First-Row Transition Metal Complexes Incorporating the 2-(2'-pyridyl)quinoxaline Ligand (pqx), as Potent Inflammatory Mediators: Cytotoxic Properties and Biological Activities against the Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) and Thrombin

Inflammatory mediators constitute a recently coined term in the field of metal-based complexes with antiplatelet activities. Our strategy targets Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) and its receptor, which is the most potent lipid mediator of inflammation. Thus, the antiplatelet (anti-PAF) potency of any substance could be exerted by inhibiting the PAF-induced aggregation in washed rabbit platelets (WRPs), which internationally is a well-accepted methodology. Herein, a series of mononuclear (mer-[Cr(pqx)Cl3(H2O]) (1), [Co(pqx)Cl2(DMF)] (2) (DMF = N,N'-dimethyl formamide), [Cu(pqx)Cl2(DMSO)] (3) (DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide), [Zn(pqx)Cl2] (4)) and dinuclear complexes ([Mn(pqx)(H2O)2Cl2]2 (5), [Fe(pqx)Cl2]2 (6) and [Ni(pqx)Cl2]2 (7)) incorporating the 2-(2'-pyridyl)quinoxaline ligand (pqx), were biologically evaluated as inhibitors of the PAF- and thrombin-induced aggregation in washed rabbit platelets (WRPs). The molecular structure of the five-co-ordinate analog (3) has been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealing a trigonal bipyramidal geometry. All complexes are potent inhibitors of the PAF-induced aggregation in WRPs in the micromolar range. Complex (6) displayed a remarkable in vitro dual inhibition against PAF and thrombin, with IC50 values of 1.79 μM and 0.46 μM, respectively. Within the series, complex (5) was less effective (IC50 = 39 μM) while complex (1) was almost 12-fold more potent against PAF, as opposed to thrombin-induced aggregation. The biological behavior of complexes 1, 6 and 7 on PAF's basic metabolic enzymatic pathways reveals that they affect key biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes of PAF underlying the anti-inflammatory properties of the relevant complexes. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of all complexes in HEK293T (human embryonic kidney cells) and HeLa cells (cervical cancer cells) are described via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results reveal that complex 3 is the most potent within the series.

Blockade of P2X7 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling with A438079 protects against LPS-induced liver injury in rats

The study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of purinergic receptor (P2X7R) antagonism by A438079 in liver damage. An experimental model of inflammation was performed by intraperitoneal (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in the rat. The groups were Control, A438079, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), LPS, LPS + DMSO, and LPS + A438079. Following LPS (8 mg/kg) injection, A438079 (15 mg/kg) and DMSO (0.1 mL) were administrated (i.p) in the study groups. The blood and the liver tissues were removed for histological, biochemical, and western blot analyses. In the biochemical analysis, serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) concentrations, the tissue glutathione (GSH) level, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity dramatically decreased and malondialdehyde (MDA) level increased in the LPS and LPS + DMSO groups compared to the LPS + A438079 group. In the histological analysis, severe sinusoidal dilatation, necrotic hepatocytes, and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in the LPS and LPS + DMSO groups while these effects were lessened in the LPS + A438079 group. The relative protein expression levels of P2X7R, Nf-kB-p65, IL-6, and Caspase-3 were significantly higher in the LPS and the LPS + DMSO groups than in the LPS + A438079 group. On the other hand, these protein expressions were considerably lower in the Control, A438079, and DMSO groups compared to the LPS + A438079 group. In addition, Bcl-2 protein expression was significantly lower in the LPS and the LPS + DMSO groups and higher in the LPS + A438079 group compared to the other groups. The protective effect of A438079 against LPS-induced hepatic inflammation may be related to P2X7R antagonism, inflammatory mediators, and apoptotic cell death.

Effects of ozone treatment to the levels of neurodegeneration biomarkers after rotenone induced rat model of Parkinson's disease

The study investigated the effects of ozone treatment on the neurodegeneration of stereotaxic rotenone-induced parkinson's disease (PD) model. The model was confirmed using the apomorphine rotation test. α-synuclein, amyloid-β, Tau, phosphorylated Tau, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase(+), nNOS(+), and glial cell counts were used to evaluate neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area. The experiment involved 48 Sprague-Dawley rats divided into four groups: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), DMSO with ozone (O), DMSO/rotenone (R), and D/R/O. Ozone treatment significantly improved tissue α-synuclein level and TH+, nNOS+, and glial cell counts compared to the rotenone-only group. The study suggests that ozone treatment may have beneficial effects on PD biomarkers in the rotenone model. Further studies on ozone dosage, duration, and administration methods in humans could provide more evidence for its potential use in Parkinson's disease treatment.

