Human papillomavirus type 16 infection may be involved in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma carcinogenesis in Chinese Kazakh patients

The aim of this study was to investigate human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) prevalence in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Xinjiang Kazakh patients and its role in ESCC carcinogenesis. One hundred and fifty cases of ESCC and 150 cases of corresponding normal esophageal mucosa (CNGM) samples were collected from north Xinjiang where the Kazakh ethnic group has lived since ancient times. HPV16 infection in ESCC and CNGM was detected by genotype-specific polymerase chain reaction. HPV16 DNA was detected in 55 of 150 ESCC samples (36.7%) and 24 of 150 corresponding normal esophageal mucosa samples (16%) with significant differences (P < 0.001, odds ratio = 3.039, 95% confidence interval: 1.756-5.260). No statistically significant correlations were found between HPV16 infection and the age or gender of patients, tumor site, tumor cell differentiation, or lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05). HPV16 infection is common in cases of ESCC in the Kazakh ethnic group in Xinjiang and may be involved in ESCC carcinogenesis.

Primary immunodeficiency in south China: clinical features and a genetic subanalysis of 138 children

OBJECTIVES

We analyzed the clinical features of 138 patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) and performed genetic testing on a subset of patients in order to complete gaps in research on PID in South China and thus improve pediatricians' ability to recognize and diagnose PID.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective analysis based on the medical records of PID patients hospitalized in our institution between May 1999 and June 2012. Gene sequencing was performed in 59 cases.

RESULTS

Children with PID usually present with fever and repeated infections that generally affect the respiratory and digestive tracts. Growth retardation is observed in some cases. Of the 138 patients, 113 were boys, median age at onset was 5 months (range, 0-119 months), and age at diagnosis was 10 months (2-159 months). A family history of repeated infection or death of family members in infancy because of recurrent infections was recorded in 20 cases (14.49%). Antibody defects were detected in 48 cases (34.78%), combined immunodeficiency disease in 45 cases (32.61%), and other well-defined immunodeficiency syndromes in 45 cases (32.61%). Of the 59 patients from the genetic subanalysis, 24 (15.94%) had a genetic mutation (x-linked agammaglobulinemia, 8 cases; severe combined immunodeficiency, 8 cases; hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome, 3 cases; hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, 3 cases; chronic granulomatous disease, 2 cases). We detected 4 novel mutations. No relevant mutations were found in the remaining 35 cases.After treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and anti-infectious agents, 16 patients died in hospital, and 5 cases died after discontinuing treatment (mortality, 15.22%).

CONCLUSIONS

In recent years, the number of patients with PID has risen gradually in South China. Genetic testing can confirm diagnosis. Since PID seriously affects children's quality of life, it is important to diagnose, treat, and intervene early.We hope our clinical and genetic analyses of children with PID can provide diagnostic guidance for clinicians.

Rapid identification of Sporothrix schenckii in biopsy tissue by PCR

BACKGROUND

The dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, an important cutaneous mycosis with a worldwide distribution. At present, it is challenging to rapidly discover and identify Sporothrix schenckii in biopsy tissues nowadays.

AIMS

To explore new methods for rapid diagnosis of sporotrichosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We screened specific primers for Sporothrix schenckii using 50 clinical isolates from patients with sporotrichosis. DNA was extracted from the lesions of 30 cases of clinically suspected sporotrichosis using the Graham s method of CTAB and amplified by PCR using the screened specific primers.

RESULTS

The primer S2-R2 was applicable for the identification of S. schenckii from different geographic areas and clinical types with high specificity and sensitivity. Twenty-five out of the thirty cases (83.3%) amplified using the primer S2-R2 showed positive bands. Further positive bands were observed in 95.6% of cases tested positive by fungal culture.

CONCLUSIONS

Using the PCR technique and specific primers, we developed a new diagnostic method that can rapidly diagnose sporotrichosis with tissues obtained from clinical biopsies.

