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Chou CT, Chou JM, Chang TA, Huang SF, Chen CB, Chen YL, Chen RC. Differentiation between dysplastic nodule and early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: The utility of conventional MR imaging. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7433-7439. [PMID: 24259975 PMCID: PMC3831226 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i42.7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To elucidate the variety of ways early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can appear on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging by analyzing T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and gadolinium-enhanced dynamic studies.
METHODS: Seventy-three patients with well-differentiated HCC (wHCC) or dysplastic nodules were retrospectively identified from medical records, and new histological sections were prepared and reviewed. The tumor nodules were categorized into three groups: dysplastic nodule (DN), wHCC compatible with Edmondson-Steiner grade I HCC (w1-HCC), and wHCC compatible with Edmondson-Steiner grade II HCC (w2-HCC). The signal intensity on pre-contrast MR imaging and the enhancing pattern for each tumor were recorded and compared between the three tumor groups.
RESULTS: Among the 73 patients, 14 were diagnosed as having DN, 40 were diagnosed as having w1-HCC, and 19 were diagnosed as having w2-HCC. Hyperintensity measurements on T2-weighted axial images (T2WI) were statistically significant between DNs and wHCC (P = 0.006) and between DN and w1-HCC (P = 0.02). The other imaging features revealed no significant differences between DN and wHCC or between DN and w1-HCC. Hyperintensity on both T1W out-phase imaging (P = 0.007) and arterial enhancement on dynamic study (P = 0.005) showed statistically significant differences between w1-HCC and w2-HCC. The other imaging features revealed no significant differences between w1-HCC and w2-HCC.
CONCLUSION: In the follow-up for a cirrhotic nodule, increased signal intensity on T2WI may be a sign of malignant transformation. Furthermore, a noted loss of hyperintensity on T1WI and the detection of arterial enhancement might indicate further progression of the histological grade.
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Wu YC, Chang IC, Wang CL, Chen TD, Chen YT, Liu HP, Chu Y, Chiu YT, Wu TH, Chou LH, Chen YR, Huang SF. Comparison of IHC, FISH and RT-PCR methods for detection of ALK rearrangements in 312 non-small cell lung cancer patients in Taiwan. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70839. [PMID: 23951022 PMCID: PMC3737393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4- anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene has become an important biomarker for ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (crizotinib) treatment in NSCLC. However, the best detection method and the significance of EML4-ALK variant types remain uncertain. Methods Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence in Situ hybridization (FISH) and Immunohistochemical (IHC) stain were performed on tumor tissues of 312 NSCLC patients for detection of ALK rearrangements. Mutation analyses for EGFR and KRAS genes were also performed. Results Thirteen of the 312 patients (4.17%) had ALK rearrangements detected by RT-PCR. If RT-PCR data was used as the gold standard, FISH tests had a low sensitivity (58.33%), but very good specificity (99.32%). IHC stain had better sensitivity (91.67%) than FISH, but lower specificity (79.52%), when the cut off was IHC2+. All of the 8 patients with high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues (assessed by the signal intensities of the RT-PCR product), were also have high expression of ALK protein (IHC3+), and positive for FISH, except one failed in FISH. Variants 3a+3b (4/5, 80%) of EML4-ALK fusion gene were more common to have high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues than variant 1 (1/3, 33.3%). Meta-analysis of the published data of 2273 NSCLC patients revealed that variant 3 (23/44, 52.3%) was the most common type in Chinese population, while variant 1 (28/37, 75.7%) was most common in Caucasian. Conclusions Among the three detection methods, RT-PCR could detect not only the presence of EML4-ALK fusion gene and their variant types, but also the abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in NSCLC tumor tissues. The latter two factors might affect the treatment response to anti-ALK inhibitor. Including RT-PCR as a diagnostic test for ALK inhibitor treatment in the prospective clinical trials is recommended.
