametric analyses and for both individual studies and aggregated data in meta-analyses. It is recommended that, when inferential statistical analysis is performed, CIs should accompany point estimates and conventional hypothesis tests wherever possible.
Collapse
|
58
|
al-Allaf AW, Pal B, Reid N. An audit of post fracture rehabilitation with special emphasis on osteoporosis assessment and treatment. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16:451-3. [PMID: 9706426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the outcome of osteoporosis assessment and rehabilitation in post-fracture patients. METHODS This was a retrospective survey of the records of patients who had been referred to us from orthopaedic departments for rehabilitation after a fracture. RESULTS A significant number of patients had had previous fractures (n = 17) or risk factors for osteoporosis (n = 16). The mortality rate was 4%. A significant proportion of patients (9/44) who had been living in their homes required placement in residential or nursing homes and additional care after rehabilitation. CONCLUSION Our audit showed that post-fracture patients received optimum care, as set out in the Royal College of Physicians guidelines, but could benefit additionally from assessment and treatment of osteoporosis as set out in the Department of Health (DOH) Guidelines.
Collapse
|
59
|
Viraswami K, Reid N. A note on the likelihood-ratio statistic under model misspecification. CAN J STAT 1998. [DOI: 10.2307/3315681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
60
|
Cakmak S, Fraser D, McDunnough P, Reid N, Yuan X. Likelihood centered asymptotic model exponential and location model versions. J Stat Plan Inference 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-3758(97)00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
61
|
Abstract
We discuss the impact of the results from the recent Hipparcos astrometric satellite on distance estimates of galactic globular clusters. Recalibrating the clusters not only implies a relatively small change in the distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud, and hence a rescaling of several estimates of the Hubble constant, but also leads to significantly younger cluster ages. Although the data are not yet conclusive, the results so far point to a likely resolution of the apparent paradox of a universe younger than its constituents, without requiring significant modifications to simple cosmological models.
Collapse
|
62
|
Macintosh CA, Stower M, Reid N, Maitland NJ. Precise microdissection of human prostate cancers reveals genotypic heterogeneity. Cancer Res 1998; 58:23-8. [PMID: 9426051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the incidence of genetic heterogeneity in primary prostate cancer, we have microdissected 125 tumor and mesenchymal foci from 18 patient biopsies and analyzed the DNA for loss of heterozygosity using PCR microsatellite markers. In 100% of patients with genetic lesions on chromosome 8p, there was evidence for intratumoral genetic heterogeneity. There was also a low but significant incidence of loss of heterozygosity in mesenchymal tissue. Our results show that phenotypically similar tumor foci can have different genotypes and provide evidence for the multifocality of tumor development in the prostate.
Collapse
|
63
|
Seifu Y, Reid N. Applications of bivariate and univariate local lyapunov exponents. CAN J STAT 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/3315348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
64
|
Fraser DAS, Reid N, Wong A. Simple and accurate inference for the mean of the gamma model. CAN J STAT 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/3315359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
65
|
Murant SJ, Handley J, Stower M, Reid N, Cussenot O, Maitland NJ. Co-ordinated changes in expression of cell adhesion molecules in prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33:263-71. [PMID: 9135498 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(96)00418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The expressions of E-cadherin, the integrin subunits beta 1, beta 2, beta 3, CD44 and alpha-catenin were studied in parallel by immunohistochemistry in a series of 40 prostate biopsies comprising one normal, 11 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 28 prostatic adenocarcinomas. As reported by others, there was a consistent loss of E-cadherin expression with increasing tumour grade and de-differentiation. However, a significant proportion of losses occurred at earlier grades than previously reported. The parallel nature of this study showed, for the first time in human prostate carcinoma, a reciprocal expression pattern of E-cadherin and beta 1 integrin in the higher grades of prostate cancer. A reciprocal expression pattern was also found for E-cadherin and CD44 between moderately and poorly differentiated tumours. alpha-Catenin expression was downregulated only in those cells which had previously lost E-cadherin expression, and beta 2 and beta 3 integrin were rarely expressed in prostate tumours. A loss of expression of the luminal epithelial specific keratins CK8 and CK18 was also observed in advanced stage, poorly differentiated carcinomas.
Collapse
|
66
|
Exley C, Sim J, Reid N, Jackson S, West N. Attitudes and beliefs within the Sikh community regarding organ donation: a pilot study. Soc Sci Med 1996; 43:23-8. [PMID: 8816007 DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The current shortage of organs for transplantation is a matter of considerable concern in the United Kingdom (U.K.). Whilst issues of histocompatibility create particular problems in this respect for the Asian population in the U.K., it is sometimes suggested that there is also a resistance to the idea of organ transplantation among this community. To explore this issue, a small-scale interview study was conducted in Coventry among members of the Sikh community. A judgemental sample of 22 individuals, from different strata of the local Sikh community, were interviewed either in one-to-one interviews or in a focus group. These interviews had two broad aims: to determine the prevailing attitudes towards organ transplantation, and to gauge the impact and acceptability of the current Department of Health campaign literature. It was found that, whilst there were a number of misgivings to do with notions of mutilation and reincarnation, and anxieties as to technical or clinical aspects of the transplantation process, the prevailing view was supportive of transplantation, and organ donation was seen as a highly appropriate means of exhibiting the altruistic tradition within Sikhism. Such barriers that exist to the idea of transplantation seem to have more to do with knowledge and understanding than with cultural or religious factors. Concerning the campaign literature, informants identified a number of shortcomings, and indicated ways in which the impact of the leaflets and posters might be enhanced. Although the generalizability of these findings is limited, and despite possible threats to the validity of the data collected, this study has produced findings with significant implications for future policy in this area.
Collapse
|
67
|
Reid N. Likelihood and higher-order approximations to tail areas: A review and annotated bibliography. CAN J STAT 1996. [DOI: 10.2307/3315622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
68
|
Reid N. Comment. J Am Stat Assoc 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/01621459.1996.10476923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
69
|
|
70
|
Reid N. Empirical Bayes Methods for Combining Likelihoods: Comment. J Am Stat Assoc 1996. [DOI: 10.2307/2291650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
71
|
Abstract
This paper addresses the role of consumer complaints in the flourishing quality assurance industry within the National Health Service (NHS), and considers the traditional ethos of complaints within the service. The advent of the internal market is considered as one of a range of factors which may change attitudes of NHS staff to complaints. In evaluating how complaints services might develop relevant literature is reviewed and recent national data on complaints procedures are cited.
Collapse
|
72
|
|
73
|
Reid N. [Inference Based on Estimating Functions in the Presence of Nuisance Parameters]: Rejoinder. Stat Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1214/ss/1177010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
74
|
|
75
|
Abstract
Interest in 12-hour nursing shifts has been renewed in response to demands for improved cost-effectiveness in the UK National Health Service. But the effects of the shift on nursing education are unclear. We report surveys of the attitudes of student nurses and nurse educators towards 12-hour shifts. Learners are reasonably positive about 12-hour shifts, but this preference is based on social rather than professional benefits. A reported effect of fatigue on home study is evident. Very negative views about the 12-hour shift are held by the group of educators. Their criticisms appear to be primarily organizational, but they are unequivocal that learning is detrimentally affected. Thus, even if students appear to like this shift pattern, serious concerns are raised by these findings about the impact of the shift on nursing education.
Collapse
|