Molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical efficacy of panobinostat involve Stochasticity of epigenetic signaling, sensitization to anticancer drugs, and induction of cellular cell death related to cellular stresses

Panobinostat, also known as Farydak®, LBH589, PNB, or panobinostat lactate, is a hydroxamic acid that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its anti-cancer properties. This orally bioavailable drug is classified as a non-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor (pan-HDACi) that inhibits class I, II, and IV HDACs at nanomolar levels due to its significant histone modifications and epigenetic mechanisms. A mismatch between histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and HDACs can negatively affect the regulation of the genes concerned, which in turn can contribute to tumorigenesis. Indeed, panobinostat inhibits HDACs, potentially leading to acetylated histone accumulation, re-establishing normal gene expression in cancer cells, and helping to drive multiple signaling pathways. These pathways include induction of histone acetylation and cytotoxicity for the majority of tested cancer cell lines, increased levels of p21 cell cycle proteins, enhanced amounts of pro-apoptotic factors (such as caspase-3/7 activity and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)) associated with decreased levels of anti-apoptotic factors [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-XL)], as well as regulation of immune response [upregulated programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFN-γR1) expression] and other events. The therapeutic outcome of panobinostat is therefore mediated by sub-pathways involving proteasome and/or aggresome degradation, endoplasmic reticulum, cell cycle arrest, promotion of extrinsic and intrinsic processes of apoptosis, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and angiogenesis inhibition. In this investigation, we aimed to pinpoint the precise molecular mechanism underlying panobinostat's HDAC inhibitory effect. A more thorough understanding of these mechanisms will greatly advance our knowledge of cancer cell aberrations and, as a result, provide an opportunity for the discovery of significant new therapeutic perspectives through cancer therapeutics.

Polymeric micelles loaded in situ gel with prednisolone acetate for ocular inflammation: development and evaluation

Aim: Our study developed a prednisolone acetate polymeric micelles (PM) system for ocular inflammation related to allergic uveitis. Methods: For PM development, a thin-film hydration procedure was used. Irritation, in vitro, ex vivo transcorneal permeation, micelle size, entrapment efficiency and histology within the eye were all calculated for PM. Results: The optimized in situ gel (A4) showed superior ex vivo transcorneal permeation with zero-order kinetics. Conclusion: The developed formulation could be a promising candidate for treating anterior uveitis via topical application to the anterior segment of the eye.

The pyroptotic role of Caspase-3/GSDME signalling pathway among various cancer: A Review

Cytotoxic drugs have long been recognised to kill cancer cells through apoptosis. According to a current study, pyroptosis inhibits cell proliferation and shrinks tumors. Pyroptosis and apoptosis are caspase-dependent programmed cell death (PCD) processes. Inflammasomes activate caspase-1 and latent cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18, to cleave gasdermin E (GSDME) and induce pyroptosis. Gasdermin proteins activate caspase-3 to induce pyroptosis, which is associated with tumour genesis, development, and therapy response. These proteins may serve as therapeutic biomarkers for cancer detection, and their antagonists may be a new target. Caspase-3, a crucial protein in both pyroptosis and apoptosis, governs tumour cytotoxicity when activated, and GSDME expression modulates this. Once active caspase-3 cleaves GSDME, its N-terminal domain punches holes in the cell membrane, causing it to expand, burst, and die. To understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of PCD mediated by caspase-3 and GSDME, we focused on pyroptosis. Hence, caspase-3 and GSDME may be promising targets for cancer treatment.

Co-inoculation of Mycorrhiza and methyl jasmonate regulates morpho-physiological and antioxidant responses of Crocus sativus (Saffron) under salinity stress conditions