The role of orexin-1 receptors within the ventral tegmental area in the extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine place preference

Targeting the orexin system has recently been identified as one of the promising options for treating drug addiction. It may be more feasible and achievable if we investigate the accurate function of the orexin system in brain areas implicated in reward and addiction, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) by animal reward models. This study investigated the contribution of the orexin system, mainly the orexin-1 receptors (OX1R) in the VTA, in the extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine (METH) related memories in the conditioned place preference (CPP) model. Animals after the acquisition of METH place preference were subjected to two separate sets of extinction and reinstatement experiments to receive various concentrations of selective OX1R antagonist, SB334867 into the bilateral VTA before extinction sessions (1, 3, and 10 nmol/0.3 μl DMSO per side) or only on the reinstatement phase (3, 10, and 30 nmol/0.3 μl DMSO per side), respectively. Intra-VTA infusion of SB334867 throughout the extinction phase could remarkably facilitate the extinction process and decrease the maintenance of reinforcing effects of METH at the highest dosage (10 nmol; p < 0.0001). Data also indicated a single microinfusion of SB334867 into the VTA before reinstatement of the METH-seeking behavior could considerably prevent the relapse of previously formed reward-context memories (10 nmol; p < 0.01 and 30 nmol; p < 0.001). The present study provided evidence supporting the potential therapeutic effects of the orexin system modulation, specifically in the VTA, on different stages of METH-induced place preference.

The evaluation of curcumin effects on some acute phase proteins in aflatoxin B1 applied rats

This study was designed to determine the effects of curcumin on some acute phase proteins in rats treated with aflatoxin B1. In this study, healthy 38 male Wistar Albino rats were used. The animals in control group were given food and distilled water. The animals in DMSO group were orally given 1 ml 10% DMSO daily for 60 days, animals in Cur group was orally given 300mg/kg curcumin dissolved in 10% DMSO daily for 60 days. Animals in AFB1 group were orally given 250µg/kg aflatoxin B1 dissolved in 10% DMSO daily for 60 days. Animals in AFB1+Cur group was orally given 250µg/kg aflatoxin B1 dissolved in 10% DMSO and 300mg/kg curcumin dissolved in 10% DMSO daily for 60 days. In blood samples taken from all animals, fibrinogen, prothrombin, albumin and CRP levels were determined. In this study, fibrinogen, prothrombin and CRP levels with AFB1 group were found to be significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). In the AFB1+Cur group, fibrinogen and CRP levels were lower than in the aflatoxin group (p<0.05). In the study, it was observed that albumin level in rats in AFB1 group significantly decreased compared to the control group (p<0.05) and this difference was found to be eliminated depend on the application of curcumin together with aflatoxin B1 (p<0.05). In conclusion, our findings regarding the ameliorating effects of curcumin on acute phase protein abnormalities caused by aflatoxicosis will contribute to future research.

In vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of Ru and Cu complexes with terpyridine derivatives as ligands

Six terpyridine ligands(L1-L6) with chlorophenol or bromophenol moiety were obtained to prepare metal terpyridine derivatives complexes: [Ru(L1)(DMSO)Cl2] (1), [Ru(L2)(DMSO)Cl2] (2), [Ru(L3)(DMSO)Cl2] (3), [Cu(L4)Br2]·DMSO (4), Cu(L5)Br2 (5), and [Cu(L6)Br2]⋅CH3OH (6). The complexes were fully characterized. Ru complexes 1-3 showed low cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines. Cu complexes 4-6 exhibited higher cytotoxicity against several tested cancer cell lines compared to their ligands and cisplatin, and lower toxicity towards normal human cells. Copper(II) complexes 4-6 arrested T-24 cell cycle in G1 phase. The mechanism studies indicated that complexes 4-6 accumulated in mitochondria of T-24 cells and caused significant reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential, increase of the intracellular ROS levels and the release of Ca2+, and the activation of the Caspase cascade, finally inducing apoptosis. Animal studies showed that complex 6 obviously inhibited the tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model bearing T-24 tumor cells without significant toxicity.

The synthesis of novel water-soluble zinc (II) phthalocyanine based photosensitizers and exploring of photodynamic therapy activities on the PC3 cancer cell line

In this study, Schiff base substituted phthalocyanine complexes (Zn1c, Zn2c) and their quaternized derivatives (Q-Zn1c, Q-Zn2c) were synthesized for the first time. Their structures have been characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, UV-Vis, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis as well as. The photophysicochemical properties (fluorescence, singlet oxygen and photodegradation quantum yield) of these novel complexes were investigated in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for both non-ionic and quaternized cationic phthalocyanine complexes and in aqueous solution for quaternized cationic phthalocyanine complexes. Water soluble cationic phthalocyanine compounds gave good singlet oxygen quantum yield (0.65 for Q-Zn1c, 0.66 for Q-Zn2c in DMSO; 0.65 for Q-Zn2c in aqueous solution). The binding of Q-Zn1c and Q-Zn2c to BSA/DNA was studied by using UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and these. Studies indicate that the mechanism of BSA quenching by quaternized zinc(II) phthalocyanines was static quenching. Quaternized zinc(II) phthalocyanines interacted with ct-DNA by intercalation. Quaternized zinc(II) phthalocyanines caused a decrease in cell viability and triggered apoptotic cell death after PDT was applied at a concentration that did not have a toxic effect on their own. Q-Zn1c and Q-Zn2c mediated PDT reduced the activity of SOD, CAT, GSH while increased MDA level in the prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, expression of apoptotic proteins after PDT was examined. The results revealed that the synthesized water soluble quaternized zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes (Q-Zn1c and Q-Zn2c) are promising potential photosensitizers for PDT.

