HPV16 DNA and integration in normal and malignant epithelium: implications for the etiology of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Molecular evidence suggests that human papillomavirus (HPV) has a role in the etiology of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However, the role of HPV in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is unclear.

Patients and methods

We conducted a case–control study using tumor tissue specimens from 300 LSCC patients and vocal cord polyp specimens from 300 cancer-free controls. HPV genotype, HPV16 viral load and viral integration status, and p16 expression were determined.

Results

The prevalence of HPV (all types) was higher in cases than controls [21 (7.0%) versus 10 (3.3%), adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.37, 95% CI 1.08–5.21]. The prevalence of HPV16 was higher in cases than controls [20 (6.7%) versus 8 (2.7%), aOR 2.84, 95% CI 1.21–6.68]. The risk of LSCC associated with HPV16 DNA positivity was even higher in patients aged 55 years or younger (aOR 3.52, 95% CI 1.07–11.54), males (aOR 4.74, 95% CI 1.33–16.90), never-smokers (aOR 5.57, 95% CI 1.41–22.10), and never-drinkers (aOR 3.72, 95% CI 1.09–12.72). HPV DNA was partly or fully integrated in all 20 HPV16-positive cases but was episomal in all 8 HPV16-positive controls; however, the HPV16-positive cases and controls had similar viral loads (P = 0.28). P16 immunostaining was positive in 31 of the 300 cases (10.3%) and negative in all 300 controls.

Conclusion

These results suggest that prior infection with HPV16 may play a role in the etiology of some LSCC. This larger case–control study will offer for the first time the possibility to address in depth the understanding of a tissue-specific role of HPV in laryngeal carcinogenesis. Further studies with larger samples are needed to confirm these findings.

Interpretation of liver stiffness measurement-based approach for the monitoring of hepatitis B patients with antiviral therapy: A 2-year prospective study

Liver biopsy is not routinely performed in treated chronic hepatitis B. Liver stiffness measurement has been validated for noninvasive liver fibrosis assessment in pretreatment chronic hepatitis B but has not been assessed for fibrosis monitoring during antiviral therapy. Liver stiffness was systemically monitored by Fibroscan^® every 6 months in a cohort of patients with hepatitis B receiving antiviral therapy and compared with liver biopsies at baseline and week 104. A total of 534 hepatitis B e antigen-positive treatment-naive patients receiving telbivudine-based therapy with qualified liver stiffness measurement at baseline and week 104 were analyzed, 164 of which had adequate paired liver biopsies. Liver stiffness decreased rapidly (-2.2 kPa/24 weeks) in parallel with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) from 8.6 (2.6-49.5) kPa at baseline to 6.1 (2.2-37.4) kPa at week 24. Interestingly, liver stiffness decreased slowly (-0.3 kPa/24 weeks) but continually from week 24 to week 104 (6.1 vs 5.3 kPa, P < .001) while ALT levels remained stable within the normal range. More importantly, liver stiffness declined significantly irrespective of baseline ALT levels and liver necroinflammation grades. From baseline to week 104, the proportion of patients with no or mild fibrosis (Ishak, 0-2) increased from 74.4% (122/164) to 93.9% (154/164). Multivariate analysis revealed that percentage decline of 52-week liver stiffness from baseline was independently associated with 104-week liver fibrosis regression (odds ratio, 3.742; P = .016). Early decline of 52-week liver stiffness from baseline may reflect the remission of both liver inflammation and fibrosis and was predictive of 104-week fibrosis regression in treated patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Characterization of CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes in keloid disease

BACKGROUND

Memory T cells, a highly effective subset of T lymphocytes, have been reported to be involved in many inflammatory skin disorders. However, the potential role of memory T cells in keloid disease (KD) remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

Due to their important role in regulating inflammation, we investigated the characteristics of CD45RO⁺ memory T cells in KD.

METHODS

Primary cutaneous cells were isolated from keloid scars and normal skin by enzymic digestion. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from a related blood sample, and flow cytometry was applied to identify the phenotypic and functional abnormalities of memory T cells in KD.

RESULTS

We observed that the majority of T lymphocytes in keloid scars had the memory phenotype, and a greater number of the CD8⁺ memory T cells in keloid scars produced lower levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. This abnormal cytokine production was even more distinct in Forkhead box (FOX)P3^-  CD8^- memory T cells, with lower TNF-α production and enhanced interferon-γ production. Furthermore, FOXP3⁺  CD8^- memory T cells in keloid scars were abnormal, including showing reduced CD25 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 expression and interleukin-10 production. In addition, a significant decrease in the number of CD4⁺  CD25^high  FOXP3⁺ regulatory T cells was identified in patients with multiple keloid scars. We also found that there was significantly increased infiltration of CD103⁺  CD8⁺ memory T cells in keloid scars.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings preliminarily elucidate the abnormalities of CD45RO⁺ memory T cells in keloid scars and provide early evidence that a disrupted T-cell response contributes to the progression of KD.

CT quantitative parameters to predict the invasiveness of lung pure ground-glass nodules (pGGNs)

AIM

To investigate the value of computed tomography (CT) quantitative parameters in predicting the invasiveness of lung pure ground-glass nodules (pGGNs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chest CT images and pathological findings of 163 pGGNs in 154 consecutive patients were reviewed. According to the clinical management strategies, cases were divided into pre-invasive and MIA groups (atypical adenomatous hyperplasia [AAH], adenocarcinoma in situ [AIS], and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma [MIA]) and invasive group (invasive adenocarcinoma [IAC]). CT quantitative parameters including maximum diameter, largest diameter perpendicular to the maximum diameter, maximum cross-sectional area, volume, mass, and mean attenuation value were measured and compared between two groups. Their diagnostic performances were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

Significant differences existed for all the CT quantitative parameters in both groups (p<0.01). The values of area under the curve (AUC) were 0.783 of maximum diameter (95% CI: 0.711-0.843), 0.779 of longest diameter perpendicular to maximum diameter (95% CI: 0.707-0.840), 0.796 of largest cross-sectional area (95% CI: 0.726-0.855), 0.781 of volume (95% CI: 0.710-0.842), 0.794 of mass (95% CI: 0.722-0.865) and 0.625 of mean attenuation value (95% CI: 0.546-0.700), respectively. A pairwise-manner comparison showed the AUC of mean attenuation value was the smallest (p<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed the largest cross-sectional area (OR=2.307, 95% CI: 1.689-3.150) was the independent predictor for IAC with a cut-off value of 2.22 cm².

CONCLUSIONS

CT quantitative parameters could predict the invasiveness of lung pGGNs. The largest cross-sectional area is the most valuable independent predictor and the mean attenuation value is less valuable.

