[Clinical and coagulation characteristics of 7 patients with critical COVID-2019 pneumonia and acro-ischemia]

Objective: To investigate the clinical and coagulation characteristics of the critical Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with acro-ischemia in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: The retrospective study included 7 critical COVID-19 patients with acro-ischemia in a single center in Wuhan, from Feb 4 to Feb 15, 2020. The clinical and laboratory data before and during the ICU stay were analyzed. Results: The median age of 7 patients was 59 years and 4 of them were men. 3 of them were associated with underlying comorbidities. Fever, cough, dyspnea and diarrhea were common clinical symptoms. All patients had acro-ischemia presentations including finger/toe cyanosis, skin bulla and dry gangrene. D-dimer, fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation product (FDP) were significantly elevated in most patients. Prothrombin time (PT) were prolonged in 4 patients. D-dimer and FDP levels increased progressively when COVID-2019 exacerbated, and 4 patients were diagnosed with definite disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). 6 patients received low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) treatment, after which their D-dimer and FDP decreased, but there was no significant improvement in clinical symptoms. 5 patients died finally and the median time from acro-ischemia to death was 12 days. Conclusions: The existence of hypercoagulation status in critical COVID-2019 patients should be monitored closely, and anticoagulation therapy can be considered in selected patients. More clinical data is needed to investigate the role of anticoagulation in COVID-2019 treatment.

[Voxel-based morphometry study of the brain structures in patients with congenital hereditary hearing loss]

Objective: To analyze the physiological basics for changes of cerebral functions in patients with congenital hereditary hearing loss (CHHL), by using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Methods: From June 2016 to June 2017, we recruited volunteers from Yangzhou Special Education School and CHHL patients from the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Subei People's Hospital as a case group with a total of 14 cases (8 males and 6 females), with an average age from 10 to 18 (13.13 ± 0.39). At the same time,patients with no ear diseases were recruited as a control group, a total of 23 cases (10 males and 13 females), with an average age from 10 to18 (13.50 ± 0.49). Brain scanning with resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed on all subjects, and 3D T1WI was collected and processed by the analyzing software. Two sample t-tests were conducted with alphasim correction at the threshold level of P<0.001. Different morphologies of cerebral cortex were identified between patients with CHHL and their normal controls retrospectively. Results: Compared to their normal controls, patients with CHHL had no significant difference in terms of brain volume, gray matter volume, white matter volume, and cerebrospinal fluid volume ((1 397.53±103.98)cm(3) vs. (1 439.45±128.84)cm(3), (765.19±60.27)cm(3) vs. (800.139±77.64)cm(3), (392.89±40.38)cm(3) vs. (414.54±49.22)cm(3), (314.17±25.81)cm(3) vs. (296.47±51.42)cm(3), all P>0.05). However, compared to their normal controls, patients with CHHL had significantly increased (P<0.001) gray matter in the following cerebral gyri: right temporal pole: middle temporal gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, left middle occipital gyrus, right inferior parietal gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus, left superior occipital gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, and left superior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, compared to their normal controls, patients with CHHL had significantly decreased (P<0.001) gray matter in the following cerebral gyri: left parahippocampal gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, left insula, right inferior frontal gyrus, left precentral gyrus, and right superior parietal gyrus. Conclusions: Patients with CHHL show global changes in cerebral cortex not limited to auditory associated cerebral areas. This suggests that adaptable reshaping of global brain structures and functions has occurred in patients with CHHL.

Relationships of Lipids Profile with Health-Related Quality of Life in Chinese Centenarians

OBJECTIVES

With the acceleration of the process of aging population, to enjoy a higher health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is the goal of the elderly population and public health. Studies on relationship between HRQoL and lipid profile through a large sample of representative elderly population are scare.

OBJECTIVE

This study was conducted to firstly explore the relationships of lipid profile with HRQoL in Chinese centenarian population.

