[Total hip arthroplasty for post-traumatic arthritis after internal fixation of acetabular fracture]

OBJECTIVE

To study the clinical outcome of total hip arthroplasty(THA) for traumatic arthritis after acetabular fracture.

METHODS

From June 2010 to June 2014, 33 hips in 33 patients with traumatic arthritis after acetabular fracture were retrospective analyzed including 21 males and 12 females with a mean age of 44.6 years old. All the patients received THA with bio-prostheses. Harris score was used to evaluate the hip function of patients before and after operation, the X-ray was adopted for radiographic evaluation of the hip prosthesis.

RESULTS

All patients were followed up for 7 to 38 months with an average of 21.6 months. The Harris score increased from preoperative 53.6±2.4 to 94.0±3.0 at the final follow-up, the difference was statistically significant(t=55.37, P<0.05). The X-ray evaluation showed the prosthesis was in good position, no loosening of the prosthesis, dislocation and periprosthetic osteolysis.

CONCLUSIONS

THA is an effective treatment for the traumatic arthritis after acetabular fracture;internal fixation of acetabular fractures could not be removed if it shows difficult but does not affect the prosthesis placement.

Wood-Based Nanocomposite Derived by in Situ Formation of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Polymer within Wood via a Sol-Gel Method

Solid wood materials and wood-plastic composites as two kinds of lightweight materials are attracting great interest from academia and industry due to their green and recycling nature. However, the relatively lower specific strength limits their wider applications. In particular, solid wood is vulnerable to moisture and decay fungi in nature, resulting in its poor durability for effectively long-term utilization. Inspired from the porous structure of wood, we propose a new design to build a wood-based nanocomposite with higher specific strength and satisfactory durability by in situ generation of organic-inorganic hybrid polymer within wood via a sol-gel method. The derived composite has 50-1200% improvement of impact toughness, 56-192% improvement of tensile strength, and 110-291% improvement of flexural strength over those of typical wood-plastic composites, respectively; and even 34% improvement of specific tensile strength than that of 36A steel; 208% enhancement of hardness; and 156% enhancement of compression strength than those of compared solid wood, respectively; as well as significantly improved dimensional stability and decay resistance over those of untreated natural wood. Such materials could be potentially utilized as lightweight and high-strength materials for applications in construction and automotive industries. This method could be extended to constitute other inorganic nanomaterials for novel organic-inorganic hybrid polymer within wood.

Influences of mesoporous zinc-calcium silicate on water absorption, degradability, antibacterial efficacy, hemostatic performances and cell viability to microporous starch based hemostat

Efficacious hemostatic agents have significant potential application in visceral organ or large vessel arterial injure. In this study, mesoporous zinc-calcium silicate (m-ZCS) was synthesized, and microporous starch (MS) based hemostatic agents of m-ZCS/MS composites for hemorrhage control was fabricated. The results showed that the incorporation of m-ZCS into MS significantly enhanced the water absorption and degradability of the composites, which were dependent on the m-ZCS content. Moreover, the composites with antibacterial property could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the antibacterial ratios increased with the m-ZCS content. The in vitro coagulation evaluation by using activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) revealed that the composites significantly activated the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade. In addition, for the animal model of rabbits in ear vein, skin, arterial and liver injuries, the hemostatic time of the composites obviously reduced with the increase of m-ZSC content, in which the composite with 15wt% m-ZCS content (15mZSC) showed remarkable efficacy on bleeding control. The composites could promote the viability of L929 cells, indicating no cytotoxicity of the composites. The results suggested that the m-ZCS/MS composites with excellent hemostatic and antibacterial properties might be a candidate for controlling bleeding and infection.

Students’ Value Orientations in Contemporary China: Analysis of Measurement Invariance and Latent Mean Differences in Comparison With Students From Germany and Russia

The present study examined Chinese students’ personal value orientations according to the Schwartz value theory in comparison with students from Germany and Russia. The theory postulates 10 value orientations grouped into four higher-order factors: conservation versus openness to change and self-transcendence versus self-enhancement. Schwartz’ value orientations have been extensively investigated in Europe but less in East Asian countries such as China. We hypothesized that Chinese students would score higher on conservation and self-enhancement than German and Russian students, but lower on self-transcendence. Regarding openness to change, a null hypothesis was formulated. Students from China ( n = 9,601), Germany ( n = 1,118), and Russia ( n = 3,890) completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21). To ensure methodological preconditions for cross-cultural comparison, measurement invariance of the PVQ-21 was tested. In a first step, confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted separately for each country. Due to the high correlation between the 10 values, the four higher-order dimensions were studied separately. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance models were tested using multigroup CFA. Full metric and partial scalar invariance models held for all higher-order factors. Thereafter, latent means of values were compared across samples. As a result, Chinese students scored highest on the four higher-order dimensions when compared with Russian and German samples, thus the hypotheses were only partly confirmed. Results of this study could reflect the value conflicts emerging from various cultural influences in contemporary China: Young people are confronted with daily negotiation between Confucian tradition and the rapid economic development.

Characterization and expression of Megalobrama amblycephala toll-like receptor 22 involved in the response to Aeromonas hydrophila

The toll-like receptors (TLR) tlr22 was identified and characterized for the first time in one of the economically most important freshwater fish species in China, Megalobrama amblycephala. The full-length cDNA (4039 bp) of M. amblycephala tlr22 contains an open reading frame of 2706 bp, encoding a 901 amino-acid long polypeptide. The putative polypeptide contains 16 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs, an LRR C-terminal, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that M. amblycephala Tlr22 shared the closest relationship with a grass carp ortholog. tlr22 was constitutively expressed in nine tissues and during 10 developmental stages studied, albeit with varying expression levels. Along with many pathological changes observed after Aeromonas hydrophila bacterium infection, tlr22 and myd88 mRNA were significantly upregulated in blood, head kidney, spleen and intestine, indicating that tlr22 is involved in the immune response. These results provide an insight into tlr22 regulation mechanisms in the innate immune response to bacterial infection.

Short-range airborne transmission of expiratory droplets between two people

The occurrence of close proximity infection for many respiratory diseases