51
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Russell RG, Oteruelo FT. Ultrastructural abnormalities of muscle and neuromuscular junction differentiation in a bovine congenital neuromuscular disease. Acta Neuropathol 1983; 62:112-20. [PMID: 6659868 DOI: 10.1007/bf00684927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The syndrome of arthrogryposis and palatoschisis (SAP), an inherited syndrome of muscular hypotonia in Charolais cattle, was used as an experimental model to study neuromuscular differentiation. The ultrastructural development of muscle, peripheral nerve, and neuromuscular junctions was studied to determine the sequence of events preceding hypotrophic changes in the skeletal muscles of affected calves at birth. Dorsiflexion of the metatarsophalangeal joints in the hindlimbs occurred in fetuses older than 3 months of age, but hypotrophic changes in skeletal muscle, manifested as small fibers scattered among larger and occasional degenerating fibers, was not apparent until late in gestation, affecting 8-month-old fetuses and neonatal calves. Electron microscope and enzyme histochemistry studies disclosed differentiation of skeletal muscle into fiber types which is consistent with changes expected from disuse and does not indicate a primary myopathic abnormality. Abnormal differentiation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), composed of several separated axonal endings terminating in shallow synaptic gutters, indicated impaired maturation of the synapse. The earliest indication of abnormal NMJ was observed in a 5-month-old SAP fetus. The clinical signs and pathologic changes found in the neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle of SAP fetuses are consistent with an embryologic defect occurring during development of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the integrated function of the motor neurons to the limbs. However, diversification of myofibers by histochemistry and ultrastructural parameters is evidence that the intrinsic physiologic properties of spinal motor neurons were retained.
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52
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Nes N, Lømo OM, Bjerkås I. Hereditary lethal arthrogryposis ("muscle contracture") in horses. NORDISK VETERINAERMEDICIN 1982; 34:425-30. [PMID: 7162957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In 4 female foals of the Norwegian horse breed, "Fjord Horse", congenital arthrogryposis of the limbs are described. The disorder was mainly limited to the hind limbs and associated with polydactylia and partly with brachygnathia superior and cleft palate. The defective foals were paternal halfsisters of 4 normal foals (1 female + 3 males), sired by the stallion "Bingo" 1804, which was phenotypically quite normal. The disorder being lethal, is possibly caused by a sex-limited or a strongly sex-influenced dominant gene.
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53
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Konno S, Moriwaki M, Nakagawa M. Akabane disease in cattle: congenital abnormalities caused by viral infection. Spontaneous disease. Vet Pathol 1982; 19:246-66. [PMID: 7200278 DOI: 10.1177/030098588201900304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Akabane disease, an infectious disorder causing congenital abnormalities in calves, was studied in naturally affected calves between 1972 and 1974 in Japan. The animals included one three-month fetus from which a strain of Akabane virus (OBE-1) was isolated, and a total of 177 stillborn or premature fetuses and deformed or infirm newborn calves that died within a few days of birth. The three-month fetus had nonpurulent encephalomyelitis in the undifferentiated central nervous system, characterized by necrosis of the nerve tissue and endothelial proliferation in the encephalitic process; and polymyositis in the myotubule phase with parenchymal degeneration and cellular infiltrates in the skeletal muscle. The full-term fetuses and newborn calves had nonpurulent encephalomyelitis in the early stage of the epizootic. In the middle to late stages, a dysplastic muscular change which we call runt-muscle disease was seen simultaneously with a decrease in number of ventral horn neurons in the spinal cord and arthrogryposis in the legs. Cystic cavities and thick vascular walls sometimes were seen in the central nervous system in these stages. Hydranencephaly was prominent in the late stage.