Salinity stress is the second most devastating abiotic factor limiting plant growth and yields. Climate changes have significantly increased salinity levels of soil. Besides improving the physiological responses under stress conditions, jasmonates modulate Mycorrhiza-Plant relationships. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJ) and Funneliformis mosseae (Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) on morphology and improving antioxidant mechanisms in Crocus sativus L. under salinity stress. After inoculation with AM, pre-treated C. sativus corms with MeJ were grown under low, moderate, and severe salinity stress. Intense salinity levels damaged the corm, root, total leaf dry weight, and area. Salinities up to 50 mM increased Proline content and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, but MeJ increased this trend in proline. Generally, MeJ increased anthocyanins, total soluble sugars, and PPO. Total chlorophyll and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased by salinity. The maximum catalase and SOD activities in + MeJ + AM were 50 and 125 mM, respectively, and the maximum total chlorophyll in -MeJ + AM treatment was 75 mM. Although 20 and 50 mM increased plant growth, using mycorrhiza and jasmonate enhanced this trend. Moreover, these treatments reduced the damage of 75 and 100 mM salinity stress. Using MeJ and AM can improve the growth of saffron under various ranges of salinity stress levels; however, in severe levels like 120 mM, this phytohormone and F. mosseae effects on saffron could be adverse.

Galangin as an inflammatory response modulator: An updated overview and therapeutic potential

Numerous chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and gastrointestinal disorders, all have an inflammation-based etiology. In cellular and animal models of inflammation, flavonols were used to show potent anti-inflammatory activity. The flavonols enhanced the synthesis of the anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and reduced the synthesis of the prostaglandins IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-1. Galangin (GAL), a natural flavonol, has a strong ability to control apoptosis and inflammation. GAL was discovered to suppress extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)p65 phosphorylation, which results in anti-inflammatory actions. Arthritis, inflammatory bronchitis, stroke, and cognitive dysfunction have all been treated with GAL. The current review aimed to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory properties of GAL and their protective effects in treating various chronic illnesses, including those of the heart, brain, skin, lungs, liver, and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Synergism of CD28 Immune Molecule in Late Immunosuppressive Phase of COVID-19: Effectiveness in Vaccinated Individuals

Context

Lymphopenia has been frequently documented and linked to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) attack. A decrease in the T-lymphocyte count has shown promise as a clinical indicator and predictor of COVID-19 severity.

Objective

The review intended to examine the relationship of COVID-19 infections in individuals to lost expression of CD28 on naive CD4+/CD8+-mediated, vaccine-specific, neutralizing antibody responses.

Design

The research team performed a narrative review by searching eight databases: Medline, Elsevier, Cochrane, PubMed, Google Scholar, Mendeley, and Springer Nature. The search used the following key terms: SARS CoV-2, clinical aspects and pathology of SARS CoV-2, involvement of viral spike (S) protein in SARS CoV-2, immunological changes in COVID-19 infection, basic overview of CD28 immuno-molecule ligand, reduction of vaccine therapeutic efficacy in COVID-19 infection, and immunomodulatory response of lost CD28 ligand.

Setting

This study was done in a Maharishi Arvind College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, India.

Results

In COVID-19 patients, particularly those with severe disease, had increased levels of IL-2 or IL-2R. Given IL-2's supportive role in the expansion and differentiation of T cells, the authors exhibiting that lymphopenia, particularly in severe COVID-19, could be attributed to nonfunctional and dysfunctional differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as a result of low CD28 immuno-molecule expression on naive T cells.

Conclusions

The literature review found that independent, early immunological prognostic markers for a poor prognosis, in addition to higher levels of IL-6, include a substantial proportion of large inflammatory monocytes and a small proportion of chronic CD28+ CD4+T cells. The current findings suggest that a combination of COVID-19 vaccination with SARS CoV-2-reactive naive T cells with the CD28 immune-molecule may be a viable method for establishing T-cell-based, adaptive cellular immunotherapy against COVID-19 infection. Further research is needed, especially larger studies to confirm the current findings, to improve early clinical treatment.

