[Family-based association tests for rare variants]

Next-generation sequencing has revolutionized family-based association tests for rare variants. As the lower power of genome wide association study for detecting casual rare variants, methods aggregating effects of multiple variants have been proposed, such as burden tests and variance component tests. This paper summarizes the methods of rare variants association test that can be applied for family data, introduces their principles, characteristics and applicable conditions and discusses the shortcomings and the improvement of the present methods.

P11.08.A Clinical practice evidence for perampanel in epilepsy patients with tumour aetiology

Background

Real-world studies can provide information on those patients routinely excluded from clinical trials such as epilepsy patients with tumour aetiology. Perampanel (PER) is a once-daily oral anti-seizure medication for focal-onset seizures, with or without focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, and generalised tonic-clonic seizures. This study evaluated PER’s effectiveness and safety when used in everyday clinical practice to treat epilepsy patients with tumour aetiology.

Material and Methods

Patients with epilepsy with tumour aetiology were identified from a pooled analysis of 44 prospective/retrospective/cross-sectional clinical practice studies. Retention was assessed after 3, 6 and 12 months of PER treatment. Effectiveness assessments comprised responder rate (≥50% seizure frequency reduction), seizure freedom rate (no seizures since at least the prior visit), and the proportions of patients with unchanged or worsening seizure frequency. Adverse events (AEs), psychiatric AEs, and AEs leading to discontinuation were also evaluated.

Results

Overall, 127 patients with focal-onset and/or generalised-onset seizures with tumour aetiology were identified (mean age, 46.6 years; 54.8% male; mean duration of epilepsy, 9.7 years). Seizure types at baseline were focal-onset only (97.6%), generalised-onset only (1.6%), and focal-onset and generalized-onset (0.8%). Mean (standard deviation) PER doses at baseline and last visit were 2.6 (1.4) and 5.8 (2.5) mg/day, respectively. At 3, 6 and 12 months, retention rates were 88.0%, 79.5% and 65.3%, respectively. Reasons for discontinuation included AEs (16.8%) and lack of efficacy (5.3%). Mean time under PER treatment was 11.0 months. At 12 months, 71.2% of patients were responders and 38.3% were seizure free; 11.9% and 3.4% of patients had unchanged and worsening seizure frequency, respectively. At the last visit (last observation carried forward), responder and seizure freedom rates were 66.9% and 34.2%, respectively, and the percentages of patients with unchanged or worsening seizure frequency were 15.3% and 6.8%, respectively. AEs were reported for 36.2% of patients, most frequently dizziness/vertigo (13.8%) and somnolence (9.5%). AEs led to discontinuation of 16.8% of patients over 12 months and 13.0% of patients experienced psychiatric AEs.

Conclusion

PER was effective and generally well tolerated when used to treat patients with epilepsy with tumour aetiology in clinical practice. Supported by Eisai

A semiparametric model for between-subject attributes: Applications to beta-diversity of microbiome data

The human microbiome plays an important role in our health and identifying factors associated with microbiome composition provides insights into inherent disease mechanisms. By amplifying and sequencing the marker genes in high-throughput sequencing, with highly similar sequences binned together, we obtain operational taxonomic units (OTUs) profiles for each subject. Due to the high-dimensionality and nonnormality features of the OTUs, the measure of diversity is introduced as a summarization at the microbial community level, including the distance-based beta-diversity between individuals. Analyses of such between-subject attributes are not amenable to the predominant within-subject-based statistical paradigm, such as t-tests and linear regression. In this paper, we propose a new approach to model beta-diversity as a response within a regression setting by utilizing the functional response models (FRMs), a class of semiparametric models for between- as well as within-subject attributes. The new approach not only addresses limitations of current methods for beta-diversity with cross-sectional data, but also provides a premise for extending the approach to longitudinal and other clustered data in the future. The proposed approach is illustrated with both real and simulated data.