Abstract P4-02-08: Quantitative Characterization of 3D Vasculature Spatial Patterns Within Tumor Microenvironment of Breast Cancer Stem Cells

The sustainment characters of cancer stem cells (CSCs) such as self-renew and differentiation to other tumor cells greatly depend on the tumor microenvironment, which is composed of many components, e.g. vasculature, extracellular matrix, epithelial cells, stromal cells, as well as nutrients and oxygen. As vasculature is an important factor for the CSC and tumor development, the understanding of their spatial patterns is essential for calibrating the CSC-microenvironment interactions in mathematical modeling. In this study, we acquired the vasculature in side tumors and normal breast tissues by using two-photon fluorescence microscopy, which enables 3D in vivo imaging. We developed an advanced vasculature segmentation approach for an objective and accurate quantification of the vasculature in 3D image volumes. The approach integrates supervoxel analysis and the orientation guided hidden Markov random field (ori-HMRF) modeling together to compensate for low quality images, e.g., low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and uneven background. By constructing a new feature space that combines the CIELAB color space and the coordinates space, the supervoxel analysis divides an image volume into subregions with local similar intensity and restricted regular shape, boundaries of which can delineate the vasculature boundaries accurately even in low intensity contrast regions. We further designed a set of features for the separation of blood vessel regions from the background. To make use of the context information, i.e. the continuity of vasculature, the ori-HMRF model is used to incorporate the consistency of vasculatures' orientation in order to reduce the false positives and negatives. Experimental results on image volumes from both breast cancer and normal breast tissues show that the proposed method can effectively reconstruct the vasculature structure with the CSC embedded tumor microenvironment.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-08.

The effect of dilution and prolonged injection time on dexamethasone-induced perineal pruritus

Dexamethasone has been widely used before general anesthesia induction. However, previous studies have found that a pre-induction bolus dose of dexamethasone sometimes causes perineal pruritus. We hypothesized that an appropriate prolongation of the injection time might suppress dexamethasone-induced perineal pruritus. Four hundred patients requiring general anaesthesia were randomly allocated into four groups: group I receiving 2 ml dexamethasone (5 mg/ml); group II receiving 4 ml dexamethasone (2.5mg/ml); group III receiving 10 ml dexamethasone (1 mg/ml); and group IV receiving 20 ml dexamethasone (0.5 mg/ml). Dexamethasone was diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride. The injection time of dexamethasone was 5s in groups I, II and III; while the injection time of dexamethasone was 30s in group IV. Occurrence of perineal pruritus was significantly reduced in Group IV (0% vs 38%, 32% and 12% in Groups I, II and III, respectively, p < 0.05). The incidence was higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). The duration of perineal pruritus was longer in females than in males in groups I, II and III (p < 0.05). We conclude that the dilution of dexamethasone to 0.5 mg/ml with 0.9% sodium chloride combined with prolonged injection time to 30 s eliminates dexamethasone-induced perineal pruritus.

DNA-based species detection capabilities using laser transmission spectroscopy

Early detection of invasive species is critical for effective biocontrol to mitigate potential ecological and economic damage. Laser transmission spectroscopy (LTS) is a powerful solution offering real-time, DNA-based species detection in the field. LTS can measure the size, shape and number of nanoparticles in a solution and was used here to detect size shifts resulting from hybridization of the polymerase chain reaction product to nanoparticles functionalized with species-specific oligonucleotide probes or with the species-specific oligonucleotide probes alone. We carried out a series of DNA detection experiments using the invasive freshwater quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) to evaluate the capability of the LTS platform for invasive species detection. Specifically, we tested LTS sensitivity to (i) DNA concentrations of a single target species, (ii) the presence of a target species within a mixed sample of other closely related species, (iii) species-specific functionalized nanoparticles versus species-specific oligonucleotide probes alone, and (iv) amplified DNA fragments versus unamplified genomic DNA. We demonstrate that LTS is a highly sensitive technique for rapid target species detection, with detection limits in the picomolar range, capable of successful identification in multispecies samples containing target and non-target species DNA. These results indicate that the LTS DNA detection platform will be useful for field application of target species. Additionally, we find that LTS detection is effective with species-specific oligonucleotide tags alone or when they are attached to polystyrene nanobeads and with both amplified and unamplified DNA, indicating that the technique may also have versatility for broader applications.