Cryopreserved Platelets in a Non-Toxic DMSO-Free Solution Maintain Hemostatic Function In Vitro

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is regularly used as a cryoprotectant agent for the cryopreservation of platelets. However, DMSO is considered toxic. We therefore hypothesized that saline could be used as a non-toxic medium for the cryopreservation of platelets. Double-dose buffy coat platelets (n = 10) were divided and cryopreserved at -80 °C using 5-6% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or in NaCl (9 mg/mL). Paired testing was conducted pre-freeze, post-thaw (PT 1 h). Upon analysis, each bag was thawed and reconstituted in fresh plasma. Analyses included cell counts and the metabolic, phenotypic, and functional properties of the platelets together with thromboelastometry. The cryopreserved platelets showed several biochemical and ultrastructural changes compared to pre-freezing. Platelet recovery was approximately 17% higher in DMSO-free units (p < 0.001), but the platelet viability was reduced (p < 0.001). However, using controlled freezing (n = 6), the platelet viability was improved. The clot formation time (CFT) was comparable, but DMSO-free platelets showed slightly decreased maximum clot firmness (MCF) (p = 0.034). By reducing the reconstituted plasma volume, a reduced CFT and increased MCF were obtained (p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that platelets can be cryopreserved in saline without the addition of DMSO, with high recovery and maintained hemostatic function. However, controlled freezing is required to optimize platelet quality.

Feasibility evaluation of two novel systems for the automated preparation and extended storage of DMSO cryopreserved platelets

BACKGROUND

Manufacturing methods for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-cryopreserved platelets (CPPs) are manual and labor intensive. Thawing and prepare-for-transfusion steps are in an open system that requires transfusion within 4 h. A fill-and-finish system (CUE) can automate the manufacturing process. A newly configured bag system allows freezing, thawing, and use of resuspension solutions while maintaining the functionally closed system, and extending the post-thaw shelf life beyond 4 h. Our objective is to evaluate the feasibility of the CUE system and the functionally closed bag system.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

DMSO was volumetrically added to double-dose apheresis platelets, concentrated, and delivered to a 50- or 500-mL ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) bag by the CUE (n = 12). The functionally closed bag system contained 25 mL platelet additive solution 3 (PAS-3) in a 50-mL EVA bag. Control CPP (n = 2) were manually prepared. PAS-3 and CPP were thawed together. CPP were stored up to 98 h (20-24°C) and tested using a standard assay panel.

RESULTS

CUE prepared CPP met the design targets: volume, platelet content, and DMSO concentration. CUE CPP P-selectin was high. CD42b, phosphatidylserine (PS) expression, and live cell percentage were favorable compared to controls and favorably maintained over storage. The thrombin generation potency was slightly reduced compared to controls. The 50 mL EVA bag maintained pH for up to 30 h, and the 500 mL EVA bag beyond 76 h.

DISCUSSION

The CUE system presents a technically feasible method to prepare CPP. A functionally closed bag system with resuspension solution was successful and can extend the post-thaw storage time of CPP.

The Modulatory Role of Orexin 1 Receptor in Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) on Spatial Memory in Rats

Neuropeptide orexin mainly exists in neurons within and around the lateral hypothalamus and exhibits high affinity to orexin 1 and 2 receptors (OX1R and OX2R, respectively). Orexinergic neurons send their axons to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which expresses OX1Rs. Previous studies have shown the involvement of orexins and their role in learning and memory processes in the dorsal raphe nucleus and hippocampus. However, no study has examined the effects of orexins in the NAc on memory. The present study examined the effect of the post-training and pre-probe trial intra-NAc administration of SB-33486-A (OX1R antagonist, 12 μg/0.5μl) and TCS-OX2-29 (OX2R antagonist, 10 μg/0.5 μl) on the consolidation and retrieval of memory in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) task. In experiment 1, rats were trained in the MWM and, immediately after every training, received bilateral injections of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (control group), SB-334867-A (SB), and TCS-OX2-29 (TCS) into the NAc. Experiment 2 was similar to experiment 1, except that the rats received DMSO, SB, and TCS 15 min before the probe test. Probe and visible tests were performed after the last training, and the distance moved, escape latency, and velocity were recorded. In experiment 3, rats trained in experiments 1 and 2, immediately after the probe test, were given the trials for visuomotor coordination assessment on the visible platform. According to the results, the injection of SB increased the distance moved and escape latency in the treated groups, compared to the control group, in the consolidation phase of spatial memory (P<0.05) but not in its retrieval phase (P>0.05). However, TCS-OX2-29 had no effect. These results suggest that the inactivation of the NAc OX1Rs, but not OX2Rs, impairs the consolidation but not the retrieval of spatial memory in rats.

