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Yu KL, Lau BF, Show PL, Ong HC, Ling TC, Chen WH, Ng EP, Chang JS. Recent developments on algal biochar production and characterization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 246:2-11. [PMID: 28844690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Algal biomass is known as a promising sustainable feedstock for the production of biofuels and other valuable products. However, since last decade, massive amount of interests have turned to converting algal biomass into biochar. Due to their high nutrient content and ion-exchange capacity, algal biochars can be used as soil amendment for agriculture purposes or adsorbents in wastewater treatment for the removal of organic or inorganic pollutants. This review describes the conventional (e.g., slow and microwave-assisted pyrolysis) and newly developed (e.g., hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction) methods used for the synthesis of algae-based biochars. The characterization of algal biochar and a comparison between algal biochar with biochar produced from other feedstocks are also presented. This review aims to provide updated information on the development of algal biochar in terms of the production methods and the characterization of its physical and chemical properties to justify and to expand their potential applications.
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Chew KW, Juan JC, Phang SM, Ling TC, Show PL. An overview on the development of conventional and alternative extractive methods for the purification of agarose from seaweed. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1394881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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53
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Phong WN, Show PL, Teh WH, Teh TX, Lim HMY, Nazri NSB, Tan CH, Chang JS, Ling TC. Proteins recovery from wet microalgae using liquid biphasic flotation (LBF). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1329-1336. [PMID: 28602664 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the extraction of microalgal protein from wet Chlorella sorokiniana species using alcohol/salt liquid biphasic flotation (LBF) with the aid of ultrasonication for cell rupturing was proposed. The effect of varying crude feedstock concentration, flotation time, salt type, salt concentration, alcohol type, alcohol concentration, initial volumes of salt and alcohol were investigated. After the optimization process, the highest proportion of protein recovered in the top phase was achieved with 250g/L ammonium sulphate, 60% (v/v) 2-propanol, 1.0VR,initial, 20g/L crude biomass load, 4mm3/min air flowrate and 10min of flotation time. The recycling of phase components was introduced to minimize the use of alcohol and salt in the corresponding LBF. It was demonstrated that top phase (alcohol) recycling can achieve increasing performance for three consecutive recycling runs. Under optimized process conditions, the proportion of protein recovered in the top phase was 88.86% for the third recycle run.
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Choo MY, Oi LE, Show PL, Chang JS, Ling TC, Ng EP, Phang SM, Juan JC. Recent progress in catalytic conversion of microalgae oil to green hydrocarbon: A review. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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55
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Lee SY, Show PL, Ling TC, Chang JS. Single-step disruption and protein recovery from Chlorella vulgaris using ultrasonication and ionic liquid buffer aqueous solutions as extractive solvents. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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56
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Jong WYL, Show PL, Ling TC, Tan YS. Recovery of lignin peroxidase from submerged liquid fermentation of Amauroderma rugosum (Blume & T. Nees) Torrend using polyethylene glycol/salt aqueous two-phase system. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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57
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Leong HY, Show PL, Lim MH, Ooi CW, Ling TC. Natural red pigments from plants and their health benefits: A review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2017.1326935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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58
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Chew KW, Yap JY, Show PL, Suan NH, Juan JC, Ling TC, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Microalgae biorefinery: High value products perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 229:53-62. [PMID: 28107722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have received much interest as a biofuel feedstock in response to the uprising energy crisis, climate change and depletion of natural sources. Development of microalgal biofuels from microalgae does not satisfy the economic feasibility of overwhelming capital investments and operations. Hence, high-value co-products have been produced through the extraction of a fraction of algae to improve the economics of a microalgae biorefinery. Examples of these high-value products are pigments, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and anti-oxidants, with applications in cosmetics, nutritional and pharmaceuticals industries. To promote the sustainability of this process, an innovative microalgae biorefinery structure is implemented through the production of multiple products in the form of high value products and biofuel. This review presents the current challenges in the extraction of high value products from microalgae and its integration in the biorefinery. The economic potential assessment of microalgae biorefinery was evaluated to highlight the feasibility of the process.
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Show PL, Tang MSY, Nagarajan D, Ling TC, Ooi CW, Chang JS. A Holistic Approach to Managing Microalgae for Biofuel Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010215. [PMID: 28117737 PMCID: PMC5297844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae contribute up to 60% of the oxygen content in the Earth’s atmosphere by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis. Microalgae are abundantly available in the natural environment, thanks to their ability to survive and grow rapidly under harsh and inhospitable conditions. Microalgal cultivation is environmentally friendly because the microalgal biomass can be utilized for the productions of biofuels, food and feed supplements, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. The cultivation of microalgal also can complement approaches like carbon dioxide sequestration and bioremediation of wastewaters, thereby addressing the serious environmental concerns. This review focuses on the factors affecting microalgal cultures, techniques adapted to obtain high-density microalgal cultures in photobioreactors, and the conversion of microalgal biomass into biofuels. The applications of microalgae in carbon dioxide sequestration and phycoremediation of wastewater are also discussed.