PARTICIPANTS

A complete sample of 1002 participants aged over 100 years from Hainan province were recruited in the current study.

MAIN MEASURE

Questionnaire investigation, physical examination and blood specimen collection were carried out by family survey. The EuroQol-5 Dimensions(EQ-5D, and EQ-VAS were used to assess HRQoL.

RESULTS

In multivariate linear regression analyses, a significant association was found between EQ-5D and lipid profile, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and similar association was also existed between EQ-VAS and TC, LDL-C HDL-C, after adjustment. The score of EQ-5D and EQ-VAS in male centenarian was higher than that of the female centenarian.

CONCLUSION

Lipid profile was positively associated with the HRQoL in Chinese centenarians.

Association of Anemia with Activities of Daily Living in Chinese Female Centenarian

OBJECTIVES

Although anemia and activities of daily living (ADL) disability in female elderly are common conditions and are more likely to occur as people age, little is known about the association of anemia with ADL in female centenarians. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between anemia and ADL disability in Chinese female centenarians.

DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of a sample of 822 Chinese female centenarians from 2014 to 2016.

MEASUREMENTS

Blood analysis, home interview, and physical examination were performed following standard procedures. ADL disability was defined as a Barthel Index total score≤60.

RESULTS

The prevalence of anemia and ADL disability were 66.8% and 29.7% respectively in Chinese female centenarians. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that inflammation (OR = 2.280, 95% CI, 1.524-3.410), underweight (OR = 1.653, 95% CI, 1.186-2.303), anemia (OR = 1.775, 95% CI, 1.250-2.521), and living with family (OR = 0.518, 95% CI, 0.302-0.888) were significant factors related to ADL disability. Centenarians with severe anemia had an approximately fourfold greater likelihood of ADL disability than those without anemia (OR =3.747; 95% CI 1.525-9.206). An apparent dose-response relationship was found between anemia and ADL disability.

CONCLUSION

These findings may provide some insights into targeted intervention for maintaining ADL independence in female centenarians, especially encouraging the interventions of anemia to improve ADL.

[The 471st case: duodenal ulcer, mucor infection, and elevated IgG(4)]

Mucor infection is rarely reported in non-immunocompromised population, especially in isolated gastrointestinal tracts. IgG(4)-related diseases (IgG(4)-RD) have been recognized in recent years, but secondary causes of IgG(4) elevation should be differentiated. We reported a young man with duodenal mass and ulcer and high serum IgG(4) level. Histological biopsy of the mass revealed positive mucor mycelium and infiltration of IgG(4) positive plasma cells. Serum IgG(4) decreased to normal range after surgical resection and systemic antifungal treatment. This case suggests that isolated mucor mycosis infection can develop in the digestive tract and mimics as IgG(4)-related disease.

The Chinese National Twin Registry: a 'gold mine' for scientific research

The Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR) currently includes data from 61 566 twin pair from 11 provinces or cities in China. Of these, 31 705, 15 060 and 13 531 pairs are monozygotic, same-sex dizygotic and opposite-sex dizygotic pairs, respectively, determined by opposite sex or intrapair similarity. Since its establishment in 2001, the CNTR has provided an important resource for analysing genetic and environmental influences on chronic diseases especially cardiovascular diseases. Recently, the CNTR has focused on collecting biologic specimens from disease-concordant or disease-discordant twin pairs or from twin pairs reared apart. More than 8000 pairs of these twins have been registered, and blood samples have been collected from more than 1500 pairs. In this review, we summarize the main findings from univariate and multivariate genetic effects analyses, gene-environment interaction studies, omics studies exploring DNA methylation and metabolomic markers associated with phenotypes. There remains further scope for CNTR research and data mining. The plan for future development of the CNTR is described. The CNTR welcomes worldwide collaboration.