Effect of arginine supplementation on the production of milk fat in dairy cows

Arginine, one of the conditionally essential AA, has been reported to affect fat synthesis and metabolism in nonruminant animals by influencing adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) in some organs. In dairy cows, the effect of Arg on milk fat production is not clear, and any potential mechanism that underlies the effect is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that Arg infusion would improve the production of milk fat, and explored possible mechanism that might underlie any effect. We used 6 healthy lactating cows at 20 ± 2 d in milk, in fourth parity, with a body weight of 508 ± 14 kg, body condition score of 3.0 ± 0, and a milk yield of 30.6 ± 1.8 kg/d (mean ± standard deviation). The cows were blocked by days in milk and milk yield and each cow received 3 treatments in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, with each of the experimental periods lasting 7 d with a 14-d washout between each period. The treatments, delivered in random order, were (1) infusion of saline (control); (2) infusion of 0.216 mol/d of l-Arg in saline (Arg); (3) infusion of 0.868 mol/d of l-Ala in saline (the Arg and Ala treatments were iso-nitrogenous) through a jugular vein. On the last day of each experimental period, blood was sampled to measure insulin, nitric oxide, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acid, and the liver and mammary gland were biopsied to measure the expression of genes. Milk yield was recorded, and milk fat percentage was measured daily during each of the experimental periods. The yield and composition of fatty acid (FA) in milk was measured daily on the last 3 d during each of the experimental periods. The data were analyzed using a mixed model with treatment as a fixed factor, and cow, period, and block as random factors. The daily milk yield and milk fat yield when the cows were infused with Arg were 2.2 kg and 76 g, respectively, higher than that in control, and 1.8 kg and 111 g, respectively, higher than that in Ala. When the cows were infused with Arg they had higher concentration and yield of de novo synthesized FA, than when they received the control or Ala infusions, although milk fat percentage, daily feed intake, and the digestibility of nutrients were not affected by treatment. The serum concentration of nitric oxide and insulin were higher during Arg than during control or Ala, with no difference between control and Ala. In the liver, the expression of the genes coding for AMPK (PRKAA1, PRKAB1, and PRKAG1) and genes related to the oxidation of FA were higher during Arg than during control or Ala, whereas in the mammary gland the expression PRKAB1 was lowest, and the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of milk fat were highest, during Arg infusion. The results suggest the intravenous infusion of Arg enhanced the production of milk fat by promoting the de novo synthesis of FA and increasing milk yield.

Baseline Quality-of-Life of Caregivers of Patients With Heart Failure Prior to Advanced Therapies: Findings From the Sustaining Quality of Life of the Aged: Transplant or Mechanical Support (SUSTAIN-IT) Study

BACKGROUND

We compared health-related quality of life (HRQOL), depressive symptoms, anxiety, and burden in caregivers of older patients with heart failure based on the intended therapy goal of the patient: awaiting heart transplantation (HT) with or without mechanical circulatory support (MCS) or prior to long-term MCS; and we identified factors associated with HRQOL.

METHODS

Caregivers (n = 281) recruited from 13 HT and MCS programs in the United States completed measures of HRQOL (EQ-5D-3L), depressive symptoms (PHQ-8), anxiety (STAI-state), and burden (Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale). Analyses included ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis tests, χ² tests, and linear regression.

RESULTS

The majority of caregivers were female, white spouses with ≤ 2 comorbidities, median [Q1,Q3] age = 62 [57.8, 67.0] years. Caregivers (HT with MCS = 87, HT without MCS = 98, long-term MCS = 96) reported similarly high baseline HRQOL (EQ-5D-3L visual analog scale median score = 90; P = 0.67 for all groups) and low levels of depressive symptoms. STAI-state median scores were higher in the long-term MCS group vs the HT groups with and without MCS, (38 vs 32 vs 31; P < 0.001), respectively. Burden (task: time spent/difficulty) differed significantly among groups. Caregiver factors (number of comorbidities, diabetes and higher anxiety levels) were significantly associated with worse caregiver HRQOL, R² = 26%.

CONCLUSIONS

Recognizing caregiver-specific factors, including comorbidities and anxiety, associated with the HRQOL of caregivers of these older patients with advanced HF may guide support strategies.

P-719 Effect of frozen and thawed embryo transfer on metabolism of children in early childhood

Study question

We aimed to investigate the metabolic profile at age 1.5 – 4 years in chidren conceived from FET.

Summary answer

Plasma concentration of ApoE , fasting insulin and 11 small molecule metabolities were different beween FET group and the NC group.