Note: Development of a multichannel magnetic probe array for magnetohydrodynamic activity studies in Sino-United Spherical Tokamak

A 30-channel movable magnetic probe radial array measuring the poloidal magnetic field's time derivative Ḃ_θ has been developed and installed on the Sino-United Spherical Tokamak to investigate the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activities in ohmic discharges. The probe array consists of thirty identical commercial chip inductors mounted on a slim printed circuit board and shielded by a customized quartz tube of 14 mm in outer diameter. With the application of instrumentation amplifiers, the system exhibits a good signal to noise ratio and the measured vertical field spatial distribution agrees well with the simulation result. The measured spatial and temporal distribution of Ḃ_θ during the MHD activities exhibits a clear phase reversal layer, which is a direct proof of tearing mode and provides a reliable indication of the magnetic island chain position.

[Outcome of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular ejection fraction less than 50% undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention]

Objective: To investigate the in-hospital and long-term outcomes of patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50% undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) . Methods: From January to December 2013, 10 445 consecutive patients who underwent PCI in Fuwai Hospital and the LVEF value was available were prospectively included. The patients were divided into LVEF≥50% group (9 896 cases) and LVEF<50% group (549 cases) . The in-hospital and 2-year clinical outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. The association between LVEF<50% and clinical outcomes was assessed using multivariable Cox regression analysis. Results: (1) Compared with LVEF ≥50% group, LVEF< 50% group had higher rates of in-hospital all-cause death (1.1% (6/549) vs. 0.2% (17/9 896) , P<0.01) , cardiac death (1.1% (6/549) vs. 0.1% (12/9 896) , P<0.01) , in-stent thrombosis (0.7% (4/549) vs. 0.2% (18/9 896) , P<0.01) , myocardial infarction (2.4% (13/549) vs. 1.2% (121/9 896) , P<0.05) ,and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) which including death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, in-stent thrombosis, and stroke (3.6% (20/549) vs. 1.4% (137/9 896) , P<0.01) . (2) A total of 10 388 (99.5%) patients completed 2-year follow-up. Compared with LVEF ≥50% group, LVEF<50% group had higher rates of 2-year all-cause death (4.7% (26/549) vs. 1.0% (101/9 896) , P<0.01) , cardiac death (4.0% (22/549) vs. 0.5% (50/9 896) , P<0.01) , in-stent thrombosis (3.1% (17/549) vs. 0.7% (71/9 896) , P<0.001) , myocardial infarction (4.2% (23/549) vs. 1.9% (186/9 896) , P<0.01) ,and MACCE (17.9% (98/549) vs. 11.8% (1 172/9 896) , P<0.01) . There were no significant differences on the rates of 2-year target-vessel revascularization, bleeding and stroke between the two groups. (3) The multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated that LVEF< 50% was the independent risk factor of 2-year all-cause death (HR=2.47, 95%CI 1.49-4.08, P<0.01) , cardiac death (HR=3.25, 95%CI 1.79-5.90, P<0.01) , in-stent thrombosis (HR=4.19, 95%CI 2.39-7.34, P<0.01) , myocardial infarction (HR=2.00, 95%CI 1.26-3.16, P<0.01) , and MACCE (HR=1.40, 95%CI 1.13-1.74, P<0.01) . (4) After propensity score matching, all in-hospital outcomes were similar between the two groups, including all-cause death, cardiac death, in-stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction, revascularization, bleeding, stroke, and MACCE (all P>0.05) . After propensity score matching,the multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated that LVEF<50% was still an independent risk factor of 2-year all-cause death (HR=3.08, 95%CI 1.37-6.89, P<0.01) , cardiac death (HR= 4.12, 95%CI 1.53-11.07, P<0.01) ,and in-stent thrombosis (HR=3.82, 95%CI 1.27-11.5, P<0.05) . Conclusion: LVEF< 50% is an independent risk factor of 2-year all-cause death, cardiac death, and in-stent thrombosis in patients undergoing PCI, but it does not increase the risk of target-vessel revascularization, bleeding or stroke.

[Efficacy comparison of 3 strategies for real-world stable coronary artery disease patients with three-vessel disease]

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or medical therapy (MT) alone for real-world stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients with three-vessel disease (TVD) in mainland China. Methods: A total of 8 943 consecutive cases with TVD hospitalized in our center from April 2004 to February 2011 were screened for this study. In this cohort, 3 435 cases diagnosed as SCAD were analyzed. PCI, CABG, MT alone were performed in 1 313 (38.2%), 1 259 (36.7%) and 863 (25.1%) patients, respectively. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis using nearest neighbor matching with a 1∶1 ratio was applied, and 758 pairs of CABG and PCI groups, 552 pairs of PCI and MT groups, 639 pairs of CABG and MT groups were selected, respectively. 1- and 2-year clinical outcomes were evaluated among PCI, CABG and MT group. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariable Cox regression method were used for survival analysis. Results: Significant differences were found at baseline between PCI, CABG and MT group, including age, gender, body mass index, family history of coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, previous myocardial infarction, stroke, previous revascularization, peripheral vascular disease, SNYTAX score, left ventricular ejection fraction, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, triglyceride and medication (all P<0.05) . All-cause death rates of 1- and 2-year follow-up of PCI, CABG and MT group were 0.6% (8/1 313), 1.1% (14/1 259), 3.4% (29/863) (P<0.001) and 1.1%(14/1 313), 1.5%(19/1 259), 7.3%(63/863) (P<0.001), respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that 1-year MACCE rate (HR=0.51, 95%CI 0.33-0.77, P=0.001) was significantly reduced, due to the significant decrease of myocardial infarction (MI) rate (HR=0.09, 95%CI 0.01-0.76, P=0.027) and repeat revascularization rate (HR=0.21, 95%CI 0.10-0.41, P<0.001) in CABG group compared to PCI group, while all-cause death (HR=1.21, 95%CI 0.48-3.00, P=0.69) and stroke rate (HR=2.31, 95%CI 0.82-6.47, P=0.112) were similar between 2 groups. 2-year outcome showed CABG was associated with higher stroke rate (HR=2.20, 95%CI 1.06-4.55, P=0.034) and lower MI (HR=0.19, 95%CI 0.06-0.59, P=0.004) and repeat revascularization rate (HR=0.22, 95%CI 0.13-0.37, P<0.001), and lower MACCE rate (HR=0.49, 95%CI 0.36-0.68, P<0.001). Compared to MT group, 2-year all-cause death (HR=0.22, 95%CI 0.12-0.42, P<0.001) and MACCE rate (HR=0.63, 95%CI 0.47-0.83, P=0.001) were lower in PCI group, while 2-year all-cause death (HR=0.21, 95%CI 0.13-0.37, P<0.001), MACCE (HR=0.31, 95%CI 0.23-0.42, P<0.001), MI (HR=0.19, 95%CI 0.06-0.60, P=0.004) and repeat revascularization rate (HR=0.24, 95%CI 0.13-0.41, P<0.001) were lower in CABG group. Results of multivariate Cox regression analysis after PSM were consistent with above results. Conclusion: For SCAD patients with TVD, CABG shows better effectiveness by reducing MI and revascularization risk as compared to PCI, even though stroke risk is somehow higher in CABG patients. Patients received MT alone are associated with worse outcomes than those undergoing revascularization strategies.

