51
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Elbein AD, Gafford J, Kang MS. Inhibition of lipid-linked saccharide synthesis: comparison of tunicamycin, streptovirudin, and antibiotic 24010. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 196:311-8. [PMID: 485154 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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52
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Pan YT, Schmitt JW, Sanford BA, Elbein AD. Adherence of bacteria to mammalian cells: inhibition by tunicamycin and streptovirudin. J Bacteriol 1979; 139:507-14. [PMID: 378976 PMCID: PMC216897 DOI: 10.1128/jb.139.2.507-514.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococci were labeled either by growing the cells in [14C]fructose or by using the surface label 4,4'-[3H]diisothiocyano-1,2-diphenylethane-2,2'-disulfonic acid, which reacts with amino groups. A quantitative assay was developed by using these labeled bacteria to study the adherence of streptococci to canine kidney epithelial cells. The bacteria adhered to kidney cells that had been infected with influenza A virus, but did not adhere to uninfected cells. The binding of 3H-labeled group B streptococci was proportional to the number of bacteria added and showed saturation kinetics. The binding was blocked by the addition of unlabeled group B streptococci but was not affected by addition of streptococci from other groups. It was also blocked by mixing the 3H-labeled streptococci with influenza A virus before adding the bacteria to the kidney cells. When the kidney cells were infected with influenza virus in the presence of either tunicamycin or streptovirudin, these antibiotics inhibited the appearance of viral hemagglutinin in the kidney cells and also prevented the release of mature virus. In these experiments, the adherence of 3h-labeled streptococci was also inhibited. Tunicamycin was shown to block the incorporation of [14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides and glycoprotein in both normal and virus-infected kidney cells. These data give strong support to the notion that adherence of streptococci to mammalian cells involves recognition of viral hemagglutinin, a glycoprotein whose synthesis is blocked by certain antibiotics.
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Wong PP, Currie VE, Mackey RW, Krakoff IH, Tan CT, Burchenal JH, Young CW. Phase I evaluation of tetrahydrouridine combined with cytosine arabinoside. CANCER TREATMENT REPORTS 1979; 63:1245-9. [PMID: 383291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In conventional clinical use, cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) is rapidly deaminated by pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase to the nontoxic compound uracil arabinoside. Tetrahydrouridine (THU) effectively inhibits this enzymatic degradation but is by itself nontoxic. This study demonstrates that concomitant administration of THU markedly increases the myelosuppressive potency of ara-C. When 25 or 50 mg/kg of THU iv and 0.1--0.2 mg/kg of ara-C iv are given daily x 5 days, they produce moderate-to-severe leukopenia and mild-to-moderate thrombocytopenia. A dose of 25 mg/kg of THU with 0.1 mg/kg of ara-C iv daily x 5 days appears appropriate for phase II studies; it produces myelosuppression equivalent to that produced by 3 mg/kg/day x 5 days of ara-C alone. No toxicity occurred with this combination that would not have been expected from ara-C given alone in an equitoxic dose. Although THU and ara-C produced a reduction in peripheral blood and bone marrow blast cells in eight of nine patients with acute leukemia, bone marrow remission did not occur in any of these heavily pretreated patients.
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54
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Müller WE, Zahn RK, Arendes F, Falke D. Phosphorylation of arabinofuranosylthymine in non-infected and herpesvirus (TK+ and TK-)-infected cells. J Gen Virol 1979; 43:261-71. [PMID: 225422 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-43-2-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphorylation of arabinofuranosylthymine (araThd) has been studied both in non-infected cells and in those infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, Lennette; HSV-1, IES and HSV-2, D-316). In these experiments, HSV strains were used which either contain (Lennette, TK+ and D-316 TK+) or lack (IES, TK-) the capacity to induce pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside kinase. It was found that extracellularly administered araThd is phosphorylated to ara TTP via araTMP and araTDP in both non-infected and in HSV-infected cells. The phosphorylating capacity is more than tenfold lower in non-infected cells than in infected cells. Interestingly, cells infected with the TK- strain have a tenfold higher phosphorylating capacity than normal, uninfected cells, a fact which might indicate that host cell deoxythymidine kinase is induced during HSV infection. AraTMP is incorporated into cellular DNA but not into HSV DNA. This finding is in contrast to observations with arabinofuranosyladenine, which is incorporated into both cellular and HSV DNA. In vitro experiments with HSV-induced DNA polymerase show that araTTP strongly inhibits the enzyme activity. Therefore we conclude that the inhibition of HSV DNA polymerase by araTTP (formed intracellularly from araThd) is the explanation for the observed antiviral activity of araThd.