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Chen MH, Jan YH, Chang PMH, Chuang YJ, Yeh YC, Lei HJ, Hsiao M, Huang SF, Huang CYF, Chau GY. Expression of GOLM1 correlates with prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20 Suppl 3:S616-24. [PMID: 23838921 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) is a novel biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, few studies have investigated the relationship between GOLM1 protein expression and clinicopathologic features in HCC patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of GOLM1 in human HCC and its correlation with clinicopathologic parameters. METHODS Clinicopathologic data were obtained through a detailed retrospective review of the medical records of 193 patients with HCC who had undergone surgical resection between 1990 and 2006 at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Another 120 HCC tissue samples provided by the Taiwan Liver Cancer Network were used as validation cohort. Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the expression of GOLM1 in archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. RESULTS GOLM1 expression was significantly higher in resected HCC tumor tissues than in corresponding normal liver tissues (p < 0.01). After a median follow-up of 51 months, multivariate analysis showed that portal vein invasion (hazard ratio [HR], 1.515; 95 % confidence interval [95 % CI], 1.008-2.277; p = 0.046) and high GOLM1 protein expression (HR, 1.696; 95 % CI, 1.160-2.479; p = 0.006) were independent prognostic factors for poor overall survival. High GOLM1 protein expression still significantly correlates with worse overall survival as well as disease-free survival in the validation cohort (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of GOLM1 is associated with poor prognosis in human HCC.
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Hsu CW, Liang KH, Huang SF, Tsao KC, Yeh CT. Development of a non-invasive fibrosis test for chronic hepatitis B patients and comparison with other unpatented scores. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:212. [PMID: 23706143 PMCID: PMC3671955 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the availability of patented non-invasive methods, evaluation of the degrees of liver fibrosis remains difficult when conducting a retrospective study. Such inadequacy is largely caused by requirement of biochemical parameters rarely performed in routine clinical tests. We developed a novel fibrosis HB-F score using commonly performed tests for HBV infected patients. METHODS 424 patients with chronic HBV infection were included. Using clinical and virological data, HB-F score was developed from a training cohort (n = 213) and validated in a separate cohort (n = 211). The performance was compared with five other unpatented scores using ROC curves. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that age, AST/ALT ratio, platelet count and prothrombin time prolongation were significantly associated with the ISHAK fibrosis score, and were used to calculate the HB-F score. When HB-F was used to assess prominent fibrosis and cirrhosis, the AUC was 0.81 and 0.80 respectively in the training cohort, and 0.80 and 0.76 respectively in the validation cohort. HB-F had the highest AUC compared with other scores. Furthermore, in assessing paired liver biopsies with increase or decrease of ISHAK scores, HB-F showed significant change in the same direction. CONCLUSIONS A new non-invasive score was developed, which could be used to assess severity of liver fibrosis in retrospective longitudinal studies in HBV patients.
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Chen TD, Chang IC, Liu HP, Wu YC, Wang CL, Chen YT, Chen YR, Huang SF. Correlation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase overexpression and the EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small cell lung cancer by immunohistochemical study. Biomed J 2013; 35:309-17. [PMID: 22913857 DOI: 10.4103/2319-4170.106140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene with transforming activity was identified in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In addition, NSCLC patients with the EML4-ALK fusion gene had a dramatic response and longer progression free survival after ALK inhibitor treatment than those without this fusion gene. However, the incidence and clinical and molecular characteristics of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in NSCLC patients of Taiwan are still unclear. METHODS Sixty-four fresh frozen tumor specimens were obtained from the tissue bank of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital for RNA extraction and EML4-ALK fusion gene detection. Paraffin sections of lung tumors from all of these patients were available and were analyzed for ALK protein expression by immunohistochemical (IHC) study. The results were correlated with clinical and molecular biomarkers. RESULTS Three of the 64 tumors (4.7%) had the EML4-ALK fusion gene. Two were adenocarcinomas, and one was adenosquamous carcinoma. Twenty patients with non-squamous cell carcinomas had epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, so the EML4-ALK fusion gene was found in 14.3% of EGFR wild type non-squamous cell carcinomas. Two tumors were variant 3 (3a+3b with 3b predominant) and had strong staining (3+) for ALK by IHC stains. One tumor was variant 1 and had moderate staining (2+) for ALK. None of the ALK wild type tumors had strong staining for ALK. When compared with other clinical and molecular features, only the IHC stain for ALK was significantly correlated with the EML4-ALK fusion gene (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS ALK overexpression detected by IHC study could be a promising detection method for the EML4-ALK fusion gene and is worth further confirmation with more samples.