Safety, quality and effect of complete mesocolic excision vs non-complete mesocolic excision in patients with colon cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis

AIM

The application of complete mesocolic excision (CME) in colon cancer is controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to compare the safety, quality and effect of CME with non-complete mesocolic excision (NCME) in patients with colon cancer.

METHOD

We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, the Cochrane Library and Scopus to identify studies comparing CME with NCME in colon cancer. We focused on three study outcome areas: safety (operation time, blood loss, complications, mortality); quality (large bowel length, distance from the tumour to the high vascular tie, area of mesentery, total lymph nodes); and effect (long-term survival).

RESULTS

A total of 8586 patients from 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis. CME was associated with greater intra-operative blood loss [weighted mean difference (WMD) 79.87, 95% CI: 65.88-93.86], more postoperative surgical complications (relative risk 1.23, 95% CI: 1.08-1.40), longer large bowel resection (WMD 47.06, 95% CI: 10.49-83.62), greater distance from the tumour to the high vascular tie (WMD 17.51, 95% CI: 15.16-19.87), larger area of mesentery (WMD 36.09, 95% CI: 18.06-54.13) and more lymph nodes (WMD 6.13, 95% CI: 1.97-10.28) than NCME. CME also had positive effects on 5-year survival [hazard ratio (HR) 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13-0.81], 3-year survival (HR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.39-0.86) and 3-year survival for Stage III disease (HR 0.69, 95% CI: 0.60-0.80) compared with NCME.

CONCLUSION

Limited evidence suggests that CME is a more effective strategy for improving specimen quality and survival but with a higher complication rate.

[Clinical characteristics and prognosis in the patients of stroke after percutaneous coronary intervention]

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with stroke after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: From January 2013 to December 2013, 10 724 consecutive patients undergoing PCI including acute coronary syndrome and stable angina pectoris were enrolled.A two years' follow up was conducted among these patients to investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with stroke and of those without. A comparison was done between the two groups. Results: One hundred and forty-five patients had stroke (1.4%) during the follow-up period after PCI, including 124 cases with ischemic stroke (1.2%), out of whom 4 (3.2%) patients died; 21 cases with hemorrhagic stroke, out of whom 9 patients (42.9%) died.There was more female, and more patients with risks factors, hypertension, previous myocardial infarction, previous stroke, etc. in the patients with stroke.During the 2-year follow-up, patients with stroke experienced higher incidence of all-cause mortality (9% vs 1.1%, P<0.000 1). There were no significant differences in the incidences of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, stent thrombosis and major adverse cardiovascular event rates between the two groups.COX regression analysis showed that stroke after PCI was associated with the increased mortality (HR=8.387, 95%CI: 4.725-14.855, P<0.000 1). Meanwhile, after propensity score matched analyses (129 pairs), the trend was not changed, and stroke was still an independent risk factor of all-cause mortality (HR=6.737, 95%CI: 1.52-29.85, P=0.012). Conclusions: The patients underwent PCI, who had stroke later, had more clinical risk factors, and more serious degree of atherosclerosis.The incidence of stroke is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with coronary heart disease after PCI.

Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Delay Retinal Degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons Rats Through Anti-Apoptotic and VEGF-Mediated Neuroprotective Effects

Stem cell therapy is a promising therapeutic approach for retinal degeneration (RD). Our study investigated the effects of human adipose derived stem cell (hADSCs) on Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats.

METHODS

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled hADSCs were transplanted subretinally into RCS rats at postnatal (PN) 21 days to explore potential therapeutic effects, while adeno-associated viral vector (AAV2)-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and siVEGF-hADSCs were used to aid the mechanistic dissections. Visual function was evaluated by Electroretinogram (ERG) recording. Potential transdifferentiations were examined by Immunofluorescence (IF) and gene expressions were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Apoptotic retinal cells were detected by Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay and the cytokines secreted by hADSCs were measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

The visual function of RCS rats began to decrease one week after their eyes opened at PN week 3 and almost lost in PN 5 weeks, accompanied by the loss of retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL). Subretinal transplantation of hADSCs significantly improved the visual function 2 weeks after the transplantation and such therapeutic effect persisted up to 8 weeks after the treatment (PN 11 weeks), with 3-4 rows of photoreceptors remained in the ONL and reduced apoptosis. Consistent with these phenotypic changes, the gene expression of rod photoreceptor markers Rhodopsin (Rho), Crx and Opsin (Opn1) in RCS rats showed obvious decreasing trends over time after PN 3 weeks, but were elevated with hADSC treatment. hADSC transplantation also repressed the expressions of Bax, Bak and Caspase 3, but not the expression of anti-apoptotic genes, including Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Finally, substantial VEGF, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) secretions from hADSCs were detected, while endogenous Vegf expression level decreased over time in RCS rats. The treatment of AAV2-VEGF showed comparable therapeutic effects as hADSCs but siRNA knockdown of VEGF in hADSCs essentially abolished the therapeutic effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Subretinal transplantation of hADSCs in RCS rats effectively delayed the retinal degeneration, enhanced the retinal cell survival and improved the visual function. Mechanistically this was mainly due to hADSC dependent anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects through its secretion of growth and neurotrophic factors including VEGF. Clinical application of hADSCs merits further investigation.

A new dispersion interferometer on HL-2A

In order to avoid a fringe jump caused by high plasma density and pellet injection [Y. Zhou et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 11E107 (2016)], a new CO₂ dispersion interferometer is designed and commissioned on HL-2A for average line-density measurement and density feedback control. The second harmonic technology in this system eliminates the phase shift caused by mechanical vibration. Signals are processed by a digital phase comparator and can be monitored in real time. A series of experiments are conducted to study the characteristics of the system such as a second harmonic coefficient and long-term stability. The resolution of density measurement is less than 8 × 10¹⁷/m³, and the experiment result on HL-2A demonstrates the interferometer's capability to track plasma density evolution with rapid change. The system also shows good stability against mechanical vibrations.