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54
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Konno S, Nakagawa M. Akabane disease in cattle: congenital abnormalities caused by viral infection. Experimental disease. Vet Pathol 1982; 19:267-79. [PMID: 7200279 DOI: 10.1177/030098588201900305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nonpurulent encephalomyelitis and polymyositis were primary lesions of cattle and goats experimentally infected with Akabane virus. Two caprine fetuses, two months old, were infected placentally and examined 11 days after inoculation; twin caprine fetuses, three months old, were inoculated intramuscularly through the dam's uterus and examined nine days after inoculation. Both lesions were seen in each fetus. Reactive proliferation of immature endothelial cells was a significant encephalitic change. Myositic changes included parenchymal degeneration and cell infiltration in fetuses in the myotubule phase and the beginning of the myofiber phase. Only nonpurulent encephalomyelitis was seen in six calves 14 days to one year old, inoculated intracerebrally and examined six to 47 days after inoculation. Nerve-cell degeneration, neurological mobilization, and perivascular cuffs were typical encephalitic changes in the calves. Five fetuses were infected transplacentally and had polymyositis alone. The four bovine fetuses, two to six months old, were examined nine to 18 days after inoculation, and one caprine fetus, one month old, was examined 11 days after inoculation. Neither encephalomyelitis nor polymyositis was seen in four calves under one year old that were inoculated intravenously.
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55
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Keeler RF. Absence of arthrogryposis in newborn Hampshire pigs from sows ingesting toxic levels of jimsonweed during gestation. VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY 1981; 23:413-5. [PMID: 7336562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
No congenital arthrogryposis or other deformities were found in newborn Hampshire pigs born to sows administered Datura stramonium (jimsonweed) during the second or third months of pregnancy at levels producing marked clinical signs of toxicity in the dams. The results suggest that jimsonweed is not teratogenic in pigs, contrary to epidemiologic speculation by other workers.
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56
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Keeler RF, Shupe JL, Crowe MW, Olson A, Balls LD. Nicotiana glauca-induced congenital deformities in calves: clinical and pathologic aspects. Am J Vet Res 1981; 42:1231-4. [PMID: 7271044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Seven calves born to 7 cows fed Nicotiana glauca during portions of the 1st trimester of gestation were deformed at birth. Deformities increased in severity as the calves aged. At birth, calves typically had arthrogryposis of the forelimbs or curvature of the spine; severity varied among calves. In 4 calves necropsied at about 15 months of age, there was general malpositioning and misalignment of the distal ends of the radius and ulna and the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones. Carpal joints were severely affected, fetlock joints were moderately affected, and pastern joints were slightly affected, with lateral rotation of forelimbs common; severity varied among calves. In 1 of the 4 calves, there was moderate torticollis and scoliosis resulting from wedging of some of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae and abnormal cranial curvature of the left thoracic ribs. Histologic changes were not noticed in muscle, brain, spinal cord, or endocrine organs of the 4 calves.
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57
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Keeler RF, Balls LD, Panter K. Teratogenic effects of Nicotiana glauca and concentration of anabasine, the suspect teratogen in plant parts. THE CORNELL VETERINARIAN 1981; 71:47-53. [PMID: 7226846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana glauca consumption by pregnant cows or sows produced arthrogryposis and other congenital deformities in their offspring. The plant material administered contained 0.11% anabasine, the suspect teratogen. But concentration varied among various plant parts; woody material was very low but leaves and bark were high. The anabasine was identified by mass spectral fragmentation analysis.
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58
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Abstract
Arthrogryposis, frequently associated with cleft palate, scoliosis and kyphosis, has been investigated in pure and crossbred Charolais calves. During a 3-year study, a total of 76 congenitally malformed arthrogrypotic calves from 41 purebred and commercial Charolais herds was investigated. Investigations of the management, feeds, water and poisonous pasture plants in 6 herds reporting deformed calves did not reveal any factors which could be associated with the appearance of the defect. Analysis of pedigrees and matings which produced arthrogrypotic calves revealed that the arthrogryposis syndrome in the Charolais breed and its crosses in Canada is genetic in origin and caused by an autosomal recessive gene with complete penetrance in the homozygous state.