What is known already

Rencently,we showed that FET-conceived male mouse offspring presented glucose metabolism dysfunction mainly manifesting insulin resistance. Observations from human studies indicate that body fat composition in IVF children is disturbed and children conceived by IVF/ICSI have a less favourable glucose and cardiovascular metabolic profile in childhood when compared with naturally conceived. But human study emphasised on metabolic profile of children concieved from FET is limited, one follow-up study have suggested that children conceived by FET often show abnormal lipid metabolism.

Study design, size, duration

284 children at early childhood (1.5-4 years) conceived from FET or naturally conceived were recruited based on the data from electronic Case Report Forms (e-CRF) in the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital (IPMCHH) from September 2018 to November 2019. A total of 147 children (with 118 born after FET and 29 conceived naturally) was included for biochemical examination and metabolomics analysis.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

The peripheral venous blood of 147 children aged 1.5 - 4 years (with 118 born after FET and 29 conceived naturally) was drawn in the fasting state (&gt;8h). FBG was measured using a glucometer, plasma concentrations of TC,TG, HDL , LDL were measured by chemistry analyzer, commercial ELISA kits were used for the measurment of Apolipoprotein, insulin, leptin, CRP,FT3, FT4, and TSH. Metabolomic analysis was performed on an UPLC-MS/MS system against 210 metabolites.

Main results and the role of chance

The results of present study revealed that the chidren conceived from FET have different metabolite profile than the naturally conceived children. Except for the higher BMI of chidren from FET group, ApoE and insulin were found respectivedly higher and lower in chidren from FET group than in NC group. As for metabolomic analysis,small metabolities which reflect intestinal fermentation such as second bile acid and short chain fatty acids was significantly higher in children conceived from FET; unsaturated fatty acids which are crucial for neurodevelopment was significanty lower in FET group.

Limitations, reasons for caution

Firstly, due to the small sample size, larger sample size and a longer follow-up period will be needed to observe the long-term metabolic profile and neurobehavioral performance of offspring conceived from FET. Secondly, we did not rule out other factors that may have influence on the metabolism of children.

Wider implications of the findings

To our knowledged, we demenstrated the metabolic profile of chidren born after FET in early childhood by metabolomic analysis for the first time.The fast insulin level was significant decreased in FET group than NC group, which is opposes to previous findings.

Trial registration number

2016YFC1000203

3D nanoparticle superlocalization with a thin diffuser

We report on the use of a thin diffuser placed in the close vicinity of a camera sensor as a simple and effective way to superlocalize plasmonic nanoparticles in 3D. This method is based on holographic reconstruction via quantitative phase and intensity measurements of a light field after its interaction with nanoparticles. We experimentally demonstrate that this thin diffuser can be used as a simple add-on to a standard bright-field microscope to allow the localization of 100 nm gold nanoparticles at video rate with nanometer precision (1.3 nm laterally and 6.3 nm longitudinally). We exemplify the approach by revealing the dynamic Brownian trajectory of a gold nanoparticle trapped in various pockets within an agarose gel. The proposed method provides a simple but highly performant way to track nanoparticles in 3D.

Effects of Qidantang Granule on early stage of diabetic kidney disease in rats

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is one of the most common vascular diseases caused by diabetes, eventually progressing into glomerular sclerosis. Qidantang Granule is a traditional Chinese medicine that is commonly used for DKD. However, there is still no experimental evidence for its effectiveness on DKD. 8-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats were fed on high-fat and high-sugar diet for 4 weeks, and then intraperitoneally injected with 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into three groups, and orally administrated with vehicle, 50 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg Qidantang Granule respectively, once daily for 9 weeks. Qidantang Granule effectively reduced food and water intake, body weight and fasting blood glucose, decreased inflammation and oxidative stress, ameliorated renal injury through suppressing PI3K signaling pathway in STZ-induced DKD rats. Our results provide experimental evidence to demonstrate the pharmacological mechanism of Qidantang Granule in the treatment of DKD.

The identification of treatment-resistant depression patients in electronic health records, a retrospective cohort study in China

Introduction

Previous Electronic Health Records (EHR) based studies adopted various definitions in identifying Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) patients. There is a lack of similar attempts among Chinese population which limits the understanding of TRD in China.