Slow Cooling and Controlled Ice Nucleation Enabling the Cryopreservation of Human T Lymphocytes with Low-Concentration Extracellular Trehalose

Cryopreservation of human T lymphocytes has become a key strategy for supporting cell-based immunotherapy. However, the effects of ice seeding on the cryopreservation of cells under relatively slow cooling have not been well researched. The cryopreservation strategy with a nontoxic, single-ingredient, and injectable cryoprotective solution remains to be developed. We conducted ice seeding for the cells in a solution of normal saline with 1% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), 0.1 M trehalose, and 4% (w/v) human serum albumin (HSA) under different slow cooling rates. With the positive results, we further applied seeding in the solution of 0.2 M trehalose and 4% (w/v) HSA under the same cooling rates. The optimal concentration of trehalose in the Me2SO-free solutions was then investigated under the optimized cooling rate with seeding, with control groups without seeding, and in a freezing container. In vitro toxicity of the cryoprotective solutions to the cells was also tested. We found that the relative viability of cells (1% [v/v] Me2SO, 0.1 M trehalose and 4% [w/v] HSA) was improved significantly from 88.6% to 94.1% with ice seeding, compared with that without seeding (p < 0.05). The relative viability of cells (0.2 M trehalose and 4% [w/v] HSA) with seeding was significantly higher than that without seeding, 96.3% and 92.0%, respectively (p < 0.05). With no significant difference in relative viability between the solutions of 0.2 M trehalose or 0.3 M trehalose with 4% (w/v) HSA (92.4% and 94.6%, respectively, p > 0.05), the solution of 0.2 M trehalose and 4% (w/v) HSA was selected as the optimized Me2SO-free solution. This strategy could cryopreserve human T lymphocytes without any toxic cryoprotectant and boost the application of cell products in humans by intravenous injection, with the osmolality of the low-concentration cryoprotective solution close to that of human plasma.

[IL-33 up-regulates eIF3a expression by activating NF-κB signaling pathway to mediate the proliferation and differentiation of mouse pulmonary myofibroblasts and aggravate pulmonary fibrosis]

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of Interleukin-33 (IL-33) mediated proliferation and differentiation of pulmonary myofibroblasts (MFbs) in pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a bleomycin (BLM) group, a BLM combined with IL-33 group and a BLM combined with anti-IL-33 antibody group, 12 mice in each group. The PF model was induced by intratracheal injection of BLM (5000 U/kg). The degrees of fibrosis were examined using HE and Masson staining. ELISA was used to measure the plasma levels of IL-33. Immunohistochemical staining was used to measure the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in lung tissue. Primary pulmonary fibroblasts were isolated and cultured from lung tissues of mice. The cells were divided into four groups: a control group, an IL-33 group, an IL-33 combined with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group and an IL-33 combined with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) group. The cells were treated with DMSO or PDTC for 1 hour and then with IL-33 for 48 hours. Cell proliferation was measured by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay and cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. TranswellTM assay was used to analyze cell migration. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure the expression of collagen type I (Col1), Col3 and α-SMA mRNA. The protein levels of IL-33, Col1, Col3, α-SMA, eukaryotic initiation factor 3a (eIF3a), phosphorylated IκBα (p-IκBα) (total lysate), p-NF-κB p65(total lysate) and NF-κB p65 (nucleus) were measured by Western blot analysis. Results In vivo, compared with the control group, the expressions of IL-33, p-IκBα (total lysate), p-NF-κB p65 (total lysate), NF-κB p65(nucleus), eIF3a, α-SMA, Col1 and Col3 in the BLM group significantly increased. Compared with the BLM group, the expressions of p-IκBα (total lysate), p-NF-κB p65 (total lysate), NF-κB p65 (nucleus), eIF3a, α-SMA, Col1 and Col3 in the IL-33 group increased further and the PF was further aggravated. But the effect of anti-IL-33 antibody was just opposite to that of IL-33. In vitro, IL-33 markedly induced the proliferation and migration of pulmonary fibroblasts, and significantly up-regulated the expression of p-IκBα (total lysate), p-NF-κB p65(total lysate), NF-κB p65 (nucleus), eIF3a, α-SMA, Col1 and Col3. But all these effects of IL-33 were reversed by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. Conclusion The results suggest that IL-33 may promote the expression of eIF3a by activating NF-κB signaling pathway, thus inducing the proliferation and differentiation of MFbs and promoting the occurrence and development of PF.