Barbigerone prevents scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase levels

The current study was designed for the evaluation of barbigerone on memory loss. In this experimental study, 24 Wistar rats (n = 6) were used. Control rats and scopolamine (SCOP)-treated control group rats were orally administered with 3 ml of 0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (vehicle), whereas barbigerone was (10 and 20 mg kg^-1) administered orally to the rats from the test group. During the 14-day treatment, control group rats were given 3 ml kg^-1 day^-1 saline, and all other groups were administered SCOP (1 mg kg^-1 day^-1, i.p.) 1 h after barbigerone p.o. treatment. The spontaneous alternation activities, learning capacities of a rat's memory were tested with Morris water maze and Y-maze. Reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and catalase (CAT) levels were measured in rat brain tissue as oxidative stress/antioxidant markers. Moreover, the levels of tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β were also estimated. Treatment with barbigerone in SCOP-administered rats dramatically reduced SCOP-induced neurobehavioural deficits, oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory markers, improved endogenous antioxidants, and restored AChE activity. By improving cholinergic function and reducing oxidative damage, barbigerone could mitigate the effects of SCOP-induced changes in the brain.

Neuroprotective Effect of Barbaloin on Streptozotocin-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Rats via Inhibiting Cholinergic and Neuroinflammatory Cytokines Pathway-TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6/NF-κB

Streptozotocin (STZ) impairs memory in rats through altering the central nervous systems (CNS) as a result of impaired cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, persistent hyperglycemia, and alterations in the glucagon-like peptide (GLP). In this model cholinergic agonist, antioxidant and antihyperglycemic treatment has been shown to have positive effects. Barbaloin has a variety of pharmacological effects. However, there is no evidence on how barbaloin improves memory dysfunction caused by STZ. Thus, we examined its effectiveness against cognitive damage caused by STZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg i.p. in Wistar rats. Blood glucose levels (BGL) and body weight (BW) were assessed. To assess learning and memory skills, the Y-maze test and Morris water maze (MWM) test were utilized. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) as oxidative stress markers were regulated to reverse the cognitive deterioration, and choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE) as indicators of cholinergic dysfunction, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), IL-1β (interleukin-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) contents were used. Barbaloin treatment thereby significantly decreased the BW and learning and memory capacities, resulting in substantial behavioral improvement in the Y-maze and MWM test. BGL, SOD, CAT, MDA, GSH, AChE, ChAT, NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels were also altered. In conclusion, the findings revealed that barbaloin had a protective impact against cognitive dysfunction caused by STZ.

Recent Developments and Challenges in Molecular-Targeted Therapy of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Treatment of lung cancer with conventional therapies, which include radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy results in multiple undesirable adverse or side effects. The major clinical challenge in developing new drug therapies for lung cancer is resistance, which involves mutations and disturbance in various signaling pathways. Molecular abnormalities related to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (B-RAF) Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) mutations, translocation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene, mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) amplification have been studied to overcome the resistance and to develop new therapies for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). But, inevitable development of resistance presents limits the clinical benefits of various new drugs. Here, we review current progress in the development of molecularly targeted therapies, concerning six clinical biomarkers: EGFR, ALK, MET, ROS-1, KRAS, and B-RAF for NSCLC treatment.

Exploring the Mechanical Perspective of a New Anti-Tumor Agent: Melatonin

Melatonin is a serotonin-derived pineal gland hormone with many biological functions like regulating the sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythm, menstrual cycle, aging, immunity, and antioxidants. Melatonin synthesis and release are more pronounced during the night, whereas exposure to light decreases it. Evidence is mounting in favor of the therapeutic effects of melatonin in cancer prevention, treatment and delayed onset in various cancer subtypes. Melatonin exerts its anticancer effect through modification of its receptors such as melatonin 1 (MT1), melatonin 2 (MT2), and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, epigenetic alterations (DNA methylation/demethylation, histone acetylation/deacetylation), metastasis, angiogenesis, altered cellular energetics, and immune evasion. Melatonin performs a significant function in immune modulation and enhances innate and cellular immunity. In addition, melatonin has a remarkable impact on epigenetic modulation of gene expression and alters the transcription of genes. As an adjuvant to cancer therapies, it acts by decreasing the side effects and boosting the therapeutic effects of chemotherapy. Since current treatments produce drug-induced unwanted toxicities and side effects, they require alternate therapies. A recent review article attempts to summarize the mechanistic perspective of melatonin in different cancer subtypes like skin cancer, breast cancer, hepatic cancer, renal cell cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colon oral, neck, and head cancer. The various studies described in this review will give a firm basis for the future evolution of anticancer drugs.

