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Filipe HAL, Moreno MJ, Róg T, Vattulainen I, Loura LMS. How to tackle the issues in free energy simulations of long amphiphiles interacting with lipid membranes: convergence and local membrane deformations. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:3572-81. [PMID: 24635540 DOI: 10.1021/jp501622d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the great challenges in membrane biophysics is to find a means to foster the transport of drugs across complex membrane structures. In this spirit, we elucidate methodological challenges associated with free energy computations of complex chainlike molecules across lipid membranes. As an appropriate standard molecule to this end, we consider 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-labeled fatty amine, NBD-Cn, which is here dealt with as a homologous series with varying chain lengths. We found the membrane-water interface region to be highly sensitive to details in free energy computations. Despite considerable simulation times, we observed substantial hysteresis, the cause being the small frequency of insertion/desorption events of the amphiphile's alkyl chain in the membrane interface. The hysteresis was most pronounced when the amphiphile was pulled from water to the membrane and compromised the data that were not in line with experiments. The subtleties in umbrella sampling for computing distance along the transition path were also observed to be potential causes of artifacts. With the PGD (pull geometry distance) scheme, in which the distance from the molecule was computed to a reference plane determined by an average over all lipids in the membrane, we found marked deformations in membrane structure when the amphiphile was close to the membrane. The deformations were weaker with the PGC (pull geometry cylinder) method, where the reference plane is chosen based on lipids that are within a cylinder of radius 1.7 nm from the amphiphile. Importantly, the free energy results given by PGC were found to be qualitatively consistent with experimental data, while the PGD results were not. We conclude that with long amphiphiles there is reason for concern with regard to computations of their free energy profiles. The membrane-water interface is the region where the greatest care is warranted.
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Rissanen S, Kumorek M, Martinez-Seara H, Li YC, Jamróz D, Bunker A, Nowakowska M, Vattulainen I, Kepczynski M, Róg T. Effect of PEGylation on Drug Entry into Lipid Bilayer. J Phys Chem B 2013; 118:144-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Llorente A, Skotland T, Sylvänne T, Kauhanen D, Róg T, Orłowski A, Vattulainen I, Ekroos K, Sandvig K. Molecular lipidomics of exosomes released by PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1302-9. [PMID: 24046871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The molecular lipid composition of exosomes is largely unknown. In this study, sophisticated shotgun and targeted molecular lipidomic assays were performed for in-depth analysis of the lipidomes of the metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, and their released exosomes. This study, based in the quantification of approximately 280 molecular lipid species, provides the most extensive lipid analysis of cells and exosomes to date. Interestingly, major differences were found in the lipid composition of exosomes compared to parent cells. Exosomes show a remarkable enrichment of distinct lipids, demonstrating an extraordinary discrimination of lipids sorted into these microvesicles. In particular, exosomes are highly enriched in glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and phosphatidylserine (mol% of total lipids). Furthermore, lipid species, even of classes not enriched in exosomes, were selectively included in exosomes. Finally, it was found that there is an 8.4-fold enrichment of lipids per mg of protein in exosomes. The detailed lipid composition provided in this study may be useful to understand the mechanism of exosome formation, release and function. Several of the lipids enriched in exosomes could potentially be used as cancer biomarkers.