Determination of eddy current response with magnetic measurements

Accurate mutual inductances between magnetic diagnostics and poloidal field coils are an essential requirement for determining the poloidal flux for plasma equilibrium reconstruction. The mutual inductance calibration of the flux loops and magnetic probes requires time-varying coil currents, which also simultaneously drive eddy currents in electrically conducting structures. The eddy current-induced field appearing in the magnetic measurements can substantially increase the calibration error in the model if the eddy currents are neglected. In this paper, an expression of the magnetic diagnostic response to the coil currents is used to calibrate the mutual inductances, estimate the conductor time constant, and predict the eddy currents response. It is found that the eddy current effects in magnetic signals can be well-explained by the eddy current response determination. A set of experiments using a specially shaped saddle coil diagnostic are conducted to measure the SUNIST-like eddy current response and to examine the accuracy of this method. In shots that include plasmas, this approach can more accurately determine the plasma-related response in the magnetic signals by eliminating the field due to the eddy currents produced by the external field.

Determination of the Spin and Parity of the Z_{c}(3900)

The spin and parity of the Z_{c}(3900)^{±} state are determined to be J^{P}=1^{+} with a statistical significance larger than 7σ over other quantum numbers in a partial wave analysis of the process e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ. We use a data sample of 1.92  fb^{-1} accumulated at sqrt[s]=4.23 and 4.26 GeV with the BESIII experiment. When parametrizing the Z_{c}(3900)^{±} with a Flatté-like formula, we determine its pole mass M_{pole}=(3881.2±4.2_{stat}±52.7_{syst})  MeV/c^{2} and pole width Γ_{pole}=(51.8±4.6_{stat}±36.0_{syst})  MeV. We also measure cross sections for the process e^{+}e^{-}→Z_{c}(3900)^{+}π^{-}+c.c.→J/ψπ^{+}π^{-} and determine an upper limit at the 90% confidence level for the process e^{+}e^{-}→Z_{c}(4020)^{+}π^{-}+c.c.→J/ψπ^{+}π^{-}.

Dengue virus infections among blood donors in Guangxi of China, 2013-2014

BACKGROUND

An unexpected, large dengue outbreak, spreading to 20 cities of Guangdong province, occurred in July 2014. Considering the overwhelming influence of this seasonal epidemic, whether this dengue virus outbreak has an significant impact on the blood donors of the ajacent areas in Guangdong requires at least a preliminary investigation. Liuzhou City of Guangxi was chosen as a good representative of the neighbouring geographical location of the dengue virus (DENV) outbreak areas in this research. We therefore investigated qualified blood donations during potential dengue epidemic seasons and thus provided critical information for public health and donation policy making.

METHOD

A total of 1685 donations from 2013 to 2014 were collected at the Guangxi blood centre. Anti-DENV testing was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dengue IgG indirect ELISA and Dengue IgM capture ELISA were used to detect anti-DENV IgM and IgG. Repeat-reactive samples with ELISA test and 1685 donations with 421 pools were screened for dengue RNA by reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) using an in-house assay.

RESULTS

There was a total of 13 seropositive donors, including 6 IgM seropositive and 7 IgG seropositive. The total seropositive rate was 0·78%, with IgM 0·36% and IgG 0·42%. Seropositive donors were identified mostly between April and November, with a peak in November. .All samples in reactive pools and individual seropositive samples were negative in the follow-up RT-PCR test.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggested that the Guangdong dengue outbreak had limited impact on blood safety in surrounding areas under our current testing system.

Plastic deformation mechanisms in a new Ni-base single crystal superalloy at room temperature

The evolution of dislocation configurations in a new Ni-base single crystal superalloy, M4706, during tensile deformation at room temperature is characterised by transmission electron microscopy. Experimental results show that contrary to previous reports, numerous isolated superlattice stacking faults and extended stacking faults are formed in the slightly deformed specimens with and without tertiary γ' precipitates. Meanwhile, it is also found that as the plastic deformation proceeds, the dominant deformation mechanism changes from stacking fault shearing to antiphase boundary shearing. Finally, based on experimental observations, the reasons for the formation of these faults and the transition in the deformation mechanism are discussed.

Application of endoscopy to treat mandibular keratocystic odontogenic tumors

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of endoscopy to remove keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOTs) with virtual 3D mandibular images. Fifteen patients (mean age, 40.27±14.58 years) who underwent endoscopic mandibular KCOT enucleation between May 2009 and October 2009 were included. Virtual 3D mandibular reconstructions derived from computed tomography (CT) imaging were generated for all patients. Recurrence and pathological fracture were evaluated as the primary outcome variables at 1 and 12 months after operation. Secondary infection and inferior alveolar nerve injury were evaluated as the secondary outcome variables at 1 and 6 months after operation. None of the 15 patients exhibited signs of recurrence or pathological fracture after operation. During long-term follow-up, no symptoms of inferior alveolar nerve injury or secondary infection were observed and no signs of recurrence were found in any of the patients. Endoscopy helps surgeons to remove mandibular KCOTs with small incisions. Moreover, endoscopy can provide clear and magnified views and help to avoid damage to the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle. Therefore, under the support of preoperative virtual 3D mandibular images, the application of endoscopy to remove the tumors should be considered to be a treatment option for KCOTs.

[Effects of hypertonic sodium saline resuscitation on the liver damage of rats at early stage of severe scald]

