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Khalique OK, Hamid N, White J, Terre J, Hastings R, Palmerini T, Kodali S, Nazif T, Vahl T, George I, Leon M, Hahn R. ASSESSMENT OF BALLOON-EXPANDABLE TRANSCATHETER HEART VALVE OVERSIZING USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY SEMI-AUTOMATION VERSUS. DIRECT PLANIMETRY: ALL METHODS ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(16)30410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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102
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Castano A, Narotsky D, Kodali S, Nazif T, George I, Vahl T, Hamid N, Hahn R, Morgenstern R, Bokhari S, Maurer M. THE MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION FRACTION IS SUPERIOR TO THE VOLTAGE TO MASS RATIO FOR IDENTIFYING TTR CARDIAC AMYLOID IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING TAVR. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(16)31822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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103
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Oberweis BS, Hamid N, Khalique O, George I, Nazif T, Vahl T, White J, Kodali S, Leon M, Hahn R. EFFECTIVE ORIFICE AREA REFERENCE VALUES WITH THE DIFFERENT SIZES OF THE SAPIEN 3 BALLOON-EXPANDING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(16)30402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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104
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Ali ZA, Karimi Galougahi K, Nazif T, Maehara A, Hardy MA, Cohen DJ, Ratner LE, Collins MB, Moses JW, Kirtane AJ, Stone GW, Karmpaliotis D, Leon MB. Imaging- and physiology-guided percutaneous coronary intervention without contrast administration in advanced renal failure: a feasibility, safety, and outcome study. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:3090-3095. [PMID: 26957421 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The feasibility, safety, and clinical utility of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) without radio-contrast medium in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) are unknown. In this series, we investigated a specific strategy for 'zero contrast' PCI with the aims of preserving renal function and preventing the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in patients with advanced CKD. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 31 patients with advanced CKD [creatinine = 4.2 mg/dL, inter-quartile range (IQR) 3.1-4.8, estimated glomerular filtration rate = 16 ± 8 mL/min/1.73 m2] who had clinical indication for PCI based on a prior minimal contrast coronary angiogram were included. Zero contrast PCI was performed at least 1 week after diagnostic angiography using real-time intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance, with pre- and post-PCI measurements of fractional flow reserve and coronary flow reserve to confirm physiological improvement. This approach resulted in successful PCI, no major adverse cardiovascular events and preservation of renal function without the need for RRT within a follow-up time of 79 days (IQR 33-207) in all patients. CONCLUSION In patients with advanced CKD who require revascularization, PCI may safely be performed without contrast using IVUS and physiological guidance with high procedural success and without complications.
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105
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Guglielmetti L, Nazif T, Sorabella R, Akkoc D, Kantor A, Gomez A, Wang C, Takayama H, Dizon J, Borger M, George I. Bicuspid aortic valve increases risk of permanent pacemaker implant following aortic root replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 50:497-503. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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106
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Hahn RT, Fox B, Khalique O, Hamid N, Williams M, George I, Nazif T, Vahl T, Gada H, White J, Parikh P, Leon M, Kodali S. THE EFFECT OF OVERSIZING ON THE HEMODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE SAPIEN 3 TRANSCATHETER HEART VALVE. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(15)61736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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107
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George I, Yerebakan H, Kalesan B, Nazif T, Kodali S, Smith CR, Williams MR. Age alone should not preclude surgery: Contemporary outcomes after aortic valve replacement in nonagenarians. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148:1360-1369.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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108
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Paradis JM, Fried J, Nazif T, Kirtane A, Harjai K, Khalique O, Grubb K, George I, Hahn R, Williams M, Leon MB, Kodali S. Aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease: What do we know? What don't we know? A comprehensive review of the literature with proposed treatment algorithms. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:2069-2082. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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109
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Biviano A, Dizon J, Nazif T, Kapadia S, Babaliaros V, Xu K, Rodes-Cabau J, Szeto W, Fearon W, Dvir D, Dewey T, Williams M, Mack M, Webb J, Miller DC, Smith C, Leon M, Kodali S. ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MORTALITY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING TAVR: INSIGHTS FROM THE PARTNER TRIAL. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(14)61689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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110
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Zheng B, Maehara A, Mintz G, Nazif T, Wachsman Y, Jaquez L, Rabbani L, Apfelbaum M, Ali Z, Dalton K, Mancini D, Weisz G. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT VASCULOPATHY AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS DETECTED BY NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(14)61804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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111