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Lee SY, Khoiroh I, Ooi CW, Ling TC, Show PL. Recent Advances in Protein Extraction Using Ionic Liquid-based Aqueous Two-phase Systems. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2017.1279628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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61
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Ng EP, Chow JH, Wong SF, Mukti RR, Muraza O, Ling TC, Wong KL. Alkali Metal Ion-Exchanged Zeolite X from Bamboo Leaf Biomass as Base Catalysts in Cyanoethylation of Methanol Enhanced by Non-Microwave Instant Heating. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A series of alkali form (Na, K, Cs, and Ca) faujisite X-type zeolites were prepared from bamboo leaf ash, which was derived from bamboo agricultural waste. The XRD and SEM results revealed that the zeolite structure remained intact after ion exchange treatment. A very high degree of ion exchange (≥ 85 %) was achieved in all of the prepared zeolite samples. The zeolite samples were tested in a solvent-free cyanoethylation reaction of methanol under an instant heating environment that mimicked microwave fast heating, which was explored for the first time. The catalytic performances of the zeolite samples were well correlated with their surface basicity, which was characterised by pyrrole adsorption followed by in situ infrared spectroscopy. The CsX zeolite showed excellent catalytic performance (~97 % reactant conversion and 100 % product selectivity within 15 min), which was comparable to the microwave-assisted system and superior to the normal reflux system. The catalytic activity of the CsX zeolite was retained even after 10 cycles of reaction.
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Phong WN, Le CF, Show PL, Chang JS, Ling TC. Extractive disruption process integration using ultrasonication and an aqueous two-phase system for protein recovery from Chlorella sorokiniana. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:357-369. [PMID: 32624781 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae emerge as the most promising protein sources for aquaculture industry. However, the commercial proteins production at low cost remains a challenge. The process of harnessing microalgal proteins involves several steps such as cell disruption, isolation and extraction. The discrete processes are generally complicated, time-consuming and costly. To date, the notion of integrating microalgal cell disruption and proteins recovery process into one step is yet to explore. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility of applying methanol/potassium ATPS in the integrated process for proteins recovery from Chlorella sorokiniana. Parameters such as salt types, salt concentrations, methanol concentrations, NaCl addition were optimized. The possibility of upscaling and the effectiveness of recycling the phase components were also studied. The results showed that ATPS formed by 30% (w/w) K3PO4 and 20% (w/w) methanol with 3% (w/w) NaCl addition was optimum for proteins recovery. In this system, the partition coefficient and yield were 7.28 and 84.23%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the partition coefficient and yield when the integrated process was upscaled to 100-fold. The recovered phase components can still be recycled effectively at fifth cycle. In conclusions, this method is simple, rapid, environmental friendly and could be implemented at large scale.
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Chow YH, Yap YJ, Show PL, Juan JC, Anuar MS, Ng EP, Ooi CW, Ling TC. Characterization of partitioning behaviors of immunoglobulin G in polymer-salt aqueous two-phase systems. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:613-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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64
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Aris MH, Annuar MSM, Ling TC. Lipase-mediated degradation of poly-ε-caprolactone in toluene: Behavior and its action mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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65
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Leong YK, Lan JCW, Loh HS, Ling TC, Ooi CW, Show PL. Cloud-point extraction of green-polymers from Cupriavidus necator lysate using thermoseparating-based aqueous two-phase extraction. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 123:370-375. [PMID: 27745851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a class of renewable and biodegradable green polymers, have gained attraction as a potential substitute for the conventional plastics due to the increasing concern towards environmental pollution as well as the rapidly depleting petroleum reserve. Nevertheless, the high cost of downstream processing of PHA has been a bottleneck for the wide adoption of PHAs. Among the options of PHAs recovery techniques, aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) outshines the others by having the advantages of providing a mild environment for bioseparation, being green and non-toxic, the capability to handle a large operating volume and easily scaled-up. Utilizing unique properties of thermo-responsive polymer which has decreasing solubility in its aqueous solution as the temperature rises, cloud point extraction (CPE) is an ATPE technique that allows its phase-forming component to be recycled and reused. A thorough literature review has shown that this is the first time isolation and recovery of PHAs from Cupriavidus necator H16 via CPE was reported. The optimum condition for PHAs extraction (recovery yield of 94.8% and purification factor of 1.42 fold) was achieved under the conditions of 20 wt/wt % ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EOPO) with molecular weight of 3900 g/mol and 10 mM of sodium chloride addition at thermoseparating temperature of 60°C with crude feedstock limit of 37.5 wt/wt %. Recycling and reutilization of EOPO 3900 can be done at least twice with satisfying yield and PF. CPE has been demonstrated as an effective technique for the extraction of PHAs from microbial crude culture.