Evidence for the direct two-photon transition from ψ(3686) to J/ψ

The two-photon transition ψ(3686)→γγJ/ψ is studied in a sample of 1.06×10(8) ψ(3686) decays collected by the BESIII detector. The branching fraction is measured to be (3.1±0.6(stat)(-1.0)(+0.8)(syst))×10(-4) using J/ψ→e(+)e(-) and J/ψ→μ(+)μ(-) decays, and its upper limit is estimated to be 4.5×10(-4) at the 90% confidence level. This work represents the first measurement of a two-photon transition among charmonium states. The orientation of the ψ(3686) decay plane and the J/ψ polarization in this decay are also studied. In addition, the product branching fractions of sequential E1 transitions ψ(3686)→γχ(cJ) and χ(cJ)→γJ/ψ(J=0,1,2) are reported.

Developmental changes of <i>GHR</i> and <i>IGF-I</i> mRNA expression in lamb rumen

Abstract. Lambs from birth (0-day-old) to 56-day-old were selected in present study to investigate developmental changes of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA expression in their rumen tissue. Forty-five lambs (5 lambs per group) were slaughtered at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 days of age respectively for sampling the tissue of the rumen dorsal sac. The abundance of GHR and IGF-I mRNA were detected through real-time quantitative PCR method. The results indicated that the expression levels of GHR and IGF-I mRNA had similar change tendency in rumen tissue that the GHR and IGF-I mRNA abundance decreased with age from birth to 56-day-old. There was significant positive correlation between the two gene mRNA expression levels. The results suggested that GHR and IGF-I gene expression levels had the specific developmental pattern in rumen tissue.

Detection of hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and isoniazid by capillary electrophoresis with a palladium-modified microdisk array electrode

A palladium particle-modified carbon fiber microdisk array electrode was designed and employed in capillary electrophoresis for the simultaneous detection of hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and isoniazid. The Pd-modified microdisk electrode had high catalytic ability for hydrazines and exhibited good reproducibility and stability. The response for hydrazine was linear over 3 orders of magnitude with a correlation coefficient of 0.993. The detection limits for hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and isoniazid were 1.2, 2.1, and 6.2 pg, respectively.

Knockdown of RhoGDIα induces apoptosis and increases lung cancer cell chemosensitivity to paclitaxel

This study aimed to investigate the effects of RhoGDIα knockdown on apoptosis and the chemosensitivity of lung cancer cells to paclitaxel. The signaling proteins involved were also assessed. RhoGDIα expression was assessed by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometric assessment, and cell viability was measured with the MTT assay. Phosphorylation levels of signaling proteins, ERK, JNK, Akt, Bad and IκBα were tested by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Positivity for RhoGDIα in lung cancer tissues was significantly higher than in paracancerous tissues. Downregulation of RhoGDIα was associated with significantly increased apoptosis and repressed cell viability. This effect could be due to the consequent upregulation of p-JNK, as well as decreased levels of p-ERK, p-Bad and p-IκBα. Knockdown of RhoGDIα strengthened the effect on apoptosis and inhibition of cell viability induced by paclitaxel treatment. This chemosensitization effect could be a result of the intensification of pro-apoptotic JNK activation, and repression of anti-apoptotic p-ERK, p-Bad and p-IκBα expression stimulated by paclitaxel. In summary, our study indicated that RhoGDIα could be a promising therapeutic target, and the combination of RhoGDIα siRNA and paclitaxel might be a valuable potential therapy for lung cancer treatment.

Brain tissue oxygen monitoring to assess reperfusion after intra-arterial treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Cerebral vasospasm resistant to medical management frequently requires intra-arterial spasmolysis. Angiographic resolution of vasospasm does not provide physiologic data on the adequacy of reperfusion. We recorded pre- and postspasmolysis PbO(2) data in the endovascular suite to determine whether this physiologic parameter could be used to determine when successful reperfusion was established.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eight patients with 10 Licox monitors and cerebral vasospasm underwent intra-arterial spasmolysis. Pre- and postspasmolytic PbO(2) was recorded for comparison. Other physiologic parameters, such as CPP, ICP, SaO(2), and Fio(2), were also recorded.

