Revisiting peripheral osteoma of the mandible with case series and review of literature

Osteomas are benign lesions composed of mature compact and cancellous bone usually arising from craniofacial region. They can be central or peripheral, solitary or multiple. We are presenting few cases of giant peripheral osteoma's of the mandible along with review literature of other jaw lesions with their diagnostic features and differential diagnosis. The purpose of presenting this paper is to evaluate radiopaque lesions of the jaw which require proper clinical and histological evaluation to reach a final diagnosis.

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst, Variation in Presentation, Our Experience

Thyroglossal duct cysts are most common midline congenital swelling in head and neck region. It results from incomplete involution of thyroglossal duct. They present as midline painless swelling in neck. We have studied variation in their presentation. The retrospective study carried out in department of ENT in Gandhi Medical College Bhopal from Jan 2009 to Sept 2013. Objective of this study is, to study incidence of Thyroglossal Duct Cyst in different age and sex group and variation in presentation. Clinical records, medical records and histopathological records were studied. 10 patients diagnosed as Thyroglossal Duct Cyst included in study. 10 patients were found to be diagnosed as Thyroglossal Duct Cyst. Out of 10 pt. 6 were pediatric patients and 4 were adults. 8 patients presented with cyst while 2 presented with fistula. Out of 10 patients 3 presented with suprahyoid, 2 at the level of hyoid and 5 had infrahyoid presentation. 7 patients undergone sistrunk operation procedure while 3 undergone simple excision. Out of 3 patients who undergone simple excision 1 patient develop recurrence. Thyroglossal Duct Cyst are one of the most common asymptomatic midline neck swelling and should be differentiated with other swellings with proper investigations.

Elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: Case series and review of literature

Women are often subjected to serum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) testing prior to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. A positive result leads to further testing to rule out pregnancy and avoid possible fetal teratogenicity. The impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on HCG testing has not been studied. We report a series of 5 women out of 62 with CKD, who had a positive HCG test on routine pre-transplant screening at a single transplant center. We analyzed their case records retrospectively. Despite aggressive investigation, their elevated HCG levels remained unexplained. The positive test contributed to delays in transplantation and increased overall cost of treatment.

Apoptosis and Bcl-2 protein expression in human placenta over the course of normal pregnancy

Apoptosis plays a central role in organ development, homeostasis and immune defence in multicellular organisms and is strictly controlled in part by members of Bcl-2 family. The Bcl-2 is a pro-survival molecule identified through its involvement in B-cell lymphomas. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of apoptosis in the human placenta at different stages of pregnancy and to correlate it further with Bcl-2 expression. A total of 96 placental samples from first trimester, mid-trimester and uncomplicated term pregnancies were collected (n = 32 + 32 + 32). M30 cyto death monoclonal antibody was used to identify apoptotic cells. The apoptosis index of first trimester placentae was 2.33 ± 1.70, mid- trimester was 1.77 ± 1.36 and term placenta was 1.15 ± 0.21. Bcl-2 protein was found immunolocalized in the cytoplasm of syncytiotrophoblast. Apoptosis index was significantly reduced in term cases as compared with first trimester (P < 0.002) and mid-trimester placentae (P = 0.01). On the contrary, Bcl-2 expression was significantly higher at term cases than in first trimester (P < 0.0001) and mid-trimester cases (P < 0.001). The present study divulges the importance of apoptosis in permitting normal physiological turnover of villous trophoblast and also exhibits the contribution of bcl-2 in maintaining syncytial integrity throughout normal pregnancy.

Bcl-2 and p53 expressions in Indian women with complete hydatidiform mole

INTRODUCTION

Hydatidiform moles have a high incidence rate in Asian countries like India. The molecular pathway leading to the pathogenesis and progression of hydatidiform moles is not yet understood. This study aimed to investigate the biological significance of Bcl-2 and p53 in complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs) as well as their influence on disease progression in the Indian population.

METHODS

Archival tissues from 35 patients with CHMs and 35 age-matched controls were examined for Bcl-2 and p53 expressions by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Bcl-2 was found to be immunolocalised in the cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast, whereas p53 was observed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblasts. In CHMs, Bcl-2 was detected in 23 percent of patients and p53 nuclear expression, in 66 percent. A significant decrease in Bcl-2 expression was observed in CHMs (p-value is 0.015), and the down-regulation of Bcl-2 significantly correlated with higher nuclear expression of p53 (p-value is 0.002), indicating an inverse association between the two proteins (p-value is 0.0001). However, no correlation was found between the clinical progress of patients with CHMs and p53 and those with Bcl-2 protein expression.

CONCLUSION

The current study demonstrated the significance of Bcl-2 and p53 in the pathogenesis of CHMs but did not reveal any association with disease progression.

The prevalence of urethral and rectal Mycoplasma genitalium and its associations in men who have sex with men attending a genitourinary medicine clinic

OBJECTIVES

To determine the prevalence of rectal and urethral Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) in men who have sex with men (MSM) attending a genitourinary medicine clinic and to measure its associations with symptoms, clinical signs, sexual behaviour and concomitant sexually transmitted infections (STI).

METHODS

MSM attending for STI screening were tested for MG using a real-time PCR assay that targets the MgPa gene. Data were collected on demographics, sexual behaviour, past STI history and clinical symptoms and signs.

RESULTS

849 first-void urine and rectal specimens were collected from 438 MSM. The overall prevalence of MG in MSM was 6.6% with first-void urine positivity of 2.7% and rectal positivity of 4.4%. MG was significantly associated with HIV positivity (OR 7.6, 95% CI 3.2 to 18.7, p<0.001) in contrast to Chlamydia trachomatis (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.5 to 4.1, p=0.4) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.7 to 3.8, p=0.194). MG was more prevalent than C trachomatis (p=0.15) and N gonorrhoeae (p=0.02) in this subgroup of HIV-positive MSM. Urethral infection was associated with dysuria (p<0.001) but there was no association between rectal infection and anorectal symptoms or signs.

CONCLUSION

Rates of MG are much higher in HIV-positive MSM than HIV-negative MSM at both urethral and rectal sites, and MG is more prevalent in HIV-positive MSM than other bacterial STI. Although the subclinical nature of MG in the rectum questions its significance, the high prevalence seen at this site could be a potential source of onward urethral transmission. Future work should assess the need for appropriate screening and treatment of MG infection in MSM, particularly those with HIV infection and high-risk sexual behaviour.