Different Impacts of Cryopreservation in Endothelial and Epithelial Ovarian Cells

The aim of our laboratory-based study was to investigate the extent of delayed-onset cell death after cryopreservation in endothelial and epithelial cell lines of ovarian origin. We found differences in percentages of vital cells directly after warming and after cultivation for 48 to 72 h. A granulosa cell line of endothelial origin (KGN) and an epithelial cell line (OvCar-3) were used. In both DMSO-containing and DMSO-free protocols, significant differences in vitality rates between the different cell lines when using open and closed vitrification could be shown (DMSO-containing: KGN open vs. OvCar open, p = 0.001; KGN closed vs. OvCar closed, p = 0.001; DMSO-free: KGN open vs. OvCar open, p = 0.001; KGN closed vs. OvCar closed, p = 0.031). Furthermore, there was a marked difference in the percentage of vital cells immediately after warming and after cultivation for 48 to 72 h; whereas the KGN cell line showed a loss of cell viability of 41% using a DMSO-containing protocol, the OvCar-3 cell loss was only 11% after cultivation. Using a DMSO-free protocol, the percentages of late-onset cell death were 77% and 48% for KGN and OvCar-3 cells, respectively. Our data support the hypothesis that cryopreservation-induced damage is cell type and cryoprotective agent dependent.

Investigation of the Mitigation of DMSO-Induced Cytotoxicity by Hyaluronic Acid following Cryopreservation of Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells

To develop an off-the-shelf therapeutic product for intervertebral disc (IVD) repair using nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), it is beneficial to mitigate dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-induced cytotoxicity caused by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been shown to protect chondrocytes against ROS. Therefore, we examined the potential of HA on mitigating DMSO-induced cytotoxicity for the enhancement of NPC therapy. Human NPC cryopreserved in DMSO solutions were thawed, mixed with equal amounts of EDTA-PBS (Group E) or HA (Group H), and incubated for 3-5 h. After incubation, DMSO was removed, and the cells were cultured for 5 days. Thereafter, we examined cell viability, cell proliferation rates, Tie2 positivity (a marker of NP progenitor cells), and the estimated numbers of Tie2 positive cells. Fluorescence intensity of DHE and MitoSOX staining, as indicators for oxidative stress, were evaluated by flow cytometry. Group H showed higher rates of cell proliferation and Tie2 expressing cells with a trend toward suppression of oxidative stress compared to Group E. Thus, HA treatment appears to suppress ROS induced by DMSO. These results highlight the ability of HA to maintain NPC functionalities, suggesting that mixing HA at the time of transplantation may be useful in the development of off-the-shelf NPC products.

Physicochemical Mechanisms of Protection Offered by Agarose Encapsulation during Cryopreservation of Mammalian Cells in the Absence of Membrane-Penetrating Cryoprotectants

During freeze/thaw, cells are exposed to mechanical, thermal, chemical, and osmotic stresses, which cause loss of viability and function. Cryopreservation agents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are deployed to minimize freeze/thaw damage. However, there is a pressing need to eliminate DMSO from cryopreservation solutions due to its adverse effects. This is of the highest priority especially for cryopreservation of infusible/transplantable cell therapy products. In order to address this issue, we introduce reversible encapsulation in agarose hydrogels in the presence of the membrane-impermeable cryoprotectant, trehalose, as a viable, safe, and effective cryopreservation method. Our findings, which are supported by IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analyses, demonstrate that encapsulation in 0.75% agarose hydrogels containing 10-20% trehalose inhibits mechanical damage induced by eutectic phase change, devitrification, and recrystallization, resulting in post-thaw viability comparable to the gold standard 10% DMSO.

Motility, viability and fertility of goldfish Carassius auratus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) post short-term cryopreservation

BACKGRUND

Goldfish Carassius auratus is a popular ornamental fish extensively cultured worldwide. Sperm cryopreservation is a common fish breeding method that ensures sperm availability around the year. Studies on cryopreservation of goldfish sperm, especially on the suitability of cryoprotectant types and pre-freezing time, are scarcely available.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the most suitable type of cryoprotectant and pre-freezing for the successful cryopreservation of goldfish sperm.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A completely randomized design with two factors was utilized in this study. The first factor is the type of cryoprotectants, which included methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and DMSO. The second is pre-freezing times of 10, 20, 30, and 40 min at each of the pre-freezing temperatures of 4 degree C, -10 degree C, and -79 degree C, meaning that the total times for the ramping down of temperature were 30, 60, 90 and 120 min, respectively. The Ringer solution and 10% egg yolk were used as extender and extracellular cryoprotectant. The sperm was stored at -179 degree C for 7 days.

RESULTS

The ANOVA test showed that cryoprotectants and pre-freezing significantly affected the motility, viability, and fertility of goldfish sperm after freezing in liquid nitrogen for 7 days (P<0.05). Furthermore, 10% DMSO combined with 15% egg yolk with an pre-freezing time of 20 min can maintain sperm motility, viability, and fertility higher than other treatments, by 79%, 80%, and 33%, respectively. The agarose gel electrophoresis showed no DNA fragmentation in all samples, including fresh sperm.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that 10% DMSO combined with 15% egg yolk and 20 min pre-freezing is the best treatment for goldfish sperm cryopreservation. DOI: 10.54680/fr23310110412.