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Chen LT, Chen JS, Chao Y, Tsai CS, Shan YS, Hsu C, Huang SF, Tsou HH, Lee KD, Chiu CF, Rau KM, Ho CL, Yu MS. KRAS mutation status-stratified randomized phase II trial of GEMOX with and without cetuximab in advanced biliary tract cancer (ABTC): The TCOG T1210 trial. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
4018 Background: Gemcitabine/platinum combination is considered as globally acceptable standard care in patients with ABTC. Two recently published randomized trials showed adding EGFR antagonist, either erlotinib or cetuximab, does not further improve the clinical outcomes of gemcitabine/oxaliplatin (GEMOX)-treated ABTC patients. However, the impact of KRAS mutation status on the results of both studies was not properly addressed. Methods: A prospective, multicenter randomized, phase II trial to evaluate the therapeutic efficacies of adding cetuximab to GEMOX in patients with ABTC, in which eligible patients were stratified by status of KRAS mutation and ECOG PS, and tumor location then randomized to receive either GEMOX (gemcitabine 800 mg/m2, fixed-rate infusion and oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2, i.v., Q 2 weeks) or GEMOX plus cetuximab (500 mg/m2, i.v., Q 2 weeks, C-GEMOX). The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR). As an exploratory trial, 120 (60 per arm) patients was estimated to detect a two-tailed 10% difference in ORR (20% in GEMOX and 30% in C-GEMOX) with a significant level of a=0.2 and b=0.5. Results: Between Nov 2010 and May 2012, a total of 122 patients were accrued. The demography was male: 47.5%, median age: 60 y/o, ECOG PS 0/1: 28.7%/71.3%, IHCC/EHCC/GBC: 71.3%/16.4%/12.3%, KRAS mutation: 36.1%, with locally advanced/metastatic diseases: 32.0%/68.0%, and prior surgical resection: 41.8%. On intent-to-treat analysis, the ORR and DCR in the C-GEMOX (N=62) and GEMOX (N-60) arms was 27.3% vs 15.0% (p=0.1223) and 82.2% vs 60.0% (p=0.0090), respectively (Fisher’s exact test); while the median PFS was 7.1 vs 4.0 months (p= 0.0069) and median OS was 10.3 vs 8.8 months (p=0.4057), respectively (log-rank test). Planned subgroup analysis showed the 43 patients with KRAS mutated tumors benefited more from cetuximab therapy, with a DCR of 78.3% vs 38.1% (p=0.0132), median PFS of 7.0 vs 1.9 months (p=0.0351) and median OS of 10.3 vs 6.6 months (p=0.6924). Conclusions: Adding cetuximab significant improves the DCR and PFS of GEMOX in ABTC patients, notably in subpopulation with KRAS mutated tumors. Larger-scale phase III trial is warranted. Clinical trial information: NCT01267344.
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Balabaud C, Al-Rabih WR, Chen PJ, Evason K, Ferrell L, Hernandez-Prera JC, Huang SF, Longerich T, Park YN, Quaglia A, Schirmacher P, Sempoux C, Thung SN, Torbenson M, Wee A, Yeh MM, Yeh SH, Le Bail B, Zucman-Rossi J, Bioulac-Sage P. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia and Hepatocellular Adenoma around the World Viewed through the Scope of the Immunopathological Classification. Int J Hepatol 2013; 2013:268625. [PMID: 23691331 PMCID: PMC3654480 DOI: 10.1155/2013/268625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) are benign hepatocellular tumors. The risk of bleeding and malignant transformation of HCA are strong arguments to differentiate HCA from FNH. Despite great progress that has been made in the differential radiological diagnosis of the 2 types of nodules, liver biopsy is sometimes necessary to separate the 2 entities. Identification of HCA subtypes using immunohistochemical techniques, namely, HNF1A-inactivated HCA (35-40%), inflammatory HCA (IHCA), and beta-catenin-mutated inflammatory HCA (b-IHCA) (50-55%), beta-catenin-activated HCA (5-10%), and unclassified HCA (10%) has greatly improved the diagnostic accuracy of benign hepatocellular nodules. If HCA malignant transformation occurs in all HCA subgroups, the risk is by far the highest in the β -catenin-mutated subgroups (b-HCA, b-IHCA). In the coming decade the management of HCA will be more dependent on the identification of HCA subtypes, particularly for smaller nodules (<5 cm) in terms of imaging, follow-up, and resection.