Objectives

Assess TRD identification using EHR from a major psychiatric hospital in China.

Methods

This study utilized a retrospective Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) cohort of patients who newly initiated pharmaceutical treatment (2010-2018); follow-up was ended upon 1-year or treatment discontinuation (≥120d without treatment). TRD was first identified based on common clinical definition of two prior regimen failures (change of regimen) with 4-week as regimen adequacy threshold (Def1). Alternative adequacy thresholds of 2-week and 6-week were applied. Based on Def1 (4-week), at least 3 distinctive regimens were additionally required in TRD identification (Def2). Further, a data-driven definition (Def3) based on drug count as having ≥3 antidepressants or ≥1 antipsychotic within 1 year was considered (Cepeda et al., 2018).

Results

From 12257 MDD patients included in the cohort, Def1 identified 633 (5.2%) TRD cases, whereas regimen adequacy thresholds of 2-week and 6-week identified 1772 (14.5%) and 61 (0.5%) cases, respectively. Further, Def2 identified 261 (2.4%) TRD cases. Finally, Def3 yielded 2449 (20.0%) TRD cases, including 1966 exclusive cases that were not identified by Def1.

Conclusions

This study showed different definitions for TRD identification had considerable impact on the number of patients identified among Chinese population, obscuring the comparability among EHR-based TRD studies. As first step, we found the criteria of regimen adequacy as major contributor to the observed variability in China.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

POS0015 BULLOUS SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL COMBINED WITH GLUCOCORTICOID: A CASE REPORT

Background:

Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (BSLE) is a rare subtype of systemic lupus erythematosus, accounting for less than 1% of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [1]. It is common in adults aged 20 to 40, with female predominace [2]. Its skin manifestations are mainly tensive blisters, especially involving oral and genital mucosa, Nissl’s sign is mostly negative, blisters break and heal to form pigmentation of varying degrees, leaving no scar. At present, the main treatment is systemic application of corticosteroids combined with immunosuppressants. Here, we report a BSLE who successfully treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) combined with glucocorticoid.

Objectives

To be vigilant in the early identification of BSLE, and through the treatment experience of this case, it can provide a basis for the use of Mycophanol ester as the preferred drug for the treatment of BSLE in the future.

Methods

The clinical manifestation, laboratory test, treatment, and outcome were described.

Results

A 50-year-old female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus presented with wandering joint pain for 1 year and sporadic patchy erythema on eyelid, hands, and neck for 7 months. There are blisters on part of her erythema and normal skin, about 1mm-15mm in diameter, the blister fluid is cool, fusion is broken, and Nissl’s sign is negative. She suffered from anemia, albuminuria, polyserous effusion and other system damage. Skin histopathology showed mild hyperkeratosis of epidermis, formation of subepidermal blisters and accumulation of a large number of neutrophils; direct immunofluorescence showed that the positive expressions of IgA, IgG and C3 were found in the basement membrane of the skin, leading to a diagnosis of BSLE. In the initial stage, patients were treated with high-dose glucocorticoid (160 mg, qd) combined with immunosuppressants (thalidomide and hydroxychloroquine), but the number of blisters increased. After treatment with MMF (1 g, bid), the skin lesions disappeared, joint pain relieved, anemia was corrected, and polyserous effusion was absorbed. She was followed up for half a year and there was no recurrence.

Conclusion

Patients with BSLE are often accompanied by multiple system damage [2], so it is critical to correctly identify BSLE and provide appropriate treatment as soon as possible. For patients who do not respond to single glucocorticoid therapy, combined with MMF can be used as the preferred drug for the treatment of BSLE in the future.

References:

[1] L. Duan et al., Treatment of Bullous Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of immunology research 2015, 167064 (2015).

[2] K. Chanprapaph, S. Sawatwarakul, V. Vachiramon, A 12-year retrospective review of bullous systemic lupus erythematosus in cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus 26, 1278-1284 (2017).

Figure 1.

BSLE. Blisters can be seen on the face, neck, armpits and arms.