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66
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Mathiazakan P, Shing SY, Ying SS, Kek HK, Tang MS, Show PL, Ooi CW, Ling TC. Pilot-scale aqueous two-phase floatation for direct recovery of lipase derived from Burkholderia cepacia strain ST8. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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67
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Cheah WY, Ling TC, Juan JC, Lee DJ, Chang JS, Show PL. Biorefineries of carbon dioxide: From carbon capture and storage (CCS) to bioenergies production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 215:346-356. [PMID: 27090405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions have several adverse environmental effects, like pollution and climate change. Currently applied carbon capture and storage (CCS) methods are not cost effective and have not been proven safe for long term sequestration. Another attractive approach is CO2 valorization, whereby CO2 can be captured in the form of biomass via photosynthesis and is subsequently converted into various form of bioenergy. This article summarizes the current carbon sequestration and utilization technologies, while emphasizing the value of bioconversion of CO2. In particular, CO2 sequestration by terrestrial plants, microalgae and other microorganisms are discussed. Prospects and challenges for CO2 conversion are addressed. The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive knowledge and updated information on the current advances in biological CO2 sequestration and valorization, which are essential if this approach is to achieve environmental sustainability and economic feasibility.
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Tang MSY, Ng EP, Juan JC, Ooi CW, Ling TC, Woon KL, Show PL. Metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes separation using an aqueous two-phase separation technique: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:332002. [PMID: 27396920 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/33/332002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
It is known that carbon nanotubes show desirable physical and chemical properties with a wide array of potential applications. Nonetheless, their potential has been hampered by the difficulties in acquiring high purity, chiral-specific tubes. Considerable advancement has been made in terms of the purification of carbon nanotubes, for instance chemical oxidation, physical separation, and myriad combinations of physical and chemical methods. The aqueous two-phase separation technique has recently been demonstrated to be able to sort carbon nanotubes based on their chirality. The technique requires low cost polymers and salt, and is able to sort the tubes based on their diameter as well as metallicity. In this review, we aim to provide a review that could stimulate innovative thought on the progress of a carbon nanotubes sorting method using the aqueous two-phase separation method, and present possible future work and an outlook that could enhance the methodology.
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Chen CY, Kao PC, Tan CH, Show PL, Cheah WY, Lee WL, Ling TC, Chang JS. Using an innovative pH-stat CO 2 feeding strategy to enhance cell growth and C-phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Tan CH, Chen CY, Show PL, Ling TC, Lam HL, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Strategies for enhancing lipid production from indigenous microalgae isolates. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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71
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Lo SC, Ramanan RN, Tey BT, Tan WS, Show PL, Ling TC, Ooi CW. A versatile and economical method for the release of recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli by 1-propanol cell disruption. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10550e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Release of enhanced green fluorescent protein from Escherichia coli by 1-propanol cell disruption.
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72
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Ng EP, Ghoy JP, Awala H, Vicente A, Adnan R, Ling TC, Mintova S. Ionothermal synthesis of FeAPO-5 in the presence of phosphorous acid. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01973g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ionothermal crystallization of FeAPO-5 molecular sieves in the presence of phosphorous acid (H3PO3) has been investigated.
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73
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Yau YK, Ooi CW, Ng EP, Lan JCW, Ling TC, Show PL. Current applications of different type of aqueous two-phase systems. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-015-0078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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74
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Tan KH, Cham HY, Awala H, Ling TC, Mukti RR, Wong KL, Mintova S, Ng EP. Effect of Extra-Framework Cations of LTL Nanozeolites to Inhibit Oil Oxidation. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:956. [PMID: 26058517 PMCID: PMC4463947 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lubricant oils take significant part in current health and environmental considerations since they are an integral and indispensable component of modern technology. Antioxidants are probably the most important additives used in oils because oxidative deterioration plays a major role in oil degradation. Zeolite nanoparticles (NPs) have been proven as another option as green antioxidants in oil formulation. The anti-oxidative behavior of zeolite NPs is obvious; however, the phenomenon is still under investigation. Herein, a study of the effect of extra-framework cations stabilized on Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite NPs (ca. 20 nm) on inhibition of oxidation in palm oil-based lubricant oil is reported. Hydrophilic LTL zeolites with a Si/Al ratio of 3.2 containing four different inorganic cations (Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+)) were applied. The oxidation of the lubricant oil was followed by visual observation, colorimetry, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, (1)H NMR spectroscopy, total acid number (TAN), and rheology analyses. The effect of extra-framework cations to slow down the rate of oil oxidation and to control the viscosity of oil is demonstrated. The degradation rate of the lubricant oil samples is decreased considerably as the polarizability of cation is increased with the presence of zeolite NPs. More importantly, the microporous zeolite NPs have a great influence in halting the steps that lead to the polymerization of the oils and thus increasing the lifetime of oils.
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Tan CH, Show PL, Chang JS, Ling TC, Lan JCW. Novel approaches of producing bioenergies from microalgae: A recent review. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1219-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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