RESULTS

Mean prespasmolysis PbO(2) recordings were 35.2 and 27.3 for the mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe vasospasm group, respectively. Mean postspasmolysis PbO(2) increased to 40.3 and 38.4, respectively, which was statistically significant (P < .05) for both groups. In 100% of instances in the moderate-to-severe group and 83% of instances in mild-to-moderate group, the mean PbO(2) increased after spasmolysis and correlated with improvement in angiographic vasospasm. Other physiologic parameters, such as CPP, ICP, SaO(2), and Fio(2), did not show any statistically significant difference before and after spasmolysis.

CONCLUSIONS

PbO(2) monitoring provides the interventionalist with an objective physiologic parameter to determine adequate spasmolysis. Further investigation is needed to establish target PbO(2) rates indicative of adequate reperfusion, which can be used in the endovascular suite.

First observation of the M1 transition ψ(3686)→γη(c)(2S)

Using a sample of 106×10(6) ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII storage ring, we have made the first measurement of the M1 transition between the radially excited charmonium S-wave spin-triplet and the radially excited S-wave spin-singlet states: ψ(3686)→γη(c)(2S). Analyses of the processes ψ(3686)→γη(c)(2S) with η(c)(2S)→K(S)(0)K(±)π(∓) and K(+)K(-)π(0) give an η(c)(2S) signal with a statistical significance of greater than 10 standard deviations under a wide range of assumptions about the signal and background properties. The data are used to obtain measurements of the η(c)(2S) mass (M(η(c)(2S))=3637.6±2.9(stat)±1.6(syst) MeV/c(2)), width (Γ(η(c)(2S))=16.9±6.4(stat)±4.8(syst) MeV), and the product branching-fraction (B(ψ(3686)→γη(c)(2S))×B(η(c)(2S)→KKπ)=(1.30±0.20(stat)±0.30(syst))×10(-5)). Combining our result with a BABAR measurement of B(η(c)(2S)→KKπ), we find the branching fraction of the M1 transition to be B(ψ(3686)→γη(c)(2S))=(6.8±1.1(stat)±4.5(syst))×10(-4).

Identification and characterization of the sex-determiner transformer-2 homologue in Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis

The transformer-2 gene, encoding a protein (Tra-2) which directs sex-specifically alternative splicing of doublesex (dsx) pre-mRNA in combination with the transformer (Tra) protein, has been proved to play important roles on sex differentiation and sex development in Drosophila melanogaster. In the present study, a tra-2 homologue (FcTra-2) was cloned and characterized in the Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. A FcTra-2 genomic DNA sequence with a length of 8,871 bp was obtained and verified to consist of 7 exons and 6 introns. Three alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts, designated as FcTra-2a, FcTra-2b and FcTra-2c, were isolated and characterized. Sequence analysis showed that FcTra-2 included a RNA recognition motif and a linker region, which shared high sequence identities with Tra-2 from other species and 2 arginine/serine rich regions. Further studies were performed on the isoform FcTra-2c, since it exhibited a significantly higher expression level in ovary than in other tissues. In early developmental stages of the shrimp, FcTra-2c was detected to suddenly increase its expression level at the mysis stage. In juvenile stage, FcTra-2c displayed a significantly higher expression level in female Chinese shrimp than in males. These data indicated that FcTra-2 might be involved in female sex determination in Chinese shrimp.

CD40L demethylation in CD4(+) T cells from women with rheumatoid arthritis

We have previously demonstrated that DNA demethylation of CD40L on the X chromosome is responsible for female susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is unknown whether aberrant methylation of the CD40L gene also contributes to the higher incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in females. In this study, we used real-time RT-PCR and flow cytometry to compare CD40L expression levels, and bisulfite sequencing to assess the methylation status of the CD40L promoter region. The results show that CD40L is upregrulated in CD4(+) T cells of female patients with RA. In addition, the CD40L promoter region in CD4(+) T cells from female RA patients was found to be demethylated, which corresponded with increased CD40L mRNA expression. These findings suggest that DNA demethylation contributes to CD40L expression in RA CD4(+) T cells and may in part explain the female preponderance of this disease.