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Paradis JM, Urena M, Williams M, Genereux P, Lasalle L, Xu K, Nazif T, Hahn R, George I, Khalique O, Harjai K, Doshi D, DeLarochellière R, Dumont E, Doyle D, Leon M, Rodes-Cabau J, Kodali S. IMPACT OF PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION WITHIN 6 MONTHS PRIOR TO TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT: A MULTICENTER CENTER STUDY WITH CENTRAL ANGIOGRAPHIC CORE LABORATORY ANALYSIS. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(14)61732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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112
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Dizon J, Nazif T, Biviano A, Kapadia S, Babaliaros V, Herrmann H, Szeto W, Jilaihawi H, Fearon W, Tuzcu EM, Pichard A, Makkar R, Williams M, Hahn R, Xu K, Smith C, Leon M, Kodali S. THE PRESENCE OF A PACEMAKER IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED 1 YEAR MORTALITY AND REHOSPITALIZATION IN THE PARTNER TRIAL. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(14)62031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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113
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Zheng B, Maehara A, Mintz G, Nazif T, Wachsman Y, Jaquez L, Rabbani L, Apfelbaum M, Ali Z, Dalton K, Mancini D, Weisz G. NEW INSIGHTS IN CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT VASCULOPATHY BY NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(14)61676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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114
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Nazif T, Kodali SK. Cardiac conduction disturbances after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: much remains to be learned. EUROINTERVENTION 2014; 9:1136-8. [PMID: 24561729 DOI: 10.4244/eijv9i10a192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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115
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Forster M, Khalique OK, Kodali S, Williams M, Nazif T, Paradis JM, George I, Grubb KJ, Leon M, Hahn R. TCT-707 Three-dimensional Echocardiographic Annular Sizing is Associated with Reduced Rates of Post-dilatation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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116
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Forster M, Khalique OK, Kodali S, Williams M, George I, Nazif T, Paradis JM, Grubb KJ, Leon M, Hahn R. TCT-709 Hemodynamic Outcomes of Post-dilatation in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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117
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Nazif T, Green P, Hawk CW, Harjai K, Paradis JM, Wong T, Lazarte RM, George I, Leon M, Kirtane AJ, Williams M, Kodali S. TCT-785 The "Eyeball Test" in Aortic Stenosis: Characterizing Subjective Frailty with Objective Measures. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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118
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Yerebakan H, George I, Kalesan B, Nazif T, Kriegel J, Takayama H, Argenziano M, Naka Y, Stewart A, Kodali S, Smith C, Williams M. TCT-758 Age Alone Should Not Preclude Surgery: Contemporary Outcomes after Aortic Valve Replacement in Nonagenarians. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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119
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Paradis JM, Nazif T, George I, Leon M, Kodali S, Williams M. Evolution of definitions and understanding of vascular complications related to transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Minerva Cardioangiol 2013; 61:513-528. [PMID: 24096246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular complications have emerged as a major clinical challenge during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Recent reports demonstrate that major vascular complications not only predict major bleeding, transfusions, and renal failure, but are also associated with increased mortality. During the early development of TAVR, heterogeneous definitions of vascular complications were used in the literature. However, the Valve Academic Research Consortium has made significant progress in standardizing outcomes definitions in the study of this emerging technology. This has resulted in a rapidly expanding body of high-quality clinical research exploring important outcomes of TAVR, including vascular complications. This review seeks to summarize the literature and to explore the current state of knowledge with respect to the incidence, predictors, clinical impact, and management of vascular complications associated with TAVR.
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Nazif T, Dizon J, Hahn R, Williams M, El-Chami MF, Herrmann HC, Tuzcu EM, Babaliaros V, Makkar R, Pichard A, Mack M, Webb J, Moses JW, Miller DC, Svensson L, Douglas P, Szeto WY, Xu K, Smith C, Leon M, Kodali S. TCT-115 Predictors and Clinical Consequences of Permanent Pacemaker Implantation after TAVR in the PARTNER Experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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121
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Généreux P, Kodali S, Hahn R, Nazif T, Williams M, Leon MB. Paravalvular leak after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Minerva Cardioangiol 2013; 61:529-537. [PMID: 24096247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Paravalvular leak (PVL) is a frequent complication of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) that occurs at a much higher rate after TAVR than after conventional surgical aortic valve replacement. Recent reports indicating that PVL may be associated with increased late mortality have raised significant concern. However, the heterogeneity of methods for assessing and quantifying PVL, in addition to lack of consistency in the timing of this assessment, complicate the understanding of its true prevalence, severity, and clinical implications. The following review is an effort to consolidate current knowledge in this area in order to better understand the incidence, progression, and clinical impact of post-TAVR PVL, as well as to focus future research efforts on the assessment, prevention, and treatment of this important complication.