[Effect of data missing on population based viral load survey in HIV infected men who have sex with men sampled in 16 large cities, China]

Objective: To analyze the effect of missing data in population based viral load (PVL) survey in HIV infected men who have sex with men (MSM) sampled in 16 cities in China. Methods: The database of 3 virus load sampling survey conducted consecutively in HIV infected MSM population in 16 large cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Chongqing, Kunming, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Nanning, Urumuqi, Harbin, Changchun, Chengdu and Tianjin) during 2013-2015 was used. SPSS 17.0 software was used to describe distribution of the missing data and analyze associated factors. Results: A total of 12 150 HIV infected MSM were randomly selected for the surveys, in whom, 9 141 (75.2%) received virus load tests, while 3 009 (24.8%) received no virus load tests, whose virus load data missed. The virus load data missing rates in MSM with or without access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) were 11.5% (765/6 675) and 39.4% (2 060/5 223) respectively, and the virus load data missing rates were 21.9% (1 866/8 523) and 28.4% (959/3 374), respectively, in local residents and non-local residents (migrants). Conclusions: The analysis indicated that the data missing occurred in the virus load survey in HIV infected MSM population. ART status and census registering status were the main influencing factors. Data missing could influence the accurate evaluation of community viral load (CVL) and population viral load(PVL) levels in HIV infected MSM in China.

Silicon-on-insulator free-carrier injection modulators for the mid-infrared

Experimental demonstrations of silicon-on-insulator waveguide-based free-carrier effect modulators operating at 3.8 μm are presented. PIN diodes are used to inject carriers into the waveguides, and are configured to (a) use free-carrier electroabsorption to create a variable optical attenuator with 34 dB modulation depth and (b) use free-carrier electrorefraction with the PIN diodes acting as phase shifters in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, achieving a V_πL_π of 0.052  V·mm and a DC modulation depth of 22 dB. Modulation is demonstrated at data rates up to 125 Mbit/s.

[Associations between milk intake at breakfast and nutritional status of students attending the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students in 2016]

Objective: To investigate the association between milk intake at breakfast and nutritional status of students attending the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students (NIPRCES) in 2016, and to provide basic data for improving the nutritional status of the poor rural pupils. Methods: Using the multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling method, 22 315 students from grade three to nine from primary and junior high schools were randomly selected from the 50 key counties under the monitor programs, in 22 provinces of NNIPRCS. Questionnaire was used. Among all the students, with equal number of genders, morning fasting height and weight were measured by trained investigators. Status of nutrition was classified as malnutrition, normal, overweight/obesity, by age-specific height and BMI. Multivariate linear and logistic regression methods were used to analyze the relationship between milk consumption and the status of nutrition of the students. Results: Only 31.4% of the students that were on the monitoring programs would drink milk at breakfast. Proportions of milk intake at breakfast were higher in students from the western regions, in lower grades and in girls (P<0.05). The proportions of malnutrition and overweight/obesity were 11.0% and 10.0% respectively. After controlling factors as gender, age, ethnicity, region of residency and types of parental employment, students who drank milk at breakfast showed an average height of 0.4 cm taller than those who did not drink milk (P=0.001). However, no significant relationships were noticed between milk intake at breakfast and weight, malnutrition or overweight/obesity. Conclusion: Milk intake at breakfast seemed associated with the height of the students under study, suggesting that this program can be promoted, especially in students from the poor rural areas.

[The clinical characteristics of immunocompetent adults with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus associated enteritis]