One-hour upright posture is an ideal position for serum aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity measuring on primary aldosteronism screening

The serum aldosterone concentration (SAC) to plasma renin activity (PRA) ratio (ARR) is considered a useful screening test in the differential diagnosis of essential hypertension (EH) and primary aldosteronism (PA). The purpose of this study is to investigate the variation of ARR and compare the screening efficiency of it under different postures.37 patients with PA and 92 patients with EH were recruited in this study. Blood was sampled for measuring SAC and PRA under conditions of overnight recumbency, keeping upright posture for 1 h, 2 h and 4 h. The variation and screening efficiency of ARR under these conditions were compared according to repeated measured ANOVA and ROC curve analysis.In the EH group, ARR measured under recumbency posture was higher than those measured under keeping upright posture for 1 h and 2 h. In the PA group, there is no statistical difference for ARR between any 2 postures. AUCs of ARR measured under 4 conditions were 0.976, 0.995, 0.988, and 0.974 respectively. Cutoff values were ranging from 24.75 ng/dl per ng/ml/h under keeping upright for 2 h to 69.19 ng/dl per ng/ml/h under overnight recumbercy. ARR measured under keeping upright posture for 1 h produced the best characteristic of screening efficiency.Keeping upright posture for 1 h was the ideal position for ARR measuring and using a cutoff value of 35.90 ng/dl per ng/ml/h will have a sensitivity and specificity of 100.00% and 92.30% respectively.

Measurements of the mass and width of the η(c) using the decay ψ(3686)→γη(c)

The mass and width of the lowest-lying S-wave spin singlet charmonium state, the η(c), are measured using a data sample of 1.06×10(8) ψ(3686) decays collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII storage ring. We use a model that incorporates full interference between the signal reaction, ψ(3686)→γη(c), and a nonresonant radiative background to describe the line shape of the η(c) successfully. We measure the η(c) mass to be 2984.3±0.6±0.6 MeV/c(2) and the total width to be 32.0±1.2±1.0 MeV, where the first errors are statistical and the second are systematic.

Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery: updated systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) for elective colorectal surgery has been practiced as a clinical routine for many decades. However, earlier randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses suggest that MBP should be abandoned before colorectal surgery because of the futility in reducing postoperative complications and motility. The new published results from three RCTs comparing MBP with no MBP in colorectal surgery in 2010 make the updating of systemic review and meta-analysis necessary. The aim of this study was to estimate efficacy of MBP in prevention of postoperative complications for elective colorectal surgery.

METHOD

A literature search was performed mainly in electronic database including Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. The inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials comparing MBP with no MBP before colorectal surgery. Septic complications, reoperation, and death were recorded as primary and secondary outcomes. The meta-analysis was conducted according to the QUOROM statement.

RESULTS

Fourteen RCTs were included in our analysis with a total number of 5,373 patients: 2,682 with MBP and 2,691 without. Comparing with no MBP for elective colorectal surgery, our study showed that MBP had not reduce any postoperative complications when concerning anastomotic leak [odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08 (0.82-1.43); P = 0.56]; overall SSI [OR 95% CI, 1.26 (0.94-1.68); P = 0.12]; extra-abdominal septic complications [OR 95% CI, 0.98 (0.81-1.18); P = 0.81]; wound infections [OR 95% CI, 1.21 (1.00-1.46); P = 0.05]; reoperation or second intervention rate [OR 95% CI, 1.11 (0.86-1.45); P = 0.42]; and death [OR 95% CI, 0.97(0.63-1.48); P = 0.88].

CONCLUSION

No evidence was noted supporting the use of MBP in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. MBP should be omitted in routine clinical practice.