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Huang SY, Lee YM, Tzeng ST, Su CP, Huang SF, Wu YK, Lan CC. Gorham syndrome with postoperative respiratory failure and requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. Respir Care 2013; 58:e144-8. [PMID: 23550170 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gorham syndrome is a rare disease that presents as progressive osteolysis, and may affect any part of the skeleton. The pathologic process involves the replacement of normal bone by aggressively expanding but non-neoplastic vascular tissue, resulting in massive osteolysis of the adjacent bone. If the spine and ribs are affected, the subsequent kyphosis and chest wall deformity may cause severe restrictive ventilatory impairment. We report a 34-year-old male with Gorham syndrome presenting as progressive kyphosis, severe back pain, unstable gait, and exertional dyspnea. Pulmonary function testing revealed severe restrictive ventilatory impairment. He underwent spinal surgery but could not be extubated after surgery. Postoperative left lower lung pneumonia and respiratory failure required prolonged mechanical ventilation. After a weaning program of pressure support ventilation and T-piece spontaneous breathing trials, he was successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation.
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Cheng X, Qin L, Zhong QQ, Huang SF, Li ZJ. Temperature and boundary influence on cement hydration monitoring using embedded piezoelectric transducers. ULTRASONICS 2013; 53:412-416. [PMID: 22892316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the hydration process was monitored using embedded ultrasonic transducers. It was found that the ultrasonic amplitude decreased and fluctuated at the very early age, several hours after the beginning of fast hydration. The embedded transducers are very different from the surface coupled ones for they were directly influenced by the cement paste, such as the varying temperature and the boundary condition. Experiments were carried out to find out which factor result in such decrease and fluctuation. Test results showed that both the temperature and boundary conditions affect the ultrasonic measurement. When the hydration progressed under constant temperature, the amplitude of the ultrasonic wave decreased smoothly during certain period. When the hardened specimen was tested, it was found that the amplitude would decrease obviously with the increasing of temperature and vice versa. The findings could be used to interpret the amplitude plot obtained in the normal hydration monitoring using embedded transducers.
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Lu MY, Liu YL, Chang HH, Jou ST, Yang YL, Lin KH, Lin DT, Lee YL, Lee H, Wu PY, Luo TY, Shen LH, Huang SF, Liao YF, Hsu WM, Tzen KY. Characterization of Neuroblastic Tumors Using 18F-FDOPA PET. J Nucl Med 2012; 54:42-9. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Liao YJ, Chen TL, Lee TS, Wang HA, Wang CK, Liao LY, Liu RS, Huang SF, Chen YMA. Glycine N-methyltransferase deficiency affects Niemann-Pick type C2 protein stability and regulates hepatic cholesterol homeostasis. Mol Med 2012; 18:412-22. [PMID: 22183894 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the development of metabolic syndromes and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cholesterol accumulation is related to NAFLD, whereas its detailed mechanism is not fully understood. Previously, we reported that glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) knockout (Gnmt(-/-)) mice develop chronic hepatitis and HCC. In this study, we showed that Gnmt(-/-) mice had hyperlipidemia and steatohepatitis. Single photon emission computed tomography images of mice injected with (131)I-labeled 6β-iodocholesterol demonstrated that Gnmt(-/-) mice had slower hepatic cholesterol uptake and excretion rates than wild-type mice. In addition, genes related to cholesterol uptake (scavenger receptor class B type 1 [SR-B1] and ATP-binding cassette A1 [ABCA1]), intracellular trafficking (Niemann-Pick type C1 protein [NPC1] and Niemann-Pick type C2 protein [NPC2]) and excretion (ATP-binding cassette G1 [ABCG1]) were downregulated in Gnmt(-/-) mice. Yeast two-hybrid screenings and coimmunoprecipitation assays elucidated that the C conserved region (81-105 amino acids) of NPC2 interacts with the carboxyl-terminal fragment (171-295 amino acids) of GNMT. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that when cells were treated with low-density lipoprotein, NPC2 was released from lysosomes and interacts with GNMT in the cytosol. Overexpression of GNMT doubled the half-lives of both NPC2 isoforms and reduced cholesterol accumulation in cells. Furthermore, GNMT was downregulated in the liver tissues from patients suffering with NAFLD as well as from mice fed a high-fat diet, high-cholesterol diet or methionine/choline-deficient diet. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that GNMT regulates the homeostasis of cholesterol metabolism, and hepatic cholesterol accumulation may result from downregulation of GNMT and instability of its interactive protein NPC2. Novel therapeutics for steatohepatitis and HCC may be developed by using this concept.