Objective: To explore the effects of hypertonic sodium saline (HSS) resuscitation on the liver damage of rats at early stage of severe scald. Methods: Fifty-six SD rats were divided into sham injury group (SI, n=8), lactated Ringer's solution group (LRS, n=24), and group HSS (n=24) according to the random number table. Rats in group SI were sham injured without resuscitation, while rats in the other two groups were reproduced deep partial-thickness to full-thickness scald model with 30% total body surface area on the back. Rats in group LRS were resuscitated with LRS, while rats in group HSS were resuscitated with 300 mmol/L sodium ion solution according to the Parkland formula. Blood of abdominal aorta and liver of 8 rats in group SI immediately post injury and in the other two groups at post injury hour (PIH) 2, 8, and 24 respectively were collected. Then liver water content was determined by dry-wet weight method. Serum content of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) was detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. Serum content of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Liver content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Pathologic changes of liver were observed by HE staining. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and SNK test. Results: (1) At PIH 2, 8, and 24, liver water content of rats in group LRS was higher than that in group SI and group HSS (P<0.05 or P<0.01). (2) At PIH 2, serum ALT content of rats in the three groups was similar (with P values above 0.05). At PIH 8 and 24, serum ALT content of rats in group HSS and group LRS was higher than that in group SI (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and serum ALT content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS (with P values below 0.01). At PIH 2, 8, and 24, serum AST content of rats in group HSS and group LRS was higher than that in group SI (with P values below 0.01). At PIH 2 and 8, serum AST content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS (P<0.05 or P<0.01). (3) At PIH 2 and 8, serum TNF-α content of rats in group LRS was (123±39) and (153±38) pg/mL respectively, higher than that in group SI [(60±18) pg/mL] and group HSS [(85±10) and (94±16) pg/mL respectively, with P values below 0.01]. At PIH 8, serum TNF-α content of rats in group HSS was higher than that in group SI (P<0.05). At PIH 24, serum TNF-α content of rats in the three groups was similar (with P values above 0.05). At PIH 2, 8, and 24, serum IL-1 content of rats in group LRS was (122±35), (141±30), and (122±31) pg/mL respectively, and that in group HSS was (80±12), (93±15), and (80±11) pg/mL respectively, all higher than that in group SI [(40±17) pg/mL, with P values below 0.01]; serum IL-1 content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS (with P values below 0.01). At PIH 2, serum HMGB1 content of rats in the three groups was similar (with P values above 0.05). At PIH 8 and 24, serum HMGB1 content of rats in group LRS was (0.386±0.146) and (0.590±0.188) ng/mL respectively, higher than that in group SI [(0.050±0.027) ng/mL] and group HSS [(0.143±0.038) and (0.309±0.095) ng/mL respectively, with P values below 0.01]. At PIH 24, serum HMGB1 content of rats in group HSS was higher than that in group SI (P<0.01). (4) At PIH 2, 8, and 24, liver MDA content of rats in group HSS and group LRS was higher than that in group SI and their liver SOD content was lower than that in group SI (with P values below 0.01); liver MDA content of rats in group HSS was lower than that in group LRS and their liver SOD content was higher than that in group LRS (with P values below 0.01). (5) Compared with those of rats in group SI, liver cells of rats in group LRS showed massive steatosis at each time point, and liver cell-edema appeared at PIH 8 and 24; while liver cells of rats in group HSS showed little steatosis only at PIH 8 and 24, and the liver cell-edema never appeared. Conclusions: Compared with LRS, HSS resuscitation can alleviate liver injury of rats at the early stage of severe scald through relieving inflammatory mediators and reducing degree of oxidative stress, etc.

Effect of non-alcoholic liver disease on recurrence rate and liver regeneration after liver resection for colorectal liver metastases

BACKGROUND

Resection of metastases is the only potential cure for patients with liver metastasis from colorectal cancer (crc-lm). But despite an improved overall 5-year survival, the recurrence rate is still as high as 60%. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld) can decrease the liver's capacity to regenerate after resection and might also affect cancer recurrence, potentially by elevating transforming growth factor β, levels of specific metalloproteinases, and oxidative stress. The objective of the present work was to determine the effect of the histologic features of nafld on cancer recurrence and liver regeneration.

METHODS

This retrospective analysis considered 60 patients who underwent an R0 hepatectomy for crc-lm. Volumetric analysis of the liver was calculated using axial view, portovenous phase, 2.5 mm thickness, multiphasic computed tomography images taken before and after surgery. The histologic features of nafld (steatosis, inflammation, and ballooning) were scored using the nafld activity score, and the degree of fibrosis was determined.

RESULTS

The hepatic recurrence rate was 38.33%. Median overall survival duration was 56 months. Median disease-free survival duration was 14 months, and median hepatic disease-free survival duration was 56 months. Multivariate analysis revealed significant correlations of hepatic disease-free survival with hepatocyte ballooning (p = 0.0009), lesion diameter (p = 0.014), and synchronous disease (p = 0.006). Univariate and multivariate analyses did not reveal any correlation with degree of steatosis or recurrence rate.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals an important potential negative effect of hepatocyte ballooning on hepatic disease-free survival.

Limited fertility of the subcutaneous cysts of Echinococcus multilocularis

Echinococcus multilocularis is a tiny devastating worm that causes alveolar echinococcosis in humans. This disease mainly occurs in the liver but rarely in other organs. We report the subcutaneous encystment of E. multilocularis metacestodes in experimentally infected mice. Subcutaneous cysts had remarkably fewer protoscoleces (2.05 ± 1.47, n = 20) and small irregular-shape vesicles (ISVs) in the lumen as compared to liver cysts (69.6 ± 55.65, n = 10). Moreover, abnormal development of a protoscolex was also observed in a subcutaneous cyst. The results suggest that subcutaneous encystment may have potential adverse effects on the reproductivity and development of protoscoleces, providing potential explanations for high tissue preference of metacestode encystment.

Observation of Λ_{c}^{+}→nK_{S}^{0}π^{+}

We report the first direct measurement of decays of the Λ_{c}^{+} baryon involving the neutron. The analysis is performed using 567  pb^{-1} of e^{+}e^{-} collision data collected at sqrt[s]=4.599  GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. We observe the decay Λ_{c}^{+}→nK_{S}^{0}π^{+} and measure the absolute branching fraction to be B(Λ_{c}^{+}→nK_{S}^{0}π^{+})=[1.82±0.23(stat)±0.11(syst)]%. A comparison to B[Λ_{c}^{+}→p(K[over ¯]π)^{0}] provides an important test of isospin symmetry and final state interactions.

Precise Measurement of the e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ Cross Section at Center-of-Mass Energies from 3.77 to 4.60 GeV

The cross section for the process e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ is measured precisely at center-of-mass energies from 3.77 to 4.60 GeV using 9  fb^{-1} of data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring. Two resonant structures are observed in a fit to the cross section. The first resonance has a mass of (4222.0±3.1±1.4)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (44.1±4.3±2.0)  MeV, while the second one has a mass of (4320.0±10.4±7.0)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (101.4_{-19.7}^{+25.3}±10.2)  MeV, where the first errors are statistical and second ones are systematic. The first resonance agrees with the Y(4260) resonance reported by previous experiments. The precision of its resonant parameters is improved significantly. The second resonance is observed in e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ for the first time. The statistical significance of this resonance is estimated to be larger than 7.6σ. The mass and width of the second resonance agree with the Y(4360) resonance reported by the BABAR and Belle experiments within errors. Finally, the Y(4008) resonance previously observed by the Belle experiment is not confirmed in the description of the BESIII data.

Evidence of Two Resonant Structures in e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}h_{c}

The cross sections of e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}h_{c} at center-of-mass energies from 3.896 to 4.600 GeV are measured using data samples collected with the BESIII detector operating at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider. The cross sections are found to be of the same order of magnitude as those of e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ and e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}ψ(2S), but the line shape is inconsistent with the Y states observed in the latter two modes. Two structures are observed in the e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}h_{c} cross sections around 4.22 and 4.39  GeV/c^{2}, which we call Y(4220) and Y(4390), respectively. A fit with a coherent sum of two Breit-Wigner functions results in a mass of (4218.4_{-4.5}^{+5.5}±0.9)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (66.0_{-8.3}^{+12.3}±0.4)  MeV for the Y(4220), and a mass of (4391.5_{-6.8}^{+6.3}±1.0)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (139.5_{-20.6}^{+16.2}±0.6)  MeV for the Y(4390), where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second ones systematic. The statistical significance of Y(4220) and Y(4390) is 10σ over one structure assumption.