Involvement of TRPM2 Channel on Doxorubicin-Induced Experimental Cardiotoxicity Model: Protective Role of Selenium

Doxorubicin (DOXR) is an important chemotherapeutic drug used in cancer treatment for many years. Several studies reported that the use of DOXR increased toxicity by causing an increase in oxidative stress (OS), especially in the heart. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of selenium (Se) and the role of transient receptor potential melastatin-2 (TRPM2) channel activation by using N-(p-amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (ACA) in a model of DOXR-induced cardiotoxicity. Sixty female rats were equally divided into the control, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), DOXR, DOXR + Se, DOXR + ACA, and DOXR + Se + ACA groups. Glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), caspases (Cas) 3 and 9, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS), poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1), and TRPM2 channel levels were measured by ELISA. In addition, histopathological examination was performed in cardiac tissues and TNF-α, caspase 3, and TRPM2 channel expression levels were determined immunohistochemically. The levels of GSH, GSH-Px, caspases 3 and 9, IL-1β, TNF-α, ROS, PARP-1, and TRPM2 channel in serum, and cardiac tissue in the DOXR group were higher than in the control and DMSO groups (p < 0.05). However, these parameters in Se and/or ACA treatment groups were lower than in the DOXR group (p < 0.05). Also, we determined that Se and/or ACA treatment together with DOXR application decreased the TNF-α, Cas-3, and TRPM2 channel expression levels in the cardiac tissue. The data showed that administration of Se and/or ACA treatment together with DOXR may be used as a therapeutic agent in preventing DOXR-induced cardiotoxicity.

Effect of type and concentration of cryoprotectant on the motility, viability, and fertility of climbing perch Anabas testudineus Bloch, 1792 (Pisces: Anabantidae) sperm

The climbing perch, Anabas testudineus is a freshwater fish that has economic value in Indonesia. It is cultured in the country, but the breeding technology, specifically sperm storage, is not well developed. Sperm cryopreservation is one of the preservation methods that need to be developed to support fish breeding technology. The type of cryoprotectants and its concentration are species-dependent and determines the success of this approach. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the optimal type and concentration of cryoprotectant for sperm cryopreservation of A. testudineus. Four separate study series were performed, each of which evaluated one type of cryoprotectant at five concentration levels. The cryoprotectants used were DMSO, methanol, glycerol, and ethanol, and the tested concentrations were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, which were combined with 5% egg yolks. Each treatment was conducted with three replications. The results showed that the type of cryoprotectant and its concentration significantly affected sperm motility, viability, and fertility of climbing perch (P < 0.05). The best outcome was obtained in DMSO, and methanol at a concentration of 10%, glycerol at 5%, and ethanol at 15%. However, the highest motility, viability, and fertility values were observed at 10% DMSO, indicating it is the best type and concentration for sperm cryopreservation of climbing perch A. testudineus.

Interactions among sucrose and concentrations of serum fetal bovine on the cryopreservation of somatic cells derived from red-rumped agoutis

BACKGROUND

The synergistic action among the different extracellular cryoprotectants could improve somatic cell quality after thawing and provide bases for the formation of biobanks for red-rumped agoutis.

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated the interactions among sucrose (SUC) and concentrations of serum fetal bovine (FBS) on the cryopreservation of somatic cells derived from red-rumped agoutis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cells were cryopreserved with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and different concentrations of FBS (10%, 40%, and 90%) with or without 0.2 M SUC, totaling six comparison groups. Non-cryopreserved cells were used as a control. Cells were evaluated for viability, metabolic activity, proliferative activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis levels.

RESULTS

No difference was observed among cryopreserved with DMSO containing (10FBS, 10FBS-SUC, 40FBS, 40FBS-SUC, 90FBS, 90FBS-SUC) and non-cryopreserved groups for viability, metabolic activity, proliferative activity, and ROS levels. Interestingly, only cells cryopreserved with 90% FBS and SUC maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential like the control. This indicates that at high concentrations of FBS, SUC contributes to the maintenance of this parameter in cryopreserved cells. Moreover, at concentrations of 10% and 40% of FBS, SUC contributed to the maintenance of viability evaluated by the levels of apoptosis evaluated after thawing. In summary, we verified that 90% FBS and 0.2 M SUC promote greater ability of cells after thawing. Additionally, SUC positively acts in cryopreservation solutions containing 10% and 40% FBS.

CONCLUSION

This information is essential to an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interactions of extracellular cryoprotectants in somatic cell cryopreservation solutions of red-rumped agoutis. DOI: 10.54680/fr23210110212.