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Liu LYD, Chang LY, Kuo WH, Hwa HL, Lin YS, Huang SF, Chen CN, Chang KJ, Hsieh FJ. Major Functional Transcriptome of an Inferred Center Regulator of an ER(-) Breast Cancer Model System. Cancer Inform 2012; 11:87-111. [PMID: 22553414 PMCID: PMC3337785 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s8633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to find clinically relevant gene activities ruled by the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) proteins in an ER(-) breast cancer population via network approach. STAT3 is negatively associated with both lymph nodal category and stage. MYC is a component of STAT3 network. MYC and STAT3 may co-regulate gene expressions for Warburg effect, stem cell like phenotype, cell proliferation and angiogenesis. We identified a STAT3 network in silico showing its ability in predicting its target gene expressions primarily for specific tumor subtype, tumor progression, treatment options and prognostic features. The aberrant expressions of MYC and STAT3 are enriched in triple negatives (TN). They promote histological grade, vascularity, metastasis and tumor anti-apoptotic activities. VEGFA, STAT3, FOXM1 and METAP2 are druggable targets. High levels of METAP2, MMP7, IGF2 and IGF2R are unfavorable prognostic factors. STAT3 is an inferred center regulator at early cancer development predominantly in TN.
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Yen CH, Lu YC, Li CH, Lee CM, Chen CY, Cheng MY, Huang SF, Chen KF, Cheng AL, Liao LY, Lee YHW, Chen YMA. Functional characterization of glycine N-methyltransferase and its interactive protein DEPDC6/DEPTOR in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med 2012; 18:286-96. [PMID: 22160218 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) is a tumor suppressor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). High rates of Gnmt knockout mice developed HCC. Epigenetic alteration and dysregulation of several pathways including wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) are associated with HCC development in Gnmt knockout mice. We hypothesized that GNMT may regulate signal transduction through interacting with other proteins directly. In this report, we identified a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (DEP domain containing MTOR-interacting protein [DEPDC6/DEPTOR]) as a GNMT-binding protein by using yeast two-hybrid screening. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay demonstrated that the C-terminal half of GNMT interact with the PSD-95/Dlg1/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain of DEPDC6/DEPTOR. Immunohistochemical staining showed that 27.5% (14/51) of HCC patients had higher expression levels of DEPDC6/DEPTOR in the tumorous tissues than in tumor-adjacent tissues, especially among HCC patients with hepatitis B viral infection (odds ratio 10.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-11.3) or patients with poor prognosis (death hazard ratio 4.51, 95% CI 1.60-12.7). In terms of molecular mechanism, knockdown of DEPDC6/DEPTOR expression in HuH-7 cells caused S6K and 4E-BP activation, but suppressed Akt. Overexpression of DEPDC6/DEPTOR activated Akt and increased survival of HCC cells. Overexpression of GNMT caused activation of mTOR/raptor downstream signaling and delayed G2/M cell cycle progression, which altogether resulted in cellular senescence. Furthermore, GNMT reduced proliferation of HuH-7 cells and sensitized them to rapamycin treatment both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, GNMT regulates HCC growth in part through interacting with DEPDC6/DEPTOR and modulating mTOR/raptor signaling pathway. Both GNMT and DEPDC6/DEPTOR are potential targets for developing therapeutics for HCC.