Objective: To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus associated enteritis (CAEAE) . Methods: The clinical data of 6 CAEAE patients in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively analyzed from January 2010 to November 2017, including clinical manifestations, endoscopic, pathological features, medications and clinical outcome. Results: The male∶female ratio was 4∶2 and the average age was 34 years old. All patients did not have personal and family history of immunodeficiency. The common symptoms consisted of fever (6/6), abdominal pain (6/6), hematochezia (6/6) and diarrhea (5/6). The most frequently affected sites were colorectum (5/6), followed by small intestine (3/6). Further serologic tests revealed a high load of serum Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) DNA. The main manifestations under endoscopy were multifocal or diffuse irregular ulcers. There was inflammation in the ulcer bases and surrounding areas, where EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) was positive by in situ hybridization (6/6). The common complications were massive hemorrhage (3/6) and intestinal perforation (2/6). None of treatment agents including glucocorticoid, ganciclovir, foscarnet sodium and cytotoxic drugs was effective. All patients died within 0.5 to 13 months after diagnosis. Conclusions: CAEAE in immunocompetent individuals is a rare disorder with poor prognosis. It is difficult to differentiate CAEAE from inflammatory bowel disease due to similar clinical and endoscopic manifestations.

[Central venous-arterial carbon dioxide tension to arterial-central venous oxygen content ratio combined with lactate clearance rate as early resuscitation goals of septic shock]

Objective: To investigate the prognostic significance of central venous-arterial carbon dioxide tension to arterial-venous oxygen content ratio (Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2)) combined with lactate clearance rate (LCR) as early resuscitation goals of septic shock. Methods: One hundred and forty-five septic shock patients admitted to Second Department of Critical Care Medicine of Lanzhou University Second Hospital from March 2013 to May 2017 were enrolled in this study.All septic shock patients received an initial resuscitation therapy according to early goal-directed therapy.The arterial and central venous blood gases were measured simultaneously at baseline (T0) and 6 hours after resuscitation (T6). Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2) and LCR were calculated.Patients were classified into four groups according to Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2) and LCR at T6: group A, Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2)>1.8 and LCR<30%; group B, Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2)>1.8 and LCR≥30%; group C, Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2)≤1.8 and LCR<30%; group D, Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2)≤1.8 and LCR≥30%.General demographics, hemodynamic parameters, oxygen metabolism parameters, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE Ⅱ) scores, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and 28-day mortality rate were compared among the 4 groups.A Kaplan-Meier curve showed the survival probabilities at day 28 using a log-rank test for multiple comparisons.Parameters were introduced into a Cox's proportional hazards regression model to analyze the prediction of 28-day mortality.Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the ability of Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2), LCR, Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2) combined with LCR at T6 to predict 28-day mortality. Results: Compared with patients in group A, patients from group D had the lower APACHE Ⅱ and SOFA score at day 3 (t=-2.909, -3.630, both P<0.05), shorter ICU stay (t=-2.575, P=0.011), and lower mortality rate at day 28 (χ(2)=3.124, P=0.011). Survival curves up to day 28, illustrated by Kaplan-Meier method, showed that group A had the shortest median survival time (χ(2)=10.332, P=0.016), difference between group A and group D was statistically significant (χ(2)=8.304, P=0.004). The Cox regression analysis revealed that Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2) (RR=3.888, 95%CI: 2.443-6.189, P<0.001) and LCR (RR=0.073, 95%CI: 0.008-0.640, P=0.018) at T6 were independent predictors of 28-day mortality.The area under ROC curve for Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2) combined with LCR (0.919, 95%CI: 0.862-0.958) was significantly greater than whether Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2) (0.862, 95%CI: 0.795-0.914) or LCR (0.820, 95%CI: 0.748-0.879) alone (Z=2.032, 2.364, both P<0.05). Conclusion: Combination of Pcv-aCO(2)/Ca-cvO(2) and LCR is better than single parameter to predict the risk of adverse outcomes of septic shock patients, and may provide useful information for assessing the adequacy of resuscitation at early stage of septic shock.