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Pöyry S, Cramariuc O, Postila PA, Kaszuba K, Sarewicz M, Osyczka A, Vattulainen I, Róg T. Atomistic simulations indicate cardiolipin to have an integral role in the structure of the cytochrome bc1 complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:769-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Postila PA, Kaszuba K, Sarewicz M, Osyczka A, Vattulainen I, Róg T. Substrate Binding at the Qo-Site of the Bacterial Cytochrome bc1 Complex Predicted by Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Orłowski A, Grzybek M, Bunker A, Pasenkiewicz-Gierula M, Vattulainen I, Männistö PT, Róg T. Strong preferences of dopamine and l-dopa towards lipid head group: importance of lipid composition and implication for neurotransmitter metabolism. J Neurochem 2012; 122:681-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li YC, Rissanen S, Stepniewski M, Cramariuc O, Róg T, Mirza S, Xhaard H, Wytrwal M, Kepczynski M, Bunker A. Study of Interaction Between PEG Carrier and Three Relevant Drug Molecules: Piroxicam, Paclitaxel, and Hematoporphyrin. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:7334-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300301z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kaszuba K, Róg T, Danne R, Canning P, Fülöp V, Juhász T, Szeltner Z, St. Pierre JF, García-Horsman A, Männistö PT, Karttunen M, Hokkanen J, Bunker A. Molecular dynamics, crystallography and mutagenesis studies on the substrate gating mechanism of prolyl oligopeptidase. Biochimie 2012; 94:1398-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lehtinen J, Magarkar A, Stepniewski M, Hakola S, Bergman M, Róg T, Yliperttula M, Urtti A, Bunker A. Analysis of cause of failure of new targeting peptide in PEGylated liposome: Molecular modeling as rational design tool for nanomedicine. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 46:121-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Stępniewski M, Kepczynski M, Jamróz D, Nowakowska M, Rissanen S, Vattulainen I, Róg T. Interaction of Hematoporphyrin with Lipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:4889-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300899b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Magarkar A, Karakas E, Stepniewski M, Róg T, Bunker A. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of PEGylated Bilayer Interacting with Salt Ions: A Model of the Liposome Surface in the Bloodstream. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:4212-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300184z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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St-Pierre JF, Bunker A, Róg T, Karttunen M, Mousseau N. Molecular dynamics simulations of the bacterial ABC transporter SAV1866 in the closed form. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2934-42. [PMID: 22339391 DOI: 10.1021/jp209126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family of proteins contains members involved in ATP-mediated import or export of ligands at the cell membrane. For the case of exporters, the translocation mechanism involves a large-scale conformational change that involves a clothespin-like motion from an inward-facing open state, able to bind ligands and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to an outward-facing closed state. Our work focuses on SAV1866, a bacterial member of the ABC transporter family for which the structure is known for the closed state. To evaluate the ability of this protein to undergo conformational changes at physiological temperature, we first performed conventional molecular dynamics (MD) on the cocrystallized adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-bound structure and on a nucleotide-free structure. With this assessment of SAV1866's stability, conformational changes were induced by steered molecular dynamics (SMD), in which the nucleotide binding domains (NBD) were pushed apart, simulating the ATP hydrolysis energy expenditure. We found that the transmembrane domain is not easily perturbed by large-scale motions of the NBDs.
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Hall A, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Effect of Galactosylceramide on the Dynamics of Cholesterol-Rich Lipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:14424-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203234n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Orłowski A, St-Pierre JF, Magarkar A, Bunker A, Pasenkiewicz-Gierula M, Vattulainen I, Róg T. Properties of the Membrane Binding Component of Catechol-O-methyltransferase Revealed by Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:13541-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207177p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Stepniewski M, Pasenkiewicz-Gierula M, Róg T, Danne R, Orlowski A, Karttunen M, Urtti A, Yliperttula M, Vuorimaa E, Bunker A. Study of PEGylated lipid layers as a model for PEGylated liposome surfaces: molecular dynamics simulation and Langmuir monolayer studies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7788-7798. [PMID: 21604684 DOI: 10.1021/la200003n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have combined Langmuir monolayer film experiments and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of a bilayer to study the surface structure of a PEGylated liposome and its interaction with the ionic environment present under physiological conditions. Lipids that form both gel and liquid-crystalline membranes have been used in our study. By varying the salt concentration in the Langmuir film experiment and including salt at the physiological level in the simulation, we have studied the effect of salt ions present in the blood plasma on the structure of the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) layer. We have also studied the interaction between the PEG layer and the lipid bilayer in both the liquid-crystalline and gel states. The MD simulation shows two clear results: (a) The Na(+) ions form close interactions with the PEG oxygens, with the PEG chains forming loops around them and (b) PEG penetrates the lipid core of the membrane for the case of a liquid-crystalline membrane but is excluded from the tighter structure of the gel membrane. The Langmuir monolayer results indicate that the salt concentration affects the PEGylated lipid system, and these results can be interpreted in a fashion that is in agreement with the results of our MD simulation. We conclude that the currently accepted picture of the PEG surface layer acting as a generic neutral hydrophilic polymer entirely outside the membrane, with its effect explained through steric interactions, is not sufficient. The phenomena we have observed may affect both the interaction between the liposome and bloodstream proteins and the liquid-crystalline-gel transition and is thus relevant to nanotechnological drug delivery device design.