Nonredundant Dimethyl Sulfoxide Reductases Influence Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Anaerobic Growth and Virulence

Facultative anaerobic enteric pathogens can utilize a diverse array of alternate electron acceptors to support anaerobic metabolism and thrive in the hypoxic conditions within the mammalian gut. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is produced by methionine catabolism and can act as an alternate electron acceptor to support anaerobic respiration. The DMSO reductase complex consists of three subunits, DmsA, DmsB, and DmsC, and allows bacteria to grow anaerobically with DMSO as an electron acceptor. The genomes of nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica encode three putative dmsABC operons, but the impact of the apparent genetic redundancy in DMSO reduction on the fitness of nontyphoidal S. enterica during infection remains unknown. We hypothesized that DMSO reduction would be needed for S. enterica serotype Typhimurium to colonize the mammalian gut. We demonstrate that an S. Typhimurium mutant with loss of function in all three putative DMSO reductases (ΔdmsA3) poorly colonizes the mammalian intestine when the microbiota is intact and when inflammation is absent. DMSO reduction enhances anaerobic growth through nonredundant contributions of two of the DMSO reductases. Furthermore, DMSO reduction influences virulence by increasing expression of the type 3 secretion system 2 and reducing expression of the type 3 secretion system 1. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the DMSO reductases of S. Typhimurium are functionally nonredundant and suggest DMSO is a physiologically relevant electron acceptor that supports S. enterica fitness in the gut.

Co-expression analysis of lncRNA and mRNA identifies potential adipogenesis regulatory non-coding RNAs involved in the transgenerational effects of tributyltin

The obesity epidemic is considered a global public health crisis, with an increase in caloric intake, sedentary lifestyles and/or genetic predispositions as contributing factors. Although the positive energy balance is one of the most significant causes of obesity, recent research has linked early exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) such as the obesogen tributyltin (TBT) to the disease epidemic. In addition to their actions on the hormonal profile, EDCs can induce long-term changes in gene expression, possibly due to changes in epigenetic patterns. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are epigenetic mediators that play important regulatory roles in several biological processes, through regulation of gene transcription and/or translation. In this study, we explored the differential expression of lncRNAs in gonadal white adipose tissue samples from adult male C57BL/6J F4 generation, female C57BL/6J offspring exposed (F0 generation) to 50 nM TBT or 0.1% DMSO (control of vehicle) via drinking water provided during pregnancy and lactation, analyzing RNA-seq data from a publicly available dataset (GSE105051). A total of 74 lncRNAs were differentially expressed (DE), 22 were up-regulated and 52 were down-regulated in the group whose F4 ancestor was exposed in utero to 50nM TBT when compared to those exposed to 0.1% DMSO (control). Regulation of DE lncRNAs and their potential partner genes in gonadal white adipose tissue of mice ancestrally exposed to EDC TBT may be related to the control of adipogenesis, as pathway enrichment analyses showed that these gene partners are mainly involved in the metabolism of lipids and glucose and in insulin-related pathways, which are essential for obesity onset and control.

Different Effects of Sugars and Methods to Preserve Post-Thaw Functional Properties of Cryopreserved Caprine Spermatogonial Stem Cells

The present study aimed to identify the effects of sugar and methods (slow freezing [SF] vs. fast freezing [FF]) on post-thaw in vitro functional characteristics of cryopreserved caprine spermatogonial stem cells (cSSCs) and the cells obtained from cryopreserved testis tissue of prepubertal Barbari bucks. For this, in experiment 1, cSSCs were isolated and cryopreserved by either SF or FF method with different non-permeable (sugars; trehalose [140 mm; 140T or 400 mm; 400T] and sucrose [140 mm; 140S or 400 mm; 400S]) or/and permeable (5% ethylene glycol [EG] and dimethyl sulfoxide) cryoprotectants. After 1 week of cryopreservation, the cSSCs were thawed and cultured for evaluation of their characteristics. Further, in experiment 2, the effectiveness of sugars (trehalose [140 mm] or sucrose [140 mm]) for cryopreservation of testicular tissues of prepubertal Barbari bucks using the SF or FF method was evaluated. After 1 week of cryopreservation, the tissues were thawed and cSSCs were isolated and cultured for 3 weeks. In both experiments, cSSCs were evaluated for recovery rate, proliferation, metabolic viability, senescence, and stemness markers' expression. The recovery rate was 1.3-, 1.3-, and 1.1-fold higher in the 140T group compared with EG, 140S, and 400S groups, respectively. Similarly, the expression of stemness markers (protein gene product 9.5 and octamer-binding transcription factor-4) was relatively higher in 140T group compared with the other groups. In experiment 2, the recovery rate of cells per unit tissue weight was significantly (p < 0.05) higher when cryopreserved using 140 mm trehalose compared with other groups. The results of immunocytochemical analyses imply the expression of pluripotent stem cell markers in cSSCs following cryopreservation. Overall, the outcome of the study demonstrates different effects of sugars and methods on post-thaw functional properties of cSSCs with superiority of 140 mm trehalose using SF method over other treatment groups. These results are important for ex vivo expansion and differentiation of cSSCs for fertility preservation and their other downstream applications.