Janus kinase/signal transducers and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) and its role in Lung inflammatory disease

A key signaling channel for the signal transduction of several crucial cytokines implicated in sepsis is the JAK/STAT system. Once cytokines attach to the proper receptors, JAK kinases linked to them are activated and can selectively phosphorylate STATs. Activated STATs subsequently go to the nucleus, where they play a key role in the transcription of the target genes. Various biological activities use the JAK/STAT pathway, including hematopoiesis, immunological modulation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. Inflammatory lung illnesses affect people worldwide and are a serious public health concern. Numerous common respiratory conditions, such as asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and acute respiratory distress syndrome, are strongly influenced by inflammation. Microorganism infections or the destruction or demise of host cells are the causes of inflammation and the factors that perpetuate it. This review discusses the main elements of severe lung inflammation and how the JAK/STAT signaling pathway is essential for lung inflammation.

The inhibitory and anticancer properties of Annona squamosa L. seed extracts

Although Annona squamosa Linn. (Annonaceae) has been used in traditional medicine and is known to have several pharmacological properties, its impact on EGFR kinase has not been fully investigated. An assay (biochemical) was used to govern the potential of different A. squamosa seed extracts to scavenge free radicals in petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, and methanol. We also tested A. squamosa leaf extracts for their ability to inhibit the growth of HEK 293, MCF7, and HepG2 cell lines. The PSE, ASE, ESE, and MSE all contained anti-cancer substances like anethole, cyclopentane, 1,1,3-trimethyl, and phosphonate oxide tributyl, according to phytochemical analysis. ESE extracts from A. squamosa seeds have been selected based on free radical generation probabilities, cytotoxicity studies, and phytochemical analysis. Subsequent insilico studies have been conducted, and the results have shown that interactions between compounds present in ESE extracts and the EGFR kinase are what give these compounds their inhibitory effects. Preliminary phytochemical and pharmacological activities were studied and reported. A. squamosa ESE extracts inhibited the growth of MCF7 cells, and a pharmacokinetic study showed that the compounds anethole, cyclopentane, 1,1,3-trimethyl, and phosphonium oxide tributyl had few undesirable side effects. These substances can be used to both prevent and treat cancer diseases.

Neuropharmacological effect of risperidone: From chemistry to medicine

As the second-oldest atypical antipsychotic, risperidone has a long history of off-label usage for treating behavioural and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia (BPSD), such as agitation, aggressiveness, and psychosis. Risperidone has been shown in several trials to have a statistically significant benefit when used in a therapeutic context. Several lines of evidence suggest a possible role of risperidone via the antagonistic effect of Dopamine D2 and 5HT-receptor in different neurological diseases like cognitive dysfunction of schizophrenia, neuroinflammation, Huntington's disease, and sleep cycle management. Therefore, the pharmacological interactions of risperidone in all these diseases were investigated. Some reports on the use of risperidone in the treatment of dopaminergic psychosis have been slightly conflicting. However, more research is needed to evaluate the role of risperidone in the treatment of these neurological diseases.

Treatment technologies for olive mill wastewater with impacts on plants

Olive mill wastewater (OMW), produced during olive oil production, contains high levels of salt contents, organic matter, suspended particles, and toxic chemicals (particularly phenols), which all result in increased biological and chemical oxygen demand. Olive Oil Mills' Wastes (OMW), which have dark brown color with unpleasant smell, consist mainly of water, high organic (mainly phenols and polyphenols) and low inorganic compounds (e.g. potassium and phosphorus), as well as grease. OMW components can negatively affect soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties, rendering it phytotoxic. However, OMW can positively affect plants' development when it's applied to the soil after pretreatment and treatment processes due to its high mineral contents and organic matter. There are various approaches for removing impurities and the treatment of OMW including chemical, biological, thermal, physiochemical, and biophysical processes. Physical techniques involve filtration, dilution, and centrifugation. Thermal methods include combustion and pyrolysis; biological techniques use anaerobic and aerobic techniques, whereas adsorption and electrocoagulation act as physiochemical methods, and coagulation and flocculation as biophysical methods. In contrast, combined biological treatment methods use co-digestion and composting. A comparison of the effects of both treated and untreated OMW samples on plant development and soil parameters can help us to understand the potential role of OMW in increasing soil fertility. This review discusses the impacts of untreated OMW and treated OMW in terms of soil characteristics, seed germination, and plant growth. This review summarizes all alternative approaches and technologies for pretreatment, treatment, and recovery of valuable byproducts and reuse of OMW across the world.