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122
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Grubb KJ, Nazif T, Williams MR, George I. Concurrent Coronary Artery and Valvular Heart Disease - Hybrid Treatment Strategies in 2013. Interv Cardiol 2013; 8:127-130. [PMID: 29588765 DOI: 10.15420/icr.2013.8.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) and valvular heart disease is an increasingly common problem in the ageing population. Hybrid procedures combine surgical and transcatheter approaches to facilitate minimally invasive surgery or to transform a single high-risk open surgery into two less risky procedures. In ideal circumstances, this strategy may decrease the surgical risk in elderly, high-risk and reoperative surgical candidates, while improving patient comfort, convenience and cost-effectiveness. Hybrid procedures can be performed in a staged fashion or as a 'one-stop' procedure in a hybrid operating suite. Increasing evidence supports the safety and short-term efficacy of hybrid valve repair or replacement and coronary revascularisation procedures. Nevertheless, important questions remain, including the optimal timing of the individual procedures and the optimal antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention. With ongoing advances in procedural techniques and anticoagulation strategies, as well as the accumulation of long-term outcomes data, hybrid approaches to concomitant CAD and valvular heart disease will likely become increasingly common.
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123
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Pollack A, Nazif T, Mancini D, Weisz G. Detection and Imaging of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:613-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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124
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Dizon J, Chen K, Dizon S, Biviano A, Whang W, Ehlert F, Vazquez J, Nazif T, Garan H. A comparison of long-standing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients with and without appropriate therapy for ventricular arrhythmias: impact of a widening QRS. Europace 2011; 13:77-81. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euq363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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125
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Kato D, Boatright KM, Berger AB, Nazif T, Blum G, Ryan C, Chehade KAH, Salvesen GS, Bogyo M. Activity-based probes that target diverse cysteine protease families. Nat Chem Biol 2005; 1:33-8. [PMID: 16407991 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are one of the largest and best-characterized families of enzymes in the human proteome. Unfortunately, the understanding of protease function in the context of complex proteolytic cascades remains in its infancy. One major reason for this gap in understanding is the lack of technologies that allow direct assessment of protease activity. We report here an optimized solid-phase synthesis protocol that allows rapid generation of activity-based probes (ABPs) targeting a range of cysteine protease families. These reagents selectively form covalent bonds with the active-site thiol of a cysteine protease, allowing direct biochemical profiling of protease activities in complex proteomes. We present a number of probes containing either a single amino acid or an extended peptide sequence that target caspases, legumains, gingipains and cathepsins. Biochemical studies using these reagents highlight their overall utility and provide insight into the biochemical functions of members of these protease families.
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Snipas SJ, Wildfang E, Nazif T, Christensen L, Boatright KM, Bogyo M, Stennicke HR, Salvesen GS. Characteristics of the caspase-like catalytic domain of human paracaspase. Biol Chem 2004; 385:1093-8. [PMID: 15576331 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human paracaspase has been predicted to be a member of the protein structural fold that encompasses protease clan CD. To determine whether paracaspase has catalytic activity we have expressed the region corresponding to the catalytic domain and used protease activity-based chemical probes to profile the putative active site. A leucine-based acyloxymethyl ketone probe that covalently labels cysteine proteases discloses a hydrophobic P 1 preference in the putative active site. The probe covalently labels Cys539, which is not the predicted catalytic site based on structural and sequence comparisons with other clan CD proteases. Using a combinatorial peptide substrate library approach we have been unable to detect amidolytic activity of paracaspase, implying that if it is a protease it must be very specific. We suggest a switch in the use of catalytic residues to generate an enzyme overlapping the canonical clan CD protease active site.