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Pietiläinen KH, Róg T, Seppänen-Laakso T, Virtue S, Gopalacharyulu P, Tang J, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Maciejewski A, Naukkarinen J, Ruskeepää AL, Niemelä PS, Yetukuri L, Tan CY, Velagapudi V, Castillo S, Nygren H, Hyötyläinen T, Rissanen A, Kaprio J, Yki-Järvinen H, Vattulainen I, Vidal-Puig A, Orešič M. Association of lipidome remodeling in the adipocyte membrane with acquired obesity in humans. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000623. [PMID: 21666801 PMCID: PMC3110175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors describe a new approach to studying cellular lipid profiles and
propose a compensatory mechanism that may help maintain the normal membrane
function of adipocytes in the context of obesity. Identification of early mechanisms that may lead from obesity towards
complications such as metabolic syndrome is of great interest. Here we performed
lipidomic analyses of adipose tissue in twin pairs discordant for obesity but
still metabolically compensated. In parallel we studied more evolved states of
obesity by investigating a separated set of individuals considered to be
morbidly obese. Despite lower dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, the
obese twin individuals had increased proportions of palmitoleic and arachidonic
acids in their adipose tissue, including increased levels of ethanolamine
plasmalogens containing arachidonic acid. Information gathered from these
experimental groups was used for molecular dynamics simulations of lipid
bilayers combined with dependency network analysis of combined clinical,
lipidomics, and gene expression data. The simulations suggested that the
observed lipid remodeling maintains the biophysical properties of lipid
membranes, at the price, however, of increasing their vulnerability to
inflammation. Conversely, in morbidly obese subjects, the proportion of
plasmalogens containing arachidonic acid in the adipose tissue was markedly
decreased. We also show by in vitro Elovl6 knockdown that the lipid network
regulating the observed remodeling may be amenable to genetic modulation.
Together, our novel approach suggests a physiological mechanism by which
adaptation of adipocyte membranes to adipose tissue expansion associates with
positive energy balance, potentially leading to higher vulnerability to
inflammation in acquired obesity. Further studies will be needed to determine
the cause of this effect. Obesity is characterized by excess body fat, which is predominantly stored in the
adipose tissue. When adipose tissue expands too much it stops storing lipid
appropriately. The excess lipid accumulates in organs such as muscle, liver, and
pancreas, causing metabolic disease. In this study, we aim to identify factors
that cause adipose tissue to malfunction when it reaches its limit of expansion.
We performed lipidomic analyses of human adipose tissue in twin pairs discordant
for obesity—that is, one of the twins was lean and one was obese—but
still metabolically healthy. We identified multiple changes in membrane
phospholipids. Using computer modeling, we show that “lean” and
“obese” membrane lipid compositions have the same physical
properties despite their different compositions. We hypothesize that this
represents allostasis—changes in lipid membrane composition in obesity
occur to protect the physical properties of the membranes. However, protective
changes cannot occur without a cost, and accordingly we demonstrate that
switching to the “obese” lipid composition is associated with higher
levels of adipose tissue inflammation. In a separate group of metabolically
unhealthy obese individuals we investigated how the processes that regulate the
“lean” and “obese” lipid profiles are changed. To
determine how these lipid membrane changes are regulated we constructed an
in silico network model that identified key control points
and potential molecular players. We validated this network by performing genetic
manipulations in cell models. Therapeutic targeting of this network may open new
opportunities for the prevention or treatment of obesity-related metabolic
complications.
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St-Pierre JF, Karttunen M, Mousseau N, Róg T, Bunker A. Use of Umbrella Sampling to Calculate the Entrance/Exit Pathway for Z-Pro-Prolinal Inhibitor in Prolyl Oligopeptidase. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:1583-94. [PMID: 26596426 DOI: 10.1021/ct1007058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), a member of the prolyl endopeptidase family, is known to play a role in several neurological disorders. Its primary function is to cleave a wide range of small oligopeptides, including neuroactive peptides. We have used force biased molecular dynamics simulation to study the binding mechanism of POP. We examined three possible binding pathways using Steered Molecular Dynamics (SMD) and Umbrella Sampling (US) on a crystal structure of porcine POP with bound Z-pro-prolinal (ZPP). Using SMD, an exit pathway between the first and seventh blade of the β-propeller domain of POP was found to be a nonviable route. US on binding pathways through the β-propeller tunnel and the TYR190-GLN208 flexible loop at the interface between both POP domains allowed us to isolate the flexible loop pathway as the most probable. Further analysis of that pathway suggests a long-range covariation of the interdomain H-bond network, which indicates the possibility of large-scale domain reorientation observed in bacterial homologues and hypothesized to also occur in human POP.