Role of Flavonoids in Management of Various Biological Targets in Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from Preclinical to Clinical Studies

More than 10 million people worldwide have Alzheimer's disease (AD), a degenerative neurological illness and the most prevalent form of dementia. AD's progression in memory loss, cognitive deterioration, and behavioral changes are all symptoms. Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42), the hyperphosphorylated forms of microtubule-associated tau protein, and other cellular and systemic alterations are all factors that contribute to cognitive decline in AD. Rather than delivering a possible cure, present therapy strategies focus on reducing disease symptoms. It has long been suggested that various naturally occurring small molecules (plant extract products and microbiological isolates, for example) could be beneficial in preventing or treating disease. Small compounds, such as flavonoids, have attracted much interest recently due to their potential to alleviate cellular stress. Flavonoids have been proven helpful in various ways, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-apoptotic agents, but their mechanism remains unknown. The flavonoid therapy of Alzheimer's disease focuses on this review, which includes a comprehensive literature analysis.

Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Inhibitors for the Treatment and Management of Cancer

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second-highest cause of mortality worldwide, killing nearly 9.6 million people annually. Despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment during the last couple of decades, it remains a serious concern due to the limitations of currently available cancer management strategies. Therefore, alternative strategies are highly required to overcome these glitches. In addition, many etiological factors such as environmental and genetic factors initiate the activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of the transcription (STAT) pathway. This aberrant activation of the JAK-STAT pathway has been reported in various disease states, including inflammatory conditions, hematologic malignancies, and cancer. For instance, many patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms carry the acquired gain-of-function JAK2 V617F somatic mutation. This knowledge has dramatically improved our understanding of pathogenesis and has facilitated the development of therapeutics capable of suppressing the constitutive activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Our aim is not to be expansive but to highlight emerging ideas towards preventive therapy in a modern view of JAK-STAT inhibitors. A series of agents with different specificities against different members of the JAK family of proteins is currently undergoing evaluation in clinical trials. Here we give a summary of how JAK-STAT inhibitors function and a detailed review of current clinical drugs for managing cancer as a new therapeutic approach.

Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: From History to Therapeutic Applications

Current research into the role of engineered nanoparticles in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for medical purposes has developed numerous fascinating nanocarriers. This paper reviews the various conventionally used and current used carriage system to deliver drugs. Due to numerous drawbacks of conventional DDSs, nanocarriers have gained immense interest. Nanocarriers like polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous nanoparticles, nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and engineered nanomaterials are used as carriage systems for targeted delivery at specific sites of affected areas in the body. Nanomedicine has rapidly grown to treat certain diseases like brain cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and many others. These nanomedicines can improve drug bioavailability and drug absorption time, reduce release time, eliminate drug aggregation, and enhance drug solubility in the blood. Nanomedicine has introduced a new era for drug carriage by refining the therapeutic directories of the energetic pharmaceutical elements engineered within nanoparticles. In this context, the vital information on engineered nanoparticles was reviewed and conferred towards the role in drug carriage systems to treat many ailments. All these nanocarriers were tested in vitro and in vivo. In the coming years, nanomedicines can improve human health more effectively by adding more advanced techniques into the drug delivery system.