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Yen CH, Lu YC, Li CH, Lee CM, Chen CY, Cheng MY, Huang SF, Chen KF, Cheng AL, Liao LY, Lee YHW, Chen YMA. Erratum to: Functional Characterization of Glycine N-Methyltransferase and Its Interactive Protein DEPDC6/DEPTOR in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Med 2012. [DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00003.erratum] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Hou MM, Huang SF, Kuo HP, Yang CT, Tsai YH, Yu CT, Lin HC, Chen CH, Wang CL, Chung FT, Hsieh JJ, Hsu T, Cheng HY, Ou LY, Wang HM, Lin YC, Chang NJ, Chang JWC. Erlotinib treatment in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma with CISH-positive and CISH-negative EGFR gene alterations. Anticancer Res 2012; 32:1107-1112. [PMID: 22399641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) positivity as assessed by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) has been demonstrated to be associated with EGFR mutation status. This study was conducted to compare the responsiveness of CISH-positive and CISH-negative lung adenocarcinomas to erlotinib. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients received erlotinib (150 mg/day) alone until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. EGFR gene status was examined by CISH. The response rate (RR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and toxicity profiles were assessed. RESULTS Thirty-one patients underwent response evaluations and CISH analyses, 12 of whom harboured CISH-positive adenocarcinomas. The overall RR (p=0.035), median PFS (p=0.091) and median OS (p=0.408) were higher in the CISH-positive group. No difference in toxicity profiles was observed between these two groups. CONCLUSION EGFR status as assessed by CISH can predict the response to erlotinib in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma.
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Yuan WC, Lee YR, Huang SF, Lin YM, Chen TY, Chung HC, Tsai CH, Chen HY, Chiang CT, Lai CK, Lu LT, Chen CH, Gu DL, Pu YS, Jou YS, Lu KP, Hsiao PW, Shih HM, Chen RH. A Cullin3-KLHL20 Ubiquitin ligase-dependent pathway targets PML to potentiate HIF-1 signaling and prostate cancer progression. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:214-28. [PMID: 21840486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is associated with disease progression and treatment failure, but the hypoxia signaling mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show that KLHL20, a Cullin3 (Cul3) substrate adaptor induced by HIF-1, coordinates with the actions of CDK1/2 and Pin1 to mediate hypoxia-induced PML proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, this PML destruction pathway participates in a feedback mechanism to maximize HIF-1α induction, thereby potentiating multiple tumor hypoxia responses, including metabolic reprogramming, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, tumor growth, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. In human prostate cancer, overexpression of HIF-1α, KLHL20, and Pin1 correlates with PML down-regulation, and hyperactivation of the PML destruction pathway is associated with disease progression. Our study indicates that the KLHL20-mediated PML degradation and HIF-1α autoregulation play key roles in tumor progression.
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Hsieh CH, Chang JWC, Hsieh JJ, Hsu T, Huang SF, Liao CT, Wang HM. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in patients with oral cavity cancer in a betel nut chewing-prevalent area. Head Neck 2011; 33:1758-64. [PMID: 21284055 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations exist in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but few data about mutation patterns with clinical outcomes were reported. METHODS Fifty-six formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples were obtained surgically from OSCC patients. Direct sequencing of EGFR was carried out using nested polymerase chain reaction. The relationship between EGFR status and clinical courses was analyzed. RESULTS Two (3.56%) missense mutations (G857R; L862Q) in exon 20 were identified. Two types of silent mutation, A859A in exon 21 (1.79%) and Q787Q mutations in exon 20 (30.36%), were also found. No mutation was detected in exons 18 and 19. No significant difference in disease-free survival and locoregional control rate was shown between patients with and without Q787Q mutation. CONCLUSIONS We identified a high frequency of Q787Q mutation and a less prevalent active EGFR mutation in OSCC patients in Taiwan where betel nut is commonly chewed.