Adverse effects of triclosan on kidney in mice: Implication of lipid metabolism disorders

Triclosan (TCS) is a ubiquitous antimicrobial used in daily consumer products. Previous reports have shown that TCS could induce hepatotoxicity, endocrine disruption, disturbance on immune function and impaired thyroid function. Kidney is critical in the elimination of toxins, while the effects of TCS on kidney have not yet been well-characterized. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of TCS exposure on kidney function and the possible underlying mechanisms in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were orally exposed to TCS with the doses of 10 and 100 mg/(kg•day) for 13 weeks. TCS was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted by corn oil for exposure. Corn oil containing DMSO was used as vehicle control. Serum and kidney tissues were collected for study. Biomarkers associated with kidney function, oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis were assessed. Our results showed that TCS could cause renal injury as was revealed by increased levels of renal function markers including serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and uric acid, as well as increased oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and fibrotic markers in a dose dependent manner, which were more significantly in 100 mg/(kg•day) group. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of metabolites related with lipid metabolism demonstrated the occurrence of lipid accumulation and defective fatty acid oxidation in 100 mg/(kg•day) TCS-exposed mouse kidney. These processes might lead to lipotoxicity and energy depletion, thus resulting in kidney fibrosis and functional decline. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that TCS could induce lipid accumulation and fatty acid metabolism disturbance in mouse kidney, which might contribute to renal function impairment. The present study further widens our insights into the adverse effects of TCS.

Morin Augmented Myocardial eNOS/cGMP/PKG Signaling Pathway and Abated Oxidative and Inflammo-apoptotic Responses in Diethyl Phthalate and Bisphenol-S Co-Exposed Male Albino Rats

Cardiac failure accounts for many deaths worldwide. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that exposure to chemicals such as bisphenol-S (BPS) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) exacerbate cardiac injuries. Morin is a flavonoid with reported cardioprotective activity. This study evaluated the modulation of pathways relevant to cardiac endothelial function in rats exposed to BPS and DEP mixture (Mix). Thirty male albino rats were distributed across five groups (n = 6): control received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as vehicle, Mix dissolved in DMSO, Mix + morin (25 mg/kg), Mix + morin (50 mg/kg), and morin (50 mg/kg). After 21 days of oral exposure at 1 ml/kg bodyweight of the Mix and treatment with morin, the animals were sacrificed, and their hearts were excised for biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and gene expression analyses. Exposure to the Mix caused a significant increase in oxidative stress indices (H₂O₂, malondialdehyde, DNA fragmentation, and advanced oxidation protein products). Also, arginase, phosphodiesterase 5', and the relative expression of TNF-α, interleukin-1β, Bax, androgen receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor were markedly increased. In contrast, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione, interleukin-10 levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities decreased significantly. Furthermore, p-NF-kB-p65 expression increased markedly in the Mix-exposed group. Morin treatment significantly reversed these perturbations in a dose-dependent manner in most instances. This study concludes that morin might offer a cardioprotective effect by enhancing the cardiac endothelial system and attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis elicited by BPS and DEP co-exposure in male Wistar rats.

Effect of Sustained Systemic Administration of Ginger (Z officinale) Rhizome Extracts on Salivary Flow in Mice

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of methanol (70% v/v), ethanol (80% v/v), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 100% v/v) extracts of ginger rhizome (GR), and 6-shogaol on the pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate in C57BL/6 mice.

METHODS

Three extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome prepared by maceration using the respective solvents and 6-shogoal were reconstituted in normal saline with 0.2% DMSO. Thirty C57BL/6 15-week-old mice were divided into 5 groups: Group 1, saline; Group 2, 70% methanol extract; Group 3, 80% ethanol extract; Group 4, 100% DMSO extract; and Group 5, 6-shogaol. The baseline pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate was measured at the age of 15 weeks (15th week), and treatment solutions were administered by intraperitoneal injection from the 16th to 18th week. The stimulated salivary flow rate during treatment weeks was recorded for each group, and its difference with baseline was analysed using paired-sample t test. The change in salivary flow rate between the treatment groups and the control group was analysed using one-way analysis of variance.

RESULTS

Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 showed a significant increase in salivary flow rate when compared to baseline (P < .05). The increase in salivary flow rate in all 4 treatment groups was significant when compared to the control group (P < .05). Group 4 produced the highest increase in salivary flow rate; however, the differences amongst the treatment groups did not reach statistical significance (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

All GR extracts (70% methanol, 80% ethanol, 100% DMSO) and 6-shogaol were equally effective in increasing the pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate in C57BL/6 mice when administered systemically as a sustained dose for 3 weeks.