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55
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Suhadolnik RJ. Naturally occurring nucleoside and nucleotide antibiotics. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1979; 22:193-291. [PMID: 230535 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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56
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Cadet J, Treoule R. Comparative study of oxidation of nucleic acid components by hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radicals. Photochem Photobiol 1978; 28:661-7. [PMID: 216029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1978.tb06991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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57
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Stow ND, Subak-Sharpe JH, Wilkie NM. Physical mapping of herpes simplex virus type 1 mutations by marker rescue. J Virol 1978; 28:182-92. [PMID: 212602 PMCID: PMC354257 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.28.1.182-192.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A generally applicable technique which permits the rescue of selected genetic markers from fragments of herpes simplex virus DNA is described. Baby hamster kidney cells infected at the nonpermissive temperature with intact DNA from temperature-sensitive mutants or with fragmented wild-type DNA produce no, or little, infectious progeny. Coinfection results in an increased yield of virus, demonstrating the rescue of genetic information from the DNA fragments. This progeny virus consists of both wild-type and temperature-sensitive virus, demonstrating that both recombination and complementation can occur in coinfected cells. Rescue experiments using isolated fragments produced with various restriction endonucleases have enabled us to locate five temperature-sensitive mutations on the herpes simplex virus type 1 physical map. An adaptation of the technique has allowed the physical mapping of a mutation which affects the herpes simplex virus type 1 pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside kinase gene. Comparison of the genetic and physical maps for these mutants reveals several anomalies which are discussed.
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58
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Mitra C, Saran A. Molecular orbital studies on nucleoside analogs. II. Conformation of 6-aza pyrimidine nucleosides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 518:193-204. [PMID: 77682 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PCILO (Perturbative Configuration Interaction using Localised Orbitals) computations have been carried out for three 6-azapyrimidine nucleosides, 6-azauridine, 6-azacytidine and 6-azathymidine, for both C(2')-endo and C(3')-endo pucker of the sugar ring. The results indicate a syn (chiCN=180 degrees) conformation followed by chiCN=90 degrees and gg conformation for C(3')-endo 6-aza analogs as compareed to the anti (chiCN=0 degrees) and gg conformation preferred by the corresponding pyrimidine nucleosides. For C(2')-endo sugar geometry, 6-azauridine and 6-azacytidine prefer, respectively, chiCN=0 degrees (anti) and phi C(4')-C(5')=60 degrees C (gg) and chiCN-240 degrees (syn) and phi C(4')-C(5')=120 degrees. The corresponding nucleosides, uridine and cytidine, show a preference for syn (chiCN=240 degrees) and gg and anti(chiCN=0 degrees) and gg , respectively. The X-ray crystallographic conformations of 6-azauridine and 6-azacytidine have been attributed to intermolecular hydrogen bonding and crystal packing forces. The results of PMR, CD and ORD studies on 6-azauridine and 6-azacytidine in aqueous solutions are in agreement with the PCILO predictions.