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Wang JY, Yeh CL, Chou HC, Yang CH, Fu YN, Chen YT, Cheng HW, Huang CYF, Liu HP, Huang SF, Chen YR. Vaccinia H1-related phosphatase is a phosphatase of ErbB receptors and is down-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10177-84. [PMID: 21262974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia H1-related phosphatase (VHR) is classified as a dual specificity phosphatase. Unlike typical dual specificity phosphatases, VHR lacks the MAPK-binding domain and shows poor activity against MAPKs. We found that EGF receptor (EGFR) was a direct substrate of VHR and that overexpression of VHR down-regulated EGFR phosphorylation, particularly at Tyr-992 residue. Expression of VHR inhibited the activation of phospholipase Cγ and protein kinase C, both downstream effectors of Tyr-992 phosphorylation of EGFR. Decreasing VHR expression by RNA interference caused higher EGFR phosphorylation at Tyr-992. In addition to EGFR, VHR also directly dephosphorylated ErbB2. Consistent with these results, suppression of VHR augmented the foci formation ability of H1299 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, whereas overexpression of VHR suppressed cell growth in both two- and three-dimensional cultures. Expression of VHR also suppressed tumor formation in a mouse xenograft model. Furthermore, VHR expression was significantly lower in NSCLC tissues in comparison to that in normal lung tissues. Collectively, this study shows that down-regulation of VHR expression enhances the signaling of ErbB receptors and may be involved in NSCLC pathogenesis.
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Chen CY, Wu HH, Chen CP, Chern SR, Hwang SM, Huang SF, Lo WH, Chen GY, Hu YC. Biosafety Assessment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Engineered by Hybrid Baculovirus Vectors. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1505-14. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100368d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu SP, Li YS, Lee CM, Yen CH, Liao YJ, Huang SF, Chien CH, Chen YMA. Higher susceptibility to aflatoxin B(1)-related hepatocellular carcinoma in glycine N-methyltransferase knockout mice. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:511-23. [PMID: 20473876 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In both humans and rodents, males are known to be more susceptible than females to hepatocarcinogenesis. We have previously reported that glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) interacts with aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and reduces both AFB(1)-DNA adduct formation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice. We also reported that 50% of the males and 100% of the females in a small group of Gnmt null (Gnmt-/-) mice developed HCC, with first dysplastic hepatocellular nodules detected at mean ages of 17 and 16.5 months, respectively. In our study, we tested our hypothesis that male and female Gnmt-/- mice are susceptible to AFB(1) carcinogenesis, and that the absence of Gnmt expression may accelerate AFB(1)-induced liver tumorigenesis. We inoculated Gnmt-/- and wild-type mice intraperitoneally with AFB(1) at 7 days and 9 weeks of age and periodically examined them using ultrasound. Dysplastic hepatocellular nodules were detected in six of eight males and five of five females at 12.7 and 12 months of ages, respectively. Dysplastic hepatocellular nodules from 5/8 (62.5%) male and 4/5 (80%) female Gnmt-/- mice were diagnosed as having HCC, ∼6 months earlier than AFB(1)-treated wild-type mice. Results from microarray and real-time PCR analyses indicate that five detoxification pathway-related genes were downregulated in AFB(1)-treated Gnmt-/- mice: Cyp1a2, Cyp3a44, Cyp2d22, Gsta4 and Abca8a. In summary, we observed overall higher susceptibility to AFB(1)-related HCC in Gnmt-/- mice, further evidence that GNMT overexpression is an important contributing factor to liver cancer resistance.