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59
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Matumoto M, Inaba Y. Akabane disease and Akabane virus. THE KITASATO ARCHIVES OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 1980; 53:1-21. [PMID: 6792415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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60
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61
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Narita M, Inui S, Hashiguchi Y. The pathogenesis of congenital encephalopathies in sheep experimentally induced by Akabane virus. J Comp Pathol 1979; 89:229-40. [PMID: 457942 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(79)90062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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62
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Keeler RF. Congenital defects in calves from maternal ingestion of Nicotiana glauca of high anabasine content. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 1979; 15:417-26. [PMID: 540490 DOI: 10.3109/15563657908989896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Administration of Nicotiana glauca to four cows from the 50th to the 75th days of gestation induced congenital deformities in their calves. All four calves had arthrogryposis of forelimbs and one also had spinal curvature and rib cage deformity. The plant material contained 0.113% of the piperidine alkaloid anabasine as authenticated by gas chromatography and by infrared spectroscopy. Because of the presence of anabasine at a high concentration and because of its structural relationship to known teratogens, anabasine may be responsible teratogen.
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63
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64
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Shepherd NC, Gee CD, Jessep T, Timmins G, Carroll SN, Bonner RB. Congenital bovine epizootic arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly. Aust Vet J 1978; 54:171-7. [PMID: 687275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1978.tb02441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epizootics of congenital neurological defects in calves have been recorded at various intervals in south eastern New South Wales for over 40 years. In 1974 a particularly severe outbreak occurred. Field observations of the clinical entities, their time of appearance, distribution and incidence were recorded in an attempt to determine an epidemiological pattern. The neurological entities observed occupied different time spans in the epizootic, the order of appearance being polioencephalomyelitis, arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly and micrencephaly. The probable period of infection correlated well with the likely presence of Culiciodes brevitarsus in the epizootic area and the distribution and incidence of neurologic cases likewise correlated well with the expected geographical and climatic distribution of C. brevitarsus in this period. The probable association of Akabane virus infection and the outbreak of stillbirths and abortions which preceded the neurologic entities is discussed.
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65
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Coverdale OR, Cybinski DH, St George TD. Congenital abnormalities in calves associated with Akabane virus and Aino virus. Aust Vet J 1978; 54:151-2. [PMID: 687271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1978.tb05538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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66
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67
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Keeler RF, Balls LD. Teratogenic effects in cattle of Conium maculatum and conium alkaloids and analogs. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 1978; 12:49-64. [PMID: 630821 DOI: 10.3109/15563657809149583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The plant Conium maculatum produced congenital defects in calves born to cows gavaged the fresh green plant during days 50-75 of gestation. Both arthrogryposis and spinal curvature were produced and were similar to the defects produced by the piperidine alkaloid coniine. The arthrogrypotic manifestations of the condition markedly increased in severity as the animals aged. Animals gavaged dry plant had either normal or equivocally deformed offspring. A number of chain length and ring saturation analogs of coniine were not teratogenic. No congenital defects arose in offspring from maternal inhalation of either the teratogenic alkaloid coniine, or from the teratogenic green plant.
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68
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Luedke AJ, Jochim MM, Jones RH. Bluetongue in cattle: effects of Culicoides variipennis-transmitted bluetongue virus on pregnant heifers and their calves. Am J Vet Res 1977; 38:1687-95. [PMID: 201192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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69
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Kurogi H, Inaba Y, Takahashi E, Sato K, Satoda K. Congenital abnormalities in newborn calves after inoculation of pregnant cows with Akabane virus. Infect Immun 1977; 17:338-43. [PMID: 892909 PMCID: PMC421124 DOI: 10.1128/iai.17.2.338-343.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A fresh isolate of Akabane virus was inoculated intravenously into 11 seronegative pregnant cows at 62 to 96 days of gestation. Two of the cows were slaughtered 18 days post-inoculation, and the fetuses were examined; the remaining cows were allowed to give birth. All the inoculated cows developed viremia and neutralizing antibody for the virus, indicating that the cows were actually infected with the virus, although fever or any other clinical abnormalities were not noted. The virus further infected the fetuses. This was proved by virus isolation in one of the two fetuses from the slaughtered cows, and polymyositis was noted in both fetuses. Six of seven calves born alive had anti-Akabane antibody in their precolostral sera, indicating that in utero infection with the virus took place in these calves. Some of the in utero-infected calves demonstrated congenital abnormalities such as cerebral defect, hydranencephaly, and arthrogryposis. These findings provide additional evidence that Akabane virus is the etiological agent of epizootic abortion and congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome in cattle.