Gingerol, a Natural Antioxidant, Attenuates Hyperglycemia and Downstream Complications

Hyperglycemia is seen in approximately 68 percent of patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU). In many acute circumstances, such as myocardial infarction, brain, injury and stroke, it is an independent predictor of mortality. Hyperglycemia is induced by a mix of genetic, environmental, and immunologic variables in people with type 1 diabetes. These factors cause pancreatic beta cell death and insulin insufficiency. Insulin resistance and irregular insulin production cause hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients. Hyperglycemia activates a number of complicated interconnected metabolic processes. Hyperglycemia is a major contributor to the onset and progression of diabetes' secondary complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cataracts, periodontitis, and bone and joint issues. Studies on the health benefits of ginger and its constituent's impact on hyperglycemia and related disorders have been conducted and gingerol proved to be a potential pharmaceutically active constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale) that has been shown to lower blood sugar levels, because it possesses antioxidant properties and it functions as an antioxidant in the complicated biochemical process that causes hyperglycemia to be activated. Gingerol not only helps in treating hyperglycemia but also shows effectivity against diseases related to it, such as cardiopathy, kidney failure, vision impairments, bone and joint problems, and teeth and gum infections. Moreover, fresh ginger has various gingerol analogues, with 6-gingerol being the most abundant. However, it is necessary to investigate the efficacy of its other analogues against hyperglycemia and associated disorders at various concentrations in order to determine the appropriate dose for treating these conditions.

Polysaccharide-Based Nanomedicines Targeting Lung Cancer

A primary illness that accounts for a significant portion of fatalities worldwide is cancer. Among the main malignancies, lung cancer is recognised as the most chronic kind of cancer around the globe. Radiation treatment, surgery, and chemotherapy are some medical procedures used in the traditional care of lung cancer. However, these methods lack selectivity and damage nearby healthy cells. Several polysaccharide-based nanomaterials have been created to transport chemotherapeutics to reduce harmful and adverse side effects and improve response during anti-tumour reactions. To address these drawbacks, a class of naturally occurring polymers called polysaccharides have special physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. They can interact with the immune system to induce a better immunological response. Furthermore, because of the flexibility of their structures, it is possible to create multifunctional nanocomposites with excellent stability and bioavailability for the delivery of medicines to tumour tissues. This study seeks to present new views on the use of polysaccharide-based chemotherapeutics and to highlight current developments in polysaccharide-based nanomedicines for lung cancer.

Potential role of nutraceuticals via targeting a Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathway in treatment of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease due to the aging of the articular cartilage, a post-mitotic tissue that stays functioning until primary homeostatic processes fail. Because of pain and disability, OA significantly influences national healthcare expenses and patient quality of life. It is a whole-joint illness characterized by inflammatory and oxidative signaling pathways and significant epigenetic alterations that cause cartilage extracellular matrix degradation. The canonical Wnt pathway (Wnt/β-catenin pathway) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways may function in joint tissues by modulating the activity of synovial cells, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. However, finding innovative ways to treat osteoarthritis and get the joint back to average balance is still a struggle. Nutraceuticals are dietary supplements that promote joint health by balancing anabolic and catabolic signals. New therapeutic methods for OA treatment have been developed based on many research findings that show nutraceuticals have strong anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-bone resorption, and anabolic properties. For the treatment of osteoarthritis, we explore the possible involvement of nutraceuticals that target the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In keeping with the aging population, osteoarthritis is becoming more widespread. In this extensive research, we studied the role of the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathway in OA formation and progression. Nutraceuticals that target these OA-related signaling pathways are a viable therapy option. Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling pathway are inhibited by polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and vitamins from the nutraceutical category, making them possible therapeutic drugs for OA therapy.

A study of the molecular mechanism of quercetin and dasatinib combination as senolytic in alleviating age-related and kidney diseases