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59
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Singer B, Kröger M, Carrano M. O2- and O4-alkyl pyrimidine nucleosides: stability of the glycosyl bond and of the alkyl group as a function of pH. Biochemistry 1978; 17:1246-50. [PMID: 26380 DOI: 10.1021/bi00600a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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60
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Baba T, Kidera Y, Kimura NT, Aoki K, Kamura T, Taniguchi S, Nishikawa K. 5-Fluorouracil O-beta-D-glucuronide as a newly synthesized chemically modified, nontoxic anticancer drug. GAN 1978; 69:283-4. [PMID: 680467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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61
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Orengo A, Maness P. Pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase from rat liver and rat Novikoff ascites hepatoma (EC 2.7.4.14). Methods Enzymol 1978; 51:321-31. [PMID: 211381 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(78)51043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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62
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Neumann JM, Borrel J, Thiery JM, Guschlbauer W, Tran-Dinh S. PMR-relaxation and steric computations give unequivocal nucleoside conformations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 479:427-40. [PMID: 922011 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The configuration and the conformation of alpha and beta anomers of pyrazomycin, cytidine and pseudouridine in aqueous solution have been investigated by 1H-NMR at 250 MHz. T1 proton relaxation measurements are an excellent method to determine the conformation of the base around the glycosidic linkage. Frequently, steric hindrance considerations can help to decide which conformations are possible in nucleoside anomer pairs. The proton-proton coupling constants indicate that the N conformer is largely predominant in the alpha anomers while the S conformer is particularly abundant in beta-pyrazomycin. The steric hindrance is much larger for alpha than for beta-nucleosides and change of a C-C to a C-N glycosidic bond reduces considerably the rotational possibilities of the base. The relaxation data show that alpha-cytidine adopts the anti conformation with gamma = 200 degrees in good agreement with the crystal structure and with the sterical computations. In the other case, when the syn and anti conformations are sterically accessible, the orientation of the base may be completely different from one nucleoside to the other. It can be predicted neither from the crystal structure nor from comparisons with similar compounds. For alpha-pseudo-uridine the predominant orientation of the base (gamma = 120 degrees) is in the boundary of the syn-anti regions; for beta-cytidine the syn (gamma = 65 degrees) and anti (gamma = 215 degrees) conformations are equiprobable at room temperature while beta-pseudouridine shows the syn conformation with gamma = 40 degrees, the smallest angle observed until now. There is no correlation between the N/S and syn-anti ratios.
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63
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Triplett JW, Smith SL, Layton WJ, Digenis GA. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance investigations into the interactions of bisulfite with pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides. J Med Chem 1977; 20:1594-7. [PMID: 592324 DOI: 10.1021/jm00222a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-13 NMR is utilized to demonstrate the attack of bisulfite anion on uridine, 5-fluorouridine, and uridine 5'-monophosphate. The attack produces a pair of diastereomeric adducts similar in structure to those seen in the uracil series. Intensity data from the equilibrium system give an estimate for the individual equilibrium constants. Thymidine and thymidine 5'-monophosphate show no evidence of nucleophilic attack by bisulfite. This evidence indicates that bisulfite addition to nucleosides and nucleotides models the enzymatic methylation of uridine by the enzyme thymidylate synthetase better than the uracil bisulfite system.
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64
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Huang GF, Torrence PF. Nitration of pyrimidine bases and nucleotides by nitronium tetrafluoroborate. Synthesis of 5-nitro-2'-deoxyuridine. J Org Chem 1977; 42:3821-4. [PMID: 925780 DOI: 10.1021/jo00444a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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65
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Fourrey JL, Henry G, Jouin P. Pyrimidine S-nucleoside photorearrangement. New access to pseudonucleosides. J Am Chem Soc 1977; 99:6753-4. [PMID: 893904 DOI: 10.1021/ja00462a047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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66
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Funayama S, Isono K. Biosynthesis of the polyoxins, nucleoside peptide antibiotics: biosynthetic pathway for 5-O-carbamoyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-L-xylonic acid (carbamoylpolyoxamic acid). Biochemistry 1977; 16:3121-7. [PMID: 889792 DOI: 10.1021/bi00633a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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67