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Lin CT, Tang HY, Han YS, Liu HP, Huang SF, Chien CH, Shyy J, Chiu JJ, Chen X. Downregulation of Signaling-active IGF-1 by Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP-IV). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE : IJBS 2010; 6:301-9. [PMID: 23675206 PMCID: PMC3615292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Functioning as an extracellular protease, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) preferentially cleaves the peptide bond after the penultimate proline residue. We report here that DPP-IV cleaves the first two amino acids from insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), revealed by mass spectrometry. The kinetic parameters of the proteolytic cleavage indicate that this reaction is physiologically relevant. Interestingly, truncated IGF-1 is less potent than the full-length protein in activating the IGF-1R, but binds more readily to IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3). Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the level of DPP-IV mRNA is dramatically lower in lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues than in adjacent nonneoplastic lung tissues. However, this reduction was not observed in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Our study suggests a possible link between IGF-1 and DPP-IV in cancer development in a specific tumor niche. A DPP-IV-related pathway may be important in mitigating IGF-1 signaling. Consequently, a robust IGF signaling pathway may accelerate early carcinogenesis in environments lacking DPP-IV.
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Liang TJ, Mok KT, Liu SI, Huang SF, Chou NH, Tsai CC, Chen IS, Yeh MH, Chen YC, Wang BW. Hepatitis B Genotype C Correlated with Poor Surgical Outcomes for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 211:580-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chang HH, Lee H, Hu MK, Tsao PN, Juan HF, Huang MC, Shih YY, Wang BJ, Jeng YM, Chang CL, Huang SF, Tsay YG, Hsieh FJ, Lin KH, Hsu WM, Liao YF. Notch1 expression predicts an unfavorable prognosis and serves as a therapeutic target of patients with neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:4411-20. [PMID: 20736329 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Notch signaling has been implicated to play a critical role in the tumorigenesis of neuroblastoma (NB) and can modulate calreticulin (CRT) expression that strongly correlates with tumor differentiation and favorable prognosis of NB. We thus sought to determine how Notch regulates CRT expression and affects NB tumor behavior. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The Notch-dependent regulation of CRT expression in cultured NB cells was analyzed by confocal microscopy and Western blotting. Notch1 protein expression in 85 NB tumors was examined by immunohistochemistry and correlated with the clinicopathologic/biological characters of NB patients. The progression of NB tumors in response to attenuated Notch signaling was examined by using a xenograft mouse model. RESULTS We showed that CRT is essential for the neuronal differentiation of NB cells elicited by inhibition of Notch signaling. This effect was mediated by a c-Jun-NH(2)-kinase-dependent pathway. Furthermore, NB tumors with elevated Notch1 protein expression were strongly correlated with advanced tumor stages, MYCN amplification, an undifferentiated histology, as well as a low CRT expression level. Most importantly, the opposing effect between Notch1 and CRT could reciprocally affect the survival of NB patients. The administration of a gamma-secretase inhibitor into a xenograft mouse model of NB significantly suppressed the tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first evidence that a c-Jun-NH(2)-kinase-CRT-dependent pathway is essential for the neuronal differentiation elicited by Notch signaling blockade and that Notch1 and CRT can synergistically predict the clinical outcomes of NB patients. The present data suggest that Notch signaling could be a therapeutic target for NB.
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Jiang SS, Fang WT, Hou YH, Huang SF, Yen BL, Chang JL, Li SM, Liu HP, Liu YL, Huang CT, Li YW, Jang TH, Chan SH, Yang SJ, Hsiung CA, Wu CW, Wang LH, Chang IS. Upregulation of SOX9 in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Its Involvement in the Regulation of Cell Growth and Tumorigenicity. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:4363-73. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lan CC, Yang MC, Lee CH, Huang SF, Wu YK. Solitary primary tracheal small-cell lung cancer causing acute respiratory failure: diagnosis and treatment. Respir Care 2010; 55:929-932. [PMID: 20587106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer often presents as an extensive cancer, and rarely as a solitary tracheal tumor. We report a 41-year-old male smoker with dyspnea and wheezing that was initially diagnosed as asthma and treated with bronchodilators. He was later intubated for acute respiratory failure, and computed tomography revealed a tracheal mass. Solitary primary small-cell lung cancer was diagnosed via bronchoscopic biopsy. The patient received bronchoscopic electro-surgery and was successfully extubated. Concurrent chemo-radiotherapy was performed due to the stage IV small-cell lung cancer.
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