Ubiquitin E3 ligase Itch negatively regulates osteoblast function by promoting proteasome degradation of osteogenic proteins

OBJECTIVES

Ubiquitin E3 ligase-mediated protein degradation regulates osteoblast function. Itch, an E3 ligase, affects numerous cell functions by regulating ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of related proteins. However, the Itch-related cellular and molecular mechanisms by which osteoblast differentiation and function are elevated during bone fracture repair are as yet unknown.

METHODS

We examined the expression levels of E3 ligases and NF-κB members in callus samples during bone fracture repair by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the total amount of ubiquitinated proteins by Western blot analysis in wild-type (WT) mice. The expression levels of osteoblast-associated genes in fracture callus from Itch knockout (KO) mice and their WT littermates were examined by qPCR. The effect of NF-κB on Itch expression in C2C12 osteoblast cells was determined by a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay.

RESULTS

The expression levels of WW Domain Containing E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 1 (Wwp1), SMAD Specific E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 1 (Smurf1), SMAD Specific E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 2 (Smurf2) and Itch were all significantly increased in the fracture callus of WT mice, which was associated with elevated expression of NF-κB members and total ubiquitinated proteins. Callus tissue isolated from Itch KO mice expressed higher levels of osteoblast-associated genes, including Runx2, a positive regulator of osteoblast differentiation, but osteoclast-associated genes were not increased. Both NF-κB RelA and RelB proteins were found to bind to the NF-κB binding site in the mouse Itch promoter.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that Itch depletion may have a strong positive effect on osteoblast differentiation in fracture callus. Thus, ubiquitin E3 ligase Itch could be a potential target for enhancing bone fracture healing.Cite this article: J. Liu, X. Li, H. Zhang, R. Gu, Z. Wang, Z. Gao, L. Xing. Ubiquitin E3 ligase Itch negatively regulates osteoblast function by promoting proteasome degradation of osteogenic proteins. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:154-161. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.63.BJR-2016-0237.R1.

[The significance of pedigree genetic screening and rapid immunological parameters in the diagnosis of primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]

目的

探讨家系基因筛查及快速免疫学指标检测在原发性噬血细胞综合征（HLH）诊断中的意义。

方法

通过对伴有PRF1、UNC13D及SH2D1A基因突变的4例原发性HLH患者展开家系调查，分别完成基因筛查及各项免疫学指标检测（包括NK细胞活性、CD107a检测及HLH相关缺陷蛋白表达测定），评价各项检测指标在原发性HLH诊断中的意义并探讨各项指标间的相关性。

结果

4个家系基因突变分别为PRF1基因错义突变c.T172C（p.S58P）和非框架移码突变c.1083_1094del (p.361_365del）；PRF1基因错义突变c.C1349T（p.T450M）和框架移码突变c.1090_1091delCT (p.T364fsX93）；UNC13D基因错义突变c.G2588A（p.G863D）；SH2D1A基因半合子错义突变c.32T>G (p.I11S）。先证者及家系成员分别存在不同程度的NK细胞活性降低，其中PRF1基因及SH2D1A基因突变家系HLH相关基因编码穿孔素蛋白、信号淋巴细胞活化分子相关蛋白（SAP）表达水平下降，UNC13D基因突变先证者及与其存在完全相同突变位点的家系成员细胞毒脱颗粒功能（CD107a表达）显著减低。

结论

开展家系基因筛查及快速免疫学指标检测对诊断原发性HLH具有重要意义，两者具有较好的一致性，其中快速免疫学指标检测作为一种高效的检测手段，可为原发性HLH的早期诊断提供可靠依据。

Gut microbiota and colorectal cancer

The gut microbiota is considered as a forgotten organ in human health and disease. It maintains gut homeostasis by various complex mechanisms. However, disruption of the gut microbiota has been confirmed to be related to gastrointestinal diseases such as colorectal cancer, as well as remote organs in many studies. Colorectal cancer is a multi-factorial and multi-stage involved disorder. The role for microorganisms that initiate and facilitate the process of colorectal cancer has become clear. The candidate pathogens have been identified by culture and next sequencing technology. Persuasive models have also been proposed to illustrate the complicated and dynamic time and spatial change in the carcinogenesis. Related key molecules have also been investigated to demonstrate the pathways crucial for the development of colorectal cancer. In addition, risk factors that contribute to the tumorigenesis can also be modulated to decrease the susceptibility for certain population. In addition, the results of basic studies have also translated to clinical application, which displayed a critical value for the diagnosis and therapy of colorectal cancer. In this review, we not only emphasize the exploration of the mechanisms, but also potential clinical practice implication in this microbiota era.

Amplitude Analysis of the Decays η^{'}→π^{+}π^{-}π^{0} and η^{'}→π^{0}π^{0}π^{0}

Based on a sample of 1.31×10^{9}  J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector, an amplitude analysis of the isospin-violating decays η^{'}→π^{+}π^{-}π^{0} and η^{'}→π^{0}π^{0}π^{0} is performed. A significant P-wave contribution from η^{'}→ρ^{±}π^{∓} is observed for the first time in η^{'}→π^{+}π^{-}π^{0}. The branching fraction is determined to be B(η^{'}→ρ^{±}π^{∓})=(7.44±0.60±1.26±1.84)×10^{-4}, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic, and the third model dependent. In addition to the nonresonant S-wave component, there is a significant σ meson component. The branching fractions of the combined S-wave components are determined to be B(η^{'}→π^{+}π^{-}π^{0})_{S}=(37.63±0.77±2.22±4.48)×10^{-4} and B(η^{'}→π^{0}π^{0}π^{0})=(35.22±0.82±2.54)×10^{-4}, respectively. The latter one is consistent with previous BESIII measurements.

Allergic rhinitis and allergy are risk factors for otitis media with effusion: A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS

We systematically reviewed the associations between allergic rhinitis or allergy and otitis media with effusion, by reference to published data.

STUDY DESIGN

A meta-analysis of case-controlled studies.

DATA SOURCE

Five databases (Pubmed, Highwire, Medline, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched for relevant studies in the English language published prior to November 12, 2015.

STUDIES CHOSEN

Studies with clearly defined experimental and control groups, in which the experimental groups had otitis media with effusion together with allergic rhinitis or allergy, were selected.

METHODS

We performed a meta-analysis on data from the identified cross-sectional and case-controlled studies using fixed- or random-effects models (depending on heterogeneity). We used Reviewer Manager 5.3 software to this end.

RESULTS

Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in patients with otitis media with effusion and the control groups differed significantly in three studies (P<0.00001), as did the prevalence of allergy (in six studies; P=0.003).