BSLE = bullous systemic lupus erythematous.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

[Overlap esophagojejunostomy with multi-mode modifications in totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy: safety and feasibility of 152 cases from a single center]

Objective: Currently, the Overlap anastomosis is one of the most favored reconstruction methods of intracorporeal esophagojejunostomy (EJS). Despite many advantages of the method, it remains some shortcomings to be improved when it comes to the retraction of the esophagus stump, the insertion of the anvil fork of the linear stapler into a "pseudo" lumen, and the closure of the common entry hole. This study aims to investigate the safety and feasibility of a multi-mode modified Overlap anastomosis. Methods: A descriptive case series study was conducted. Medical records of 152 consecutive patients who underwent totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy (TLTG) with our multi-mode modified Overlap EJS method by the same surgical team at our department from February 2017 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The multi-mode modified Overlap method mainly included (1) After ensuring the safety of tumor resection margin (proximal margin was at least 3 cm from the tumor), the esophagus was partially transected from left to right (with 5-8 mm width esophagus continuation). The specimen was then placed in a plastic bag which was tied up at the mouth using strings with a part of the esophageal wall poking through. Then the plastic bag containing the specimen was transferred to the right lumbar region, while the patient's body position was adjusted so that the abdominal esophagus could be pulled by the gravity of the specimen. (2) Using the "three-direction traction" method. The esophageal lumen was properly exposed, then guided by the gastric tube, the anvil fork was accurately placed into the esophageal lumen for completing the side-to-side EJS. (3) The 3-0 barbed suture was used in the closure of the common entry hole of the stapler from dorsally to ventrally with simple one-layer continuous suture (the stitch going from inside to inside) followed by continuous Lembert's suture (the stitch going from outside to outside). Combined with clinicopathological characteristics, the perioperative outcomes and postoperative complications of the whole group were analyzed and evaluated. Results: The study cohort included 129 men and 23 women, with a mean age of (60.2±9.1) years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of (23.2±3.1) kg/m(2). Of the 152 patients, 23 patients (15.1%) had a history of previous abdominal surgery; dentate line was invaded by tumor in 21 patients (13.8%). The mean length of the proximal resection margin was (3.3±0.3) cm and the postoperative pathological examination indicated negative resection margin tumor. The mean operative time and anastomotic time were (302.1±39.9) minutes and (29.8±5.4) minutes, respectively. The mean estimated blood loss was (87.9±46.4) ml. The mean length of postoperative hospital stay was (12.3±7.3) days. The overall severe postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ II) occurred in 22 patients (14.5%). Six cases of pancreatic leakage were successfully recovered by adequate drainage, inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion and nutritional support. Ten cases of pneumonia and three cases of abdominal infection were cured with anti-infection and physical therapy. Two patients developed anastomotic leakage postoperatively. One case was caused by excessive tension of the Roux loop of the jejunum and excessive opening on the side of the jejunum after side-to-side anastomosis, and the other case was caused by an accidental intraoperative occurrence of "nasogastric tube stapled to the side-to-side anastomosis". Both of them recovered after conservative treatment including adequate drainage, anti-infection, and adequate nutritional support. One patient underwent immediate open surgery because of Peterson's hernia 7 days after TLTG, and the patient died due to extensive small bowel necrosis. Conclusions: Multi-mode modified overlap method simplifies the operation and reduces the difficulty of EJS. It is a safe and feasible method for EJS.

[The characteristics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its associated factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its associated factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 385 RA patients [including 72 (18.7%) male and 313 (81.3%) female] who received abdominal sonographic examination from August 2015 to May 2021 at Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital. There were 28 RA patients at 16-29 years old and 32, 80, 121, 99, 25 at 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, ≥ 70 years old, respectively. Demographic and clinical data were collected including age, gender, history of alcohol consumption, disease duration, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, RA disease activity indicators and previous medications. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the associated factors of NAFLD in RA patients. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was 24.2% (93/385) in RA patients, 26.3% (21/80) in 40-49 age group and 33.1% (40/121) in 50-59 age group. There were 22.1% (85/385) and 3.6% (14/385) RA patients with overweight and obese, in which the prevalence of NAFLD was 45.9% (39/85) and 78.6% (11/14) respectively, which was 2.6 folds and 4.5 folds that of RA patients with normal BMI. Although there was no significant difference of age, gender and RA disease activity indicators between RA patients with or without NAFLD, those with NAFLD had higher proportions of metabolic diseases including obese (11.8% vs. 1.0%), central obesity (47.3% vs. 16.8%), hypertension (45.2% vs. 29.8%) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (24.7% vs. 12.0%), consistent with higher levels of total cholesterol [(5.33±1.31) mmol/L vs. (4.73±1.12) mmol/L], triglyceride [(1.51±1.08) mmol/L vs. (0.98±0.54) mmol/L] and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [(3.37±0.97) mmol/L vs. (2.97±0.78) mmol/L, all P<0.05]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI (OR=1.314) and triglyceride (OR=1.809) were the independent factors positively associated with NAFLD in RA patients. Conclusion: NAFLD is a common comorbidity in RA patients, especially in those with middle-aged, overweight or obese, which is associated with high BMI or high triglyceride. Screening and management of NAFLD in RA patients especially those with overweight, obese or dyslipidemia should be emphasized.