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127
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Mikolajczyk J, Boatright KM, Stennicke HR, Nazif T, Potempa J, Bogyo M, Salvesen GS. Sequential autolytic processing activates the zymogen of Arg-gingipain. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:10458-64. [PMID: 12533545 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210564200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most proteases are synthesized as inactive precursors to protect the synthetic machinery of the cell and allow timing of activation. The mechanisms used to render latency are varied but tend to be conserved within protease families. Proteases belonging to the caspase family have a unique mechanism mediated by transitions of two surface loops, and on the basis of conservation of mechanism one would expect this to be preserved by caspase relatives. We have been able to express the full-length precursor of the Arg-specific caspase relative from the bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis, Arg-gingipain-B, and we show that it contains N- and C-terminal extensions that render a low amount of latency, meaning that the zymogen is substantially active. Three sequential autolytic processing steps at the N and C terminus are required for full activity, and the N-propeptide may serve as an intramolecular chaperone rather than an inhibitory peptide. Each step in activation requires the previous step, and an affinity probe reveals that incremental activity enhancements are achieved in a stepwise manner.
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128
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Groll M, Nazif T, Huber R, Bogyo M. Probing structural determinants distal to the site of hydrolysis that control substrate specificity of the 20S proteasome. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:655-62. [PMID: 12031672 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 20S proteasome is a large multicomponent protease complex. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms that control substrate specificity of its multiple active sites. We present here the crystal structure at 2.95 A resolution of a beta2-selective inhibitor (MB1) bound to the yeast 20S proteasome core particle (CP). This structure is compared to the structure of the CP bound to a general inhibitor (MB2) that covalently modified all three (beta1, beta2, beta5) catalytic subunits. These two inhibitors differ only in their P3 and P4 residues, thereby highlighting binding interactions distal to the active site threonine that control absolute substrate specificity of the complex. Comparisons of the CP-bound structures of MB1, MB2, and the natural products epoxomycin and TMC-95A also provide information regarding general binding modes for several classes of proteasome inhibitors.
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Li J, Gao X, Ortega J, Nazif T, Joss L, Bogyo M, Steven AC, Rechsteiner M. Lysine 188 substitutions convert the pattern of proteasome activation by REGgamma to that of REGs alpha and beta. EMBO J 2001; 20:3359-69. [PMID: 11432824 PMCID: PMC125523 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.13.3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
11S REGs (PA28s) are multimeric rings that bind proteasomes and stimulate peptide hydrolysis. Whereas REGalpha activates proteasomal hydrolysis of peptides with hydrophobic, acidic or basic residues in the P1 position, REGgamma only activates cleavage after basic residues. We have isolated REGgamma mutants capable of activating the hydrolysis of fluorogenic peptides diagnostic for all three active proteasome beta subunits. The most robust REGgamma specificity mutants involve substitution of Glu or Asp for Lys188. REGgamma(K188E/D) variants are virtually identical to REGalpha in proteasome activation but assemble into less stable heptamers/hexamers. Based on the REGalpha crystal structure, Lys188 of REGgamma faces the aqueous channel through the heptamer, raising the possibility that REG channels function as substrate-selective gates. However, covalent modification of proteasome chymotrypsin-like subunits by 125I-YL3-VS demonstrates that REGgamma(K188E)'s activation of all three proteasome active sites is not due to relaxed gating. We propose that decreased stability of REGgamma(K188E) heptamers allows them to change conformation upon proteasome binding, thus relieving inhibition of the CT and PGPH sites normally imposed by the wild-type REGgamma molecule.
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Nazif T, Bogyo M. Global analysis of proteasomal substrate specificity using positional-scanning libraries of covalent inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:2967-72. [PMID: 11248015 PMCID: PMC30590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.061028898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is a large protease complex consisting of multiple catalytic subunits that function simultaneously to digest protein substrates. This complexity has made deciphering the role each subunit plays in the generation of specific protein fragments difficult. Positional scanning libraries of peptide vinyl sulfones were generated in which the amino acid located directly at the site of hydrolysis (P1 residue) was held constant and sequences distal to that residue (P2, P3, and P4 positions) were varied across all natural amino acids (except cysteine and methionine). Binding information for each of the individual catalytic subunits was obtained for each library under a variety of different conditions. The resulting specificity profiles indicated that substrate positions distal to P1 are critical for directing substrates to active subunits in the complex. Furthermore, specificity profiles of IFN-gamma-regulated subunits closely matched those of their noninducible counterparts, suggesting that subunit swapping may modulate substrate processing by a mechanism that does require a change in the primary sequence specificity of individual catalytic subunits in the complex. Finally, specificity profiles were used to design specific inhibitors of a single active site in the complex. These reagents can be used to further establish the role of each subunit in substrate processing by the proteasome.
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