CONCLUSION

Allergic rhinitis and allergy appear to be risk factors for otitis media with effusion.

Measurement of Singly Cabibbo Suppressed Decays Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-} and Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K^{-}

Using 567  pb^{-1} of data collected with the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s]=4.599  GeV, near the Λ_{c}^{+}Λ[over ¯]_{c}^{-} threshold, we study the singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-} and Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K^{-}. By normalizing with respect to the Cabibbo-favored decay Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+}, we obtain ratios of branching fractions: [B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-})/B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+})]=(6.70±0.48±0.25)%, [B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pϕ)/B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+})]=(1.81±0.33±0.13)%, and [B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K_{non-ϕ}^{-})/B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+})]=(9.36±2.22±0.71)×10^{-3}, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The absolute branching fractions are also presented. Among these measurements, the decay Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-} is observed for the first time, and the precision of the branching fraction for Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K_{non-ϕ}^{-} and Λ_{c}^{+}→pϕ is significantly improved.

Homozygous DNAH1 frameshift mutation causes multiple morphological anomalies of the sperm flagella in Chinese

This study aimed to investigate the genetic pathogeny of multiple morphological anomalies of the flagella (MMAF), which is a genetically heterogeneous disorder leading to male infertility. Nine patients with severe asthenozoospermia caused by MMAF were recruited. Whole genome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed, and we found that four of the nine patients were affected by the same homozygous frameshift mutation c.11726_11727delCT (p.[Pro3909ArgfsTer33]) in exon 73 of dynein axonemal heavy chain 1 ( DNAH1 ) gene. The parents and the sibling of proband 1 were all identified as heterozygous carriers. This mutation was distinct from previously reported DNAH1 mutations associated with MMAF and only affected the East Asian group. Furthermore, the variant DNAH1 protein could not be detected in spermatozoa by Western blot or immunofluorescence staining although DNAH1 mRNA was expressed in the spermatozoa. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed the anomalies in sperm flagella morphology and ultrastructure in patients carrying this genetic variant. In conclusion, our results add to knowledge of the genetic pathogeny of MMAF and further confirmed the effectiveness of genetic screening in the diagnosis of MMAF.

A high speed compact microwave interferometer for density fluctuation measurements in Sino-UNIted Spherical Tokamak

A single-channel 3 mm interferometer has been developed for plasma density diagnostics in the Sino-UNIted Spherical Tokamak (SUNIST). The extremely compact microwave interferometer utilizes one corrugated feed horn antenna for both emitting and receiving the microwave. The beam path lies on the equatorial plane so the system would not suffer from beam path deflection problems due to the symmetry of the cross section. A focusing lens group and an oblique vacuum window are carefully designed to boost the signal to noise ratio, which allows this system to show good performance even with the small-diameter central column itself as a reflector, without a concave mirror. The whole system discards the reference leg for maximum compactness, which is particularly suitable for the small-sized tokamak. An auto-correcting algorithm is developed to calculate the phase evolution, and the result displays good phase stability of the whole system. The intermediate frequency is adjustable and can reach its full potential of 2 MHz for best temporal resolution. Multiple measurements during ohmic discharges proved the interferometer's capability to track typical density fluctuations in SUNIST, which enables this system to be utilized in the study of MHD activities.

Synchronous primary pulmonary lymphoma presenting with pulmonary adenocarcinoma: A case report and literature review

The incidence of synchronous lung tumors is rare, as reported in various clinical series, ranging from 0.2% to 8%. Most reported cases of synchronous tumors were shown to have the same histologic types of lung cancer. Among possible combinations, squamous cell carcinoma was by far the most common. Primary pulmonary lymphoma (PPL) is very rare in clinics accounting for only 0.5-1% of primary lung tumors. There is no report about synchronous primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma presenting with lung lymphoma. It can be easily misdiagnosed or missed. Although the treatment of PPL and synchronous pulmonary tumors has controversial, surgery with/without postoperative adjuvant radio-chemotherapy are used for most patients in present. We describe a case of synchronous primary lung tumors presenting with lymphoma and adenocarcinoma, in which expression of the cell surface antigens were evaluated immunohistochemically. By taking into consideration of the reported experiences, the author discusses the clinical features, prognostic criteria and therapeutic management of synchronous lung cancer and PPL.

[BEDT-TTF][Fe(C2O4)Cl2]: an organic-inorganic hybrid semiconductive antiferromagnet

A radical cation salt composed of an organic donor, BEDT-TTF^1.0+, and a one-dimensional inorganic anion, [Fe(C₂O₄)Cl₂^-]_n, was obtained by electrocrystallization, and was identified as a semiconductor with values of σ_300K = 3.0 × 10^-5 S cm^-1. Spin-canted antiferromagnetic long-range ordering was observed at 5.5 K from ZFCM/FCM/RM measurement and confirmed using AC measurement.

Quantitative diagnosis of fatty liver with dual-energy CT: An experimental study in rabbits

Objectives: To explore the correlation between fatty content of fatty liver and the difference of CT attenuation value in dual-energy CT, and to evaluate the value of dual-energy CT in the quantitative diagnosis of fatty liver in rabbits.

Material and Methods: Dual-energy CT at 120 kVp and 90 kVp was performed in 16 rabbits of experimental groups that were induced to various degrees of fatty liver by feeding carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Four healthy rabbits in the control group underwent dual-energy CT at the same time. The CT attenuation values of liver tissues at 120 kVp (H120), 90 kVp (H90) and the difference (ΔH) between them were obtained. The specimens of liver tissues were examined with freeze section (9 μm) and an oil red O stain histologically. The ratio of fatty content in liver to the liver volume (VP value) was measured using the image analyzer system.

Results: The change of CT attenuation values between 120 kVp and 90 kVp was not obvious (ΔH between −0.4 HU and 1.4 HU) in the control group. The density of the liver in the experimental groups decreased differently, and the change in CT attenuation values between high and low energy levels were very clear. H120 values were between 51.0 HU and 91.7 HU and H90 values were between 37.0 HU and 89.2 HU. ΔH values were between 2.5 HU and 14.0 HU. Significant negative linear correlation ( r = −0.92, −0.93, t = 8.51, 9.76, p < 0.001, 0.001, respectively) were found between VP values and H120 and H90, respectively, while significant positive linear correlation ( r = 0.95, t = 11.89, p < 0.001) was found between VP values and ΔH.

Conclusion: The amount and degree of fat in the fatty liver can be assessed exactly by dual-energy CT. It will be a potential new effective method for quantitative diagnosis of fatty livers.