[Relationship between expression level of sex-determining region Y box 9 and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma]

Objective: To investigate the effects of sex-detemining region Y box9 (SOX9) expression levels on the proliferation, migration and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: A total of 74 OSCC pathological specimens were collected from Shanghai OSCC Tissue and Biological Informations Bank, and clinicopathological information of these specimens were collected. Immunohistochemistry assay was used to examine the expression levels of SOX9 in OSCC and to analyze their relationship with clinicopathological features. Cell counting kit-8 assay and cloning formation was used to observe the relationship between the expression levels of SOX9 and the proliferation of OSCC. Transwell experiment and scratch test were used to detect the difference of the ability of OSCC in cell lines with different expression levels of SOX9. Results: The risk of lymph node metastasis in patients with high expression of SOX9 was significantly increased (P=0.010). In the Transwell experiment, the number of HN6 cells (671.0±57.4, P=0.000) migrated to the lower chamber more than that of CAL27 cells (172.0±13.9). In the scratch experiment, HN6 cells [0 h: (93.7±2.1) μm; 6 h: (56.7±2.5) μm; 12 h: (29.7±3.1) μm] migrated faster than CAL27 [0 h: (93.7±1.5) μm; 6 h: (78.0±2.0) μm; 12 h: (42.0±3.0) μm](P<0.05). The migration ability of the cell line (HN6) with high-expression of SOX9 was significantly higher than that in cell line (CAL27) with low-expression SOX9 (P<0.05). The expression levels of SOX9 in OSCC were no significant on cell proliferation (P>0.05). Conclusions: High expression of SOX9 can promote the migration and lymph node metastasis of OSCC. SOX9 is a candidate gene target for the diagnosis and intervention of lymph node metastasis in OSCC.

[Value analysis of preoperative and intra-operative ultrasound in diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid adenoma]

Objective:To explore the value characteristics of preoperative and intra-operative ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid adenoma,and to further clarify the value of ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid adenoma.Method:A total of 62 cases of parathyroid adenoma confirmed by postoperative pathology from March 2016 to November 2017 were collected, and the pre-operative ultrasound parameters were analyzed;and 26 cases were detected by intra-operative ultrasound.Result:In 62 cases of parathyroid adenoma, 58 cases of parathyroid adenoma were diagnosed by ultrasound before operation,and the sensitivity was 93.54%. Among the 26 cases,the lesions of 24 cases were detected by intra-operative ultrasound,and the sensitivity was 92.31%.Conclusion:Preoperative ultrasonography has a high diagnostic value for the qualitative diagnosis and location diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma, and intra-operative ultrasound can help to detect lesions quickly and safely, which is of great significance to shorten the operation time and improve the safety of operation. It is an important development space of ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid glands.

The Src homology and collagen A (ShcA) adaptor protein may participate in the pathogenesis of membranous lupus nephritis

The Src homology and collagen A (ShcA) adaptor protein that binds to tyrosine kinase receptors. ShcA plays a role in insulin signaling, stress resistance and energy metabolism. The 66-kDa Src homology 2 domain-containing protein (p66shc) belongs to the ShcA family and has been associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS); increased ROS is involved in the pathology of lupus nephritis (LN). However, whether ShcA can act as a biomarker for oxidative injury in LN is unknown. This study is aimed to investigate the ShcA expression in kidney tissues from patients presenting with LN and the association between ShcA expression and clinical parameters. Renal biopsy tissues were obtained from 62 LN, 20 primary membranous nephropathy (MN) and 10 other secondary MN patients. ShcA was measured by immunofluorescence. The expression of ShcA in the membranous lupus nephritis (class V) group showed a higher trend but there were no significant differences compared with pure mesangial disease (class II) and proliferative (Class III/IV) lupus nephritis. ShcA deposits were negative in primary and other secondary MN. ShcA might act as a new biomarker and a diagnostic tool to identify membranous lupus nephritis with other MN.