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Paavilainen S, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Analysis of twisting of cellulose nanofibrils in atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. J Phys Chem B 2011. [PMID: 21425811 DOI: 10.1021/jp111459b(2011)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
We use atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to study the crystal structure of cellulose nanofibrils, whose sizes are comparable with the crystalline parts in commercial nanocellulose. The simulations show twisting, whose rate of relaxation is strongly temperature dependent. Meanwhile, no significant bending or stretching of nanocellulose is discovered. Considerations of atomic-scale interaction patterns bring about that the twisting arises from hydrogen bonding within and between the chains in a fibril.
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Paavilainen S, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Analysis of Twisting of Cellulose Nanofibrils in Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:3747-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111459b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kepczynski M, Kumorek M, Stepniewski M, Róg T, Kozik B, Jamróz D, Bednar J, Nowakowska M. Behavior of 2,6-bis(decyloxy)naphthalene inside lipid bilayer. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:15483-94. [PMID: 21058682 DOI: 10.1021/jp103753f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between small organic molecules and lipid or cell membranes are important because of their role in the distribution of biologically active substances inside the membrane and their permeation through the cell membranes. In the current paper, we have explored the effect of the attachment of long hydrocarbon tails on the behavior of small organic molecule inside the lipid membrane. Naphthalene with two decyloxy groups attached at the opposite sites of the ring (2,6-bis(decyloxy)naphthalene, 3) was synthesized and incorporated into phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles. Fluorescence methods as well as molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to estimate the position, orientation, and migration of compound 3 in PC bilayer. It was found that the naphthalene ring of compound 3 resides in the upper acyl chain region of the bilayer and the hydrocarbon tails are directed to the center of the bilayer. As was shown with cryotransmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), such lipidlike conformation enables compound 3 to be incorporated into liposomes at a very high content without their disintegration. Moreover, compound 3 can migrate from one leaflet to other. The mechanism of this process is, however, different from that characteristic of the flip-flop event of lipid molecules in the membrane. Finally, the possible application of compound 3 as a rotational molecular probe for monitoring fluidity of liposomal membrane in the acyl side chain region was checked by studies of the effect of cholesterol on the fluorescence anisotropy of 3.
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Stȩpniewski M, Bunker A, Pasenkiewicz-Gierula M, Karttunen M, Róg T. Effects of the Lipid Bilayer Phase State on the Water Membrane Interface. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11784-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104739a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Martinez-Seara H, Róg T, Karttunen M, Vattulainen I, Reigada R. Cholesterol induces specific spatial and orientational order in cholesterol/phospholipid membranes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11162. [PMID: 20567600 PMCID: PMC2887443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In lipid bilayers, cholesterol facilitates the formation of the liquid-ordered phase and enables the formation of laterally ordered structures such as lipid rafts. While these domains have an important role in a variety of cellular processes, the precise atomic-level mechanisms responsible for cholesterol's specific ordering and packing capability have remained unresolved. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our atomic-scale molecular dynamics simulations reveal that this ordering and the associated packing effects in membranes largely result from cholesterol's molecular structure, which differentiates cholesterol from other sterols. We find that cholesterol molecules prefer to be located in the second coordination shell, avoiding direct cholesterol-cholesterol contacts, and form a three-fold symmetric arrangement with proximal cholesterol molecules. At larger distances, the lateral three-fold organization is broken by thermal fluctuations. For other sterols having less structural asymmetry, the three-fold arrangement is considerably lost. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that cholesterol molecules act collectively in lipid membranes. This is the main reason why the liquid-ordered phase only emerges for Chol concentrations well above 10 mol% where the collective self-organization of Chol molecules emerges spontaneously. The collective ordering process requires specific molecular-scale features that explain why different sterols have very different membrane ordering properties: the three-fold symmetry in the Chol-Chol organization arises from the cholesterol off-plane methyl groups allowing the identification of raft-promoting sterols from those that do not promote rafts.
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Kaszuba K, Róg T, Bryl K, Vattulainen I, Karttunen M. Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveal Fundamental Role of Water As Factor Determining Affinity of Binding of β-Blocker Nebivolol to β2-Adrenergic Receptor. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:8374-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909971f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hall A, Róg T, Karttunen M, Vattulainen I. Role of Glycolipids in Lipid Rafts: A View through Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Galactosylceramide. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:7797-807. [DOI: 10.1021/jp912175d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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