Multi-objective optimisation for cell-level disassembly of waste power battery modules in human-machine hybrid mode

The rapid global growth in the production of electric vehicles (EVs) will produce numerous waste power battery modules (WPBMs) in the future, which will create significant challenges concerning waste disposal. Therefore, measures to disassemble and recycle WPBMs before using them in other fixed scenarios provide an opportunity for research. First, considering battery components' hazards and complex properties, a human-machine collaborative cell-level disassembly model of WPBMs is proposed. Second, the WPBMs from the Tesla Model S are selected as the case study to verify reliability and validity. Finally, two different disassembly schemes are obtained by solving the proposed model using NSGA-II based on the actual data from resource-recycling companies. The results show that: 1) The proposed model and method can realize the cell-level disassembly of WPBMs and assign the disassembly tasks of hazard components to robots and the disassembly tasks of complex components to humans. 2) The two disassembly schemes obtained are two solutions that do not dominate each other, and the four objectives (number of workstations, workstation idle time, number of workers, and disassembly cost) are optimized simultaneously. 3) The proposed model can provide decision-makers with additional options when incorporating the number of workers into enterprise risk indicators.

[Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis E vaccine in maintenance hemodialysis patients]

Objective: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis E vaccine(HEV)in Maintenance hemodialysis(MHD)patients. Methods: Based on an open-labeled controlled trial, from May 2016 to March 2018, 35 eligible MHD patients were recruited in the Hemodialysis Center of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University as the experimental group, and 70 MHD patients with matched age, gender and underlying diseases as the control group. The experimental group received HEV at 0, 1 and 6 months according to the standard vaccination procedures, while the control group received routine diagnosis and treatment without vaccine and placebo injection to observe the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine. The safety of vaccine in MHD population was evaluated by the incidence of adverse reactions/events in the experimental and control groups. The immunogenicity of HEV in MHD patients was evaluated by comparing the data from the phase Ⅲ clinical trial. Results: The overall incidence of adverse reactions/events was 17.1% (18/105), and there were no grade 3-4 adverse reactions/events related to vaccination. In the experimental group, the incidence of local adverse reactions/events was 20.0% (7/35), and the incidence of systemic adverse reactions/events was 17.1% (6/35).There was no significant difference in the incidence of systemic adverse reactions/events between the experimental group and the control group (P>0.05). There were 23 patients receiving 3 doses with the standard schedule. The positive rate of HEV-IgG antibody was 100% and the GMC was 14.47(95%CI:13.14-15.80) WU/ml, which showed no significant difference compared with the 46 patients in Phase Ⅲ clinical trial (t=-1.04, P>0.05). Conclusion: Recombinant HEV has good safety and immunogenicity in MHD patients.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution Analysis of Atmospheric Pollutants in Chengdu-Chongqing Twin-City Economic Circle

In order to study the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of atmospheric pollutants in cities (districts and counties) in the Chengdu–Chongqing Twin-city Economic Circle (CCEC) and to provide a theoretical basis for atmospheric pollution prevention and control, this paper combined Ambient Air Quality Standards (AAQS) and WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines (GAQG) to evaluate atmospheric pollution and used spatial correlation to determine key pollution areas. The results showed that the distribution of atmospheric pollutants in CCEC presents a certain law, which was consistent with the air pollution transmission channels. Except for particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and ozone (O₃), other pollutants reached Grade II of AAQS in 2020, among which particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 10 μm (PM₁₀), PM_2.5, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) have improved. Compared with the air quality guidelines given in the GAQG, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO₂ and O₃ have certain effects on human health. The spatial aggregation of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 decreased year by year, while the spatial aggregation of O₃ increased with the change in time, and the distribution of NO₂ pollution had no obvious aggregation. Comprehensive analysis showed that the pollution problems of particulate matter, NO₂ and O₃ in CCEC need to be further controlled.