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Sorrell T, Epps LA, Kistenmacher TJ, Marzilli LG. Stereoselectivity in the binding of the bis(acetylacetonato)(nitro)cobalt(III) moiety to purines and pyrimidines and their nucleosides, and evaluation of the role of interligand interactions in stereoselectivity, and the molecular and crystal structure of the bis(acetylacetonato)(nitro)(deoxyadenosine)cobalt(III) complex. J Am Chem Soc 1977; 99:2173-9. [PMID: 301147 DOI: 10.1021/ja00449a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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68
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Giessner-Prettre C, Pullman B. On the conformational dependence of the proton chemical shifts in nucleosides and nucleotides. I. Proton shifts in the ribose ring of pyrimidine nucleosides as a function of the torsion angle about the glycosyl bond. J Theor Biol 1977; 65:171-88. [PMID: 850418 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(77)90082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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69
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Young RC. Kinetic aids to proper chemotherapeutic scheduling: labeled nucleoside incorporation studies in vivo. CANCER TREATMENT REPORTS 1976; 60:1947-58. [PMID: 1026349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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70
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Kondo K, Adachi T, Inoue I. Studies on biologically active nucleosides and nucleotides. 1. Reactions of tetraacetoxysilane with pyrimidine ribonucleosides. J Org Chem 1976; 41:2995-9. [PMID: 956948 DOI: 10.1021/jo00880a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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71
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Chenon MT, Panzica RP, Smith JC, Pugmire RJ, Grant DM, Townsend LB. Carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectra of C-nucleosides. 3. la-c Tautomerism in formycin and formycin B and certain pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98:4736-45. [PMID: 950416 DOI: 10.1021/ja00432a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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72
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Plesiewicz E, Stepień E, Bolewska K, Wierzchowski KL. Stacking self-association of pyrimidine nucleosides and of cytosines: effects of methylation and thiolation. Nucleic Acids Res 1976; 3:1295-306. [PMID: 940770 PMCID: PMC342987 DOI: 10.1093/nar/3.5.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stacking self-association equilibria in aqueous solutions of m3uridine, m34,2',3',5'uridine, 2'-deoxyuridine, m13,4,4cytosine, m14,4,4,5cytosine, s2cytidine and s4thymidine were studied at various temperatures by vapour-pressure osmometry. Equilibrium constants Kst's were computed on the assumption of the isodesmic model of self-association. Enthalpies of association were also obtained from the temperature dependence of Kst according to the van't Hoff equation. Analysis of the equilibrium and thermodynamic parameters demonstrated involvement of hydrophobic interactions in the stabilization of complexes of tetramethyluridine. Dipole-induced dipole interactions seem to predominate in the formation of s2C, s4T and of both dimethylaminocytosine complexes.
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73
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Sasaki T, Minamoto K, Kino M, Mizuno T. Reactions of the derivatives of 5-bromo pyrimidine nucleosides with sodium azide. J Org Chem 1976; 41:1100-4. [PMID: 1255290 DOI: 10.1021/jo00869a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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74
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Dorfman SH, Holtzer H, Silberberg DH. Effect of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine or cytosine-B-D-arabinofuranoside hydrochloride on myelination in newborn rat cerebellum cultures following removal of myelination inhibiting antiserum to whole cord or cerebroside. Brain Res 1976; 104:283-94. [PMID: 944071 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Myelination was inhibited in cultures of newborn rat cerebellum by exposure to antisera prepared by injecting rabbits with whole guinea pig spinal cord or cerebrosixde mixed with bovine serum albumin. At 15 days in vitro (DIV), when 90-100% of our control cultures were myelinated, antiserum inhibited cultures were washed and refed routine culture medium or medium containing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) or cytosine-B-D-arabinofuranoside hydrochloride (ara-C) in concentrations previously shown to inhibit myelination in our system. The disinhibited cultures myelinated within 2-5 days of removal of antiserum regardless of the presence of BUdR or ara-C. The evidence suggests that the myelin-forming oligodendrocytes do not undergo cell division before myelination during disinhibition from antiserum. In addition, cultures exposed to BUdR on 5-7 DIV in the presence of antiserum and disinhibited at 10 DIV did not have myelinated axons as observed by light microscopy at 15 DIV. Thus, the BUdR sensitive oligodendrocyte division remained intact in antiserum inhibited cultures. We conclude that the antisera inhibit myelin formation without interrupting the pattern of cell division or the covert differentiation of oligodendrocytes.
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El Khadem HS, Kreishman GP, Swartz DL, El Khadem SH. A circular dichroism rule for glycosyl-pyrimidines and -purines. Carbohydr Res 1976; 47:C1-4. [PMID: 1268866 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)83566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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