Aging is a significant risk factor for the majority of prevalent human illnesses. The chance of having severe chronic conditions grows dramatically with advancing age. Indeed, more than 90% of people over 65 get at least one chronic disease, including diabetes, heart disease, malignancy, memory loss, and kidney disease, whereas more than 70% have two or more of these ailments. Mouse and human aging lead to increased senescent cells and decreased klotho concentrations. Mice lacking the protein α-klotho show faster aging, similar to human aging. α-Klotho upregulation extends life and slows or suppresses the onset of many age-related illnesses and kidney diseases. Like the consequences of α-klotho deficiency, senescent cell accumulation is linked to tissue dysfunction in various organs and multiple age-related kidney diseases. In addition, α-klotho and cell senescence are negatively and presumably mechanistically linked. Earlier research has demonstrated that klotho exerts its protective effects in age-related and kidney disease by interacting with Wnt ligands, serving as an endogenous antagonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, decreasing senescent cell burden with senolytics, a class of drugs that remove senescent cells selectively and extend the life span of mice. In this work, we are studying the molecular mechanism of the combination of quercetin and dasatinib as senolytic in easing age-related chronic renal illness by altering the level of klotho/Wnt/β-catenin. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: There is an inverse relationship between the onset and the development of age-related disorders and cellular senescence and Klotho. Earlier attempts to suppress transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) in kidney disease with anti-TGF-β1 antibodies were ineffective, and this should be kept in mind. Senolytic medications may benefit from targeting senescent cells, which enhances the protective factor α-klotho. In addition, our study provides a unique, translationally feasible route for creating orally active small compounds to enhance α-klotho, which may also be a valuable biomarker for age-related kidney disease. Additionally, other aspects of aging can be affected by senolytics, such as limiting age-related mitochondrial dysfunction, lowering inflammation and fibrosis, blunting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, decreasing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, and reinforcing insulin sensitivity. Senolytic agents have been shown to increase adipose progenitor and cardiac progenitor cell activity in aging animals and animals with cellular senescence-related diseases, such as heart, brain, and kidney disease.

Therapeutic approaches of nutraceuticals in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological illness that causes memory loss over time. Currently, available pharmaceutical medicines and products are limited, and they have side effects at a higher price. Researchers and scientists have observed significant effects of nutraceuticals. Various preclinical and clinical studies were investigated for the Anti-Alzheimer's activity of nutraceuticals. The increasing ability of the pathogenesis of AD has led to the analysis of novel therapeutic targets, including the pathophysiological mechanisms and distinct cascades. So, current improvement will show the most adequate and prominent nutraceuticals and suggested concise mechanisms involving autophagy regulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, mitochondrial homeostasis, and others. The effects of nutraceuticals cannot be ignored; it is important to investigate high-quality clinical trials. Given the potential of nutraceuticals to battle AD as multi-targeted therapies, it's vital to evaluate them as viable lead compounds for drug discovery and development. To the best of the authors 'knowledge, modification of blood-brain barrier permeability, bioavailability, and aspects of randomized clinical trials should be considered in prospective investigations. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Advancements in molecular diagnostic and fundamentals have implemented particular usefulness for drug evaluation. An excess of experimental knowledge occurs regarding the effect of nutraceuticals on AD. There are various preclinical and clinical studies that have been done on nutraceuticals. In addition, various substitute inhibit and enhance some pathophysiological levels associated with AD. Nutraceuticals are easily available and have fewer side effects with cost-effective advantages. However, further investigations and clinical trials are required to encourage its effect on disease.

Role of Medicinal plant-derived Nutraceuticals as a potential target for the treatment of breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most challenging cancers to treat, accounting for many cancer-related deaths. Over some years, chemotherapy, hormone treatment, radiation, and surgeries have been used to treat cancer. Unfortunately, these treatment options are unsuccessful due to crucial adverse reactions and multidrug tolerance/resistance. Although it is clear that substances in the nutraceuticals category have a lot of anti-cancer activity, using a supplementary therapy strategy, in this case, could be very beneficial. Nutraceuticals are therapeutic agents, which are nutrients that have drug-like characteristics and can be used to treat diseases. Plant nutraceuticals categorized into polyphenols, terpenoids, vitamins, alkaloids, and flavonoids are part of health food products, that have great potential for combating BC. Nutraceuticals can reduce BC's severity, limit malignant cell growth, and modify cancer-related mechanisms. Nutraceuticals acting by attenuating Hedgehog, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), Notch, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling are the main pathways in controlling the self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). This article reviews some important nutraceuticals and their modes of action, which can be very powerful versus BC. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nutraceuticals' importance to the control and diagnosis of breast cancer is undeniable and cannot be overlooked. Natural dietary compounds have a wide range of uses and have been used in traditional medicine. In addition, these natural chemicals can enhance the effectiveness of other traditional medicines. They may also be used as a treatment process independently because of their capacity to affect several cancer pathways. This study highlights a variety of natural chemicals, and their mechanisms of action, routes, synergistic effects, and future potentials are all examined.