[Summary of tools for assessment of public health emergency response capability]

With the progress of globalization, the public health emergencies represented by major infectious diseases have become a major challenge for the public health management in China. The article briefly describes the emergency response capability assessment tools in China, and introduces two emergency response assessment tools with complete content structure and wide application in the world. Then the advantages and disadvantages of the tools are compared and discussed in order to provide reference for improvement of the assessment tools for public health emergency response capability in China.

[Progress in research of risk factors of iron deficiency and intervention in blood donors]

Long-term repeated regular blood donation may result in the loss and deficiency of iron. Epidemiological studies have indicated that blood donation frequency, demographical characteristics, and genetic factors are associated with iron deficiency. Our review summarizes the progress in research of etiology of iron deficiency in blood donors and intervention measures to provide evidence for the health management of non-remunerated blood donors in China.

[The characteristics and associated factors of functional limitation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of functional limitation and associated factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Consecutive patients with RA were recruited from August 2015 to June 2019 at Department of Rheumatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital. Demographic and clinical characteristics including age, gender, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, clinical disease activity index (CDAI), modified total Sharp score were collected. Physical function was assessed by the Stanford health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI).Ordered logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of HAQ-DI. Results: A total of 643 RA patients were finally recruited including 114 males and 529 females with mean age (49.7±12.9) years. There were 399 (62.1%) patients having different degrees of functional limitation, who were classified as mild (293, 45.6%), moderate (73, 11.4%) and severe (33, 5.1%). The prevalence of functional limitation was positively correlated with age and disease activity. The most restricted activity was walking [43.5% (280/643)], followed by gripping [36.1% (232/643)], reaching [35.5% (228/643)], daily activities [33.4% (215/643)], hygiene [33.0% (212/643)], dressing and grooming [29.7% (191/643)] and arising [29.1% (187/643)], and the last eating [18.4% (118/643)]. Multivariate ordered logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.019, 95%CI 1.004-1.035),pain VAS (OR=1.820, 95%CI 1.616-2.050), ESR (OR=1.009, 95%CI 1.001-1.017), CDAI (OR=1.080, 95%CI 1.059-1.102) and modified total Sharp score (OR=1.010, 95%CI 1.004-1.015) were associated factors of functional limitation. Conclusion: The majority RA patients have functional limitation. Age, pain and active disease are independent associated factors. Therefore, target treatment and control of pain should be emphasized in RA patients.

Local Surface Chemistry Dynamically Monitored by Quantitative Phase Microscopy

Surface modification by photo grafting constitutes an interesting strategy to prepare functional surfaces. Precision applications, however, demand quantitative methods able to monitor and control the amount and distribution of surface modifications, which is hard to achieve, particularly in operando conditions. In this paper, a label-free, cost-effective, all-optical method based on wavefront sensing which is able to quantitatively track the evolution of grafted layers in real-time, is presented. By positioning a simple thin diffuser in the close vicinity of a camera, the thickness of grafted patterns is directly evaluated with sub-nanometric sensitivity and diffraction-limited lateral resolution. By performing an in-depth kinetic analysis of the local modification of an inert substrate (glass cover slips) through photografting of arydiazonium salts, different growth regimes are characterized and several parameters are estimated, such as the grafting efficiency, density and the apparent refractive index distribution of the resulting grafted layers. Both focused and widefield-grafting can be quantitatively monitored in real time, providing valuable guidelines to maximize functionalization efficiency. The association of a well-characterized versatile photografting reaction with the proposed flexible and sensitive monitoring strategy enables functional surfaces to be prepared, and puts surface micro- to submicro-structuration within the reach of most laboratories.