Assessment of the beam path deflection for a vertically installed microwave interferometer in SUNIST

Microwave interferometry has been widely employed to provide reliable line averaged electron density measurement on plasma devices. For a vertically installed interferometer on a tokamak, the refraction problem, which distorts the beam path and aggravates power loss at the receiving antenna, may become significant if taking the cross section shape into account. Increasing the frequency of the probing microwave can alleviate the distortion, but at the expense of losing the density resolution. To seek for an optimized frequency, previous calculations are mainly based on the cylindrical column geometry which grossly underestimates the deflection of the beam path induced by the plasma shape, and empirical suggestions indicating ne0/nc = 1/2 ∼ 1/3 may not always be the appropriate option. Here a single ray tracing method is applied to estimate the final horizontal deviation at the receiving antenna, which is supposed to represent the level of power loss. The calculation is carried out under the real tokamak geometry in Sino-UNIted Spherical Tokamak (SUNIST) with the cross section parameters obtained from the equilibrium reconstruction, and the result indicates that for a target density of 1.2 × 10(19) m(-3), a frequency of at least 100 GHz is desirable to reduce the power loss to an acceptable level. This would be helpful for the design of a vertically installed interferometer on SUNIST.

Observation of an Anomalous Line Shape of the η^{'}π^{+}π^{-} Mass Spectrum near the pp[over ¯] Mass Threshold in J/ψ→γη^{'}π^{+}π^{-}

Using 1.09×10^{9} J/ψ events collected by the BESIII experiment in 2012, we study the J/ψ→γη^{'}π^{+}π^{-} process and observe a significant abrupt change in the slope of the η^{'}π^{+}π^{-} invariant mass distribution at the proton-antiproton (pp[over ¯]) mass threshold. We use two models to characterize the η^{'}π^{+}π^{-} line shape around 1.85  GeV/c^{2}: one that explicitly incorporates the opening of a decay threshold in the mass spectrum (Flatté formula), and another that is the coherent sum of two resonant amplitudes. Both fits show almost equally good agreement with data, and suggest the existence of either a broad state around 1.85  GeV/c^{2} with strong couplings to the pp[over ¯] final states or a narrow state just below the pp[over ¯] mass threshold. Although we cannot distinguish between the fits, either one supports the existence of a pp[over ¯] moleculelike state or bound state with greater than 7σ significance.

[NF-κB signaling pathway regulate endplate chondrocytes in rat vitro natural degeneration model]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the relationship between nuclear factor (NF)-κB and vitro nature degeneration model of endplate chondrocyte in rats.

METHODS

Rats endplate chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro.Rebulated vitro natural degeneration model and cells were divided into control group (P2 cells group), naturally passaged group (P5 cells group) and NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition group (added Bay11-7082 when the passaged to P5 cells). The changes of cellular morphology were observed by inverted phase contrast microscope, the phenotype of endplate chondrocyte were identified by toluidine blue staining, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) were observed by alcian blue staining.Type Ⅱ collagen, sry related HMG box (SOX)-9, matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)13 and aggrecan genes were detected by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to verify the degeneration mode.NF-κB transcriptional activity was assessed by examining cytosolic phosphorylated IκBα and nuclear phosphorylated p65 levels by Western blot.

RESULTS

With chondrocytes passing, the cells lost the original morphology gradually.Alcian blue stains observed EMC decreased in naturally passaged group.The leave of Type Ⅱ collagen (P5/P2=0.182, P<0.01), aggrecan (P5/P2=0.287, P<0.01) and SOX-9 (P5/P2=0.488, P<0.01) were significantly reduced, MMP13 (P5/P2=1.324, P<0.05) significantly increased.Western blot analysis showed that in P5 cells nuclear phosphorylation p65 and cytosolic levels of phosphorylated IκBα increased and Bay11-7082 treatment attenuated increase in nuclear phosphorylation p65 and blocked acidinduced increase in cytosolic levels of phosphorylated IκBα.Moreover, the leave of Type Ⅱ collagen (Bay11-7082/P5=4.173, P<0.01), aggrecan (Bay11-7082/P5=2.732, P<0.05) and SOX-9 (Bay11-7082/P5=1.567, P<0.05) significantlyincreased, MMP13 (Bay11-7082/P5=0.611, P<0.05) significantly reduced in treatment group.

CONCLUSION

Inhibitor NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in the vitro degeneration of endplate cartilage.Reasonable regulation of NF-κB signaling pathway may be a new way to prevent Intervertebral disc degeneration.

[Preliminary analysis of influencing factors on source of snoring sound]

Objective:To investigate the main factors affecting the source of snoring sound of snoring patients.Method:Seventy-three patients with either simple snoring or obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrom(AHI≤40) underwent routine ENT examination,CT scanning(in awake condition) and drug-induced sleep endoscopy.The sources of snoring sound were observed.The neck circumference,body mass index and CT data were measured.Result:The sources of snoring sound of the 73 cases were divided into three types in general: palatal fluttering based group(Group Ⅰ),lateral wall vibration based group(Group Ⅱ) and palatal fluttering together with vibration of lateral wall based group(Group Ⅲ).The minimum lateral caliber of retropalatal region and retroglossal region,the ratio of minimum anteroposterior/ lateral caliber of the two regions,the thickness of pharyngeal lateral wall had statistical differences.The main influencing factors on the source of snoring sound between Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅰ were the ratio of minimum anteroposterior/lateral caliber of retropalatal region and the mean thickness of pharyngeal lateral wall.The influencing factor between Group Ⅲ and Group Ⅰ was the mean thickness of pharyngeal lateral wall.Conclusion:The ratio of minimum anteroposterior/lateral caliber of retropalatal region and the mean thickness of pharyngeal lateral wall are the main factors affecting the source of snoring sound of snoring patients.

Expressed sequence tag analysis of functional genes associated with adventitious rooting in Liriodendron hybrids

Liriodendron hybrids (Liriodendron chinense x L. tulipifera) are important landscaping and afforestation hardwood trees. To date, little genomic research on adventitious rooting has been reported in these hybrids, as well as in the genus Liriodendron. In the present study, we used adventitious roots to construct the first cDNA library for Liriodendron hybrids. A total of 5176 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated and clustered into 2921 unigenes. Among these unigenes, 2547 had significant homology to the non-redundant protein database representing a wide variety of putative functions. Homologs of these genes regulated many aspects of adventitious rooting, including those for auxin signal transduction and root hair development. Results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that AUX1, IRE, and FB1 were highly expressed in adventitious roots and the expression of AUX1, ARF1, NAC1, RHD1, and IRE increased during the development of adventitious roots. Additionally, 181 simple sequence repeats were identified from 166 ESTs and more than 91.16% of these were dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats. To the best of our knowledge, the present study reports the identification of the genes associated with adventitious rooting in the genus Liriodendron for the first time and provides a valuable resource for future genomic studies. Expression analysis of selected genes could allow us to identify regulatory genes that may be essential for adventitious rooting.