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70
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Gethin SA. Arthrogryposis-palatoschisis in a Charolais herd. Vet Rec 1977; 101:41. [PMID: 562024 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101.2.41-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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71
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Hartley WJ, De Saram WG, Della-Porta AJ, Snowdon WA, Shepherd NC. Pathology of congenital bovine epizootic arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly and its relationship to Akabane virus. Aust Vet J 1977; 53:319-25. [PMID: 921638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1977.tb00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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72
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Leipold HW, Husby F, Brundage AL, Shupe JL. Congenital defects of calves on Kodiak Island. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1977; 170:1408-10. [PMID: 873846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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73
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Logue DN, Breeze RG, Harvey MJ. Arthrogryposis-palatoschisis and a 1/29 translocation in a Charolais herd. Vet Rec 1977; 100:509-10. [PMID: 560081 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100.24.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The congenital condition of arthrogryposis palatoschisis was found in two closely related Charolais calves and has subsequently been found in a number of other related animals. It would appear from this and earlier reports that the condition is inherited, possibly as an autosomal recessive. A 1/29 Robertsonian translocation was also found in one of the calves and this was inherited from its dam. It is considered that the two conditions are not directly related.
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74
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Coetzer JA, Barnard BJ. Hydrops amnii in sheep associated with hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis with wesselsbron disease and rift valley fever viruses as aetiological agents. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1977; 44:119-26. [PMID: 351506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 1974/75 lambing season numerous reports were received from various parts of the Republic of South Africa and South West Africa of severe abdominal distension in ewes after vaccination with the attenuated Rift Valley fever and/or attenuated Wesselsbron disease vaccine. The ewes were vaccinated at different stages of gestation in spite of recommendations to the contrary, the syndrome being especially obvious in ewes immunized with one or both of these vaccines during the first trimester of pregnancy. In some of the flocks hydrops amnii was recorded in as many as 15% of the ewes. Many of the ewes so affected showed a prolonged gestation of up to 6-7 months and, towards the end of gestation, were unable to rise or walk. They eventually died of ketosis, hypostatic pneumonia and complications due to dystocia. The foetuses examined were malformed and larger than normal with a mass of 3,6-6,7 kg. They usually showed arthrogryposis, brachygnathy inferior, hydranencephaly, hypoplasia or segmental aplasia of the spinal cord and neurogenic muscular atrophy. The amnion contained 8,0-18,0 1 of amniotic fluid, the endometrium was oedematous, and cystic tube-like dilatations, 1-10 mm in diameter, filled with a clear fluid, were scattered in the endometrium. No definite conclusions as to the aetiology of the syndrome could be drawn from serological tests performed on the ewes, lambs or foetuses. Preliminary experimental work confirmed previous observations that the attenuated Wesselsbron disease vaccine virus is responsible for this syndrome and that the wild-type virus is also implicated. In addition, the attenuated Rift Valley fever vaccine virus was found to the responsible for arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly without hydrops amnii and for micrencephaly and arthrogryposis associated with hydrops amnii in the ewe.
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75
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Dyson DA. Congenital deformities in pigs possibly associated with exposure to hemlock (Conium maculatum). Vet Rec 1977; 100:241-2. [PMID: 888298 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100.12.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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