[Relationship between UGT1A1 gene polymorphisms and irinotecan-induced severe adverse events]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between UGT1A1*6, UGT1A1*28, UGT1A1*60 and UGT1A1*93 polymorphisms and irinotecan-induced severe adverse reactions(grade 3-4 delayed diarrhea and neutropenia) in Chinese cancer patients. Methods: A total of 141 cancer patients treated with irinotecan were enrolled in this study. Peripheral venous blood was collected and genomic DNA was extracted. The genetic polymorphisms of UGT1A1*6, UGT1A1*28, UGT1A1*60 and UGT1A1*93 were analyzed by PCR and direct sequencing. The adverse reactions during chemotherapy were observed and recorded. The incidence of severe adverse reactions was compared among patients with different genotypes. Results: Among 141 patients, the cases with UGT1A1*6 GG, GA and AA genotypes were 71, 54 and 16, while those with UGT1A1*28 TA6/6, TA6/7 and TA7/7 genotypes were 105, 33 and 3, respectively. The cases with UGT1A1*60 AA, AC and CC genotypes were 52, 80 and 9, while those with UGT1A1*93 GG, GA and AA genotypes were 105, 32 and 4, respectively. The patients with grade 3-4 delayed diarrhea and neutropenia were 23 and 56, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that UGT1A1*6 and UGT1A1*60 genetic polymorphisms were independent factors influencing the occurrence of grade 3-4 delayed diarrhea. The risk of grade 3-4 delayed diarrhea in homozygous AA carriers of UGT1A1*6 increased 3.79 times compared with that in wild-type GG carriers (95%CI: 1.35-10.67). Moreover, the risk of grade 3-4 delayed diarrhea in homozygous CC carriers of UGT1A1*60 was 20.42 times compared with that in wild-type AA carriers (95%CI: 3.52-118.33). In addition, UGT1A1*28 genetic polymorphism was an independent factor of the occurrence of grade 3-4 neutropenia. The patients with homozygous TA7/7 carriers of UGT1A1*28 had an 1.61 times higher risk of grade 3-4 neutropenia compared with those with wild-type TA6/6 carriers (95%CI: 1.44-12.65). There was no correlation between UGT1A1*93 genetic polymorphism and severe adverse reactions caused by irinotecan. Conclusion: The cancer patients who carried UGT1A1*6, UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*60 gene polymorphisms have high risk of severe adverse events caused by irinotecan-based chemotherapy.

Effect of selenium supplementation on pigeon reproductive performance, selenium concentration and antioxidant status

The effects of dietary supplementation of sodium selenite (SS) on the reproductive performance and the concentration of selenium, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined, and expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) and bone morphogenic protein 15 (BMP15) was evaluated. Paired pigeons (n = 864) were fed: T1 received no SS, while T2, T3, and T4 received 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg of SS/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. Treatments were performed in triplicate with 72 pairs in each replicate. The results showed that selenium supplementation significantly affected pigeon reproductive performance. Birds fed 1.0 mg of SS/kg displayed higher egg production (P > 0.05), higher birth rate, and lower dead sperm rate than the control group (P < 0.05). Selenium and biochemical analyses revealed a higher selenium concentration in the 1.5 mg of SS/kg group than in the control group (P < 0.05), while GSH-Px was higher in the 0.5 mg of SS/kg group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Neither the MDA nor the SOD content were affected significantly in liver, chest muscle, or leg muscle (P > 0.05); however, in plasma, MDA was lower in the control group (P < 0.05), while SOD was higher in the control group (P < 0.05). qRT-PCR results revealed up-regulation of GPx4 in hypothalamus, pituitary and testis tissues in supplemented groups (P < 0.05). However, expression in ovary differed; GPx4 mRNA levels were lower in the 1.5 mg of SS/kg and control groups than in the 1.0 or 0.5 mg of SS/kg groups (P < 0.05). Expression of BMP15 in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testis tissues was unaffected (P > 0.05), while in ovary, BMP15 was down-regulated in the 1.5 mg of SS/kg group (P < 0.05). These results suggest pigeons supplemented with SS up-regulated GPx4, 1.0 mg of SS/kg exhibited superior reproductive performance, while 1.5 mg of SS/kg increased the selenium concentration, and 0.5 mg of SS/kg up-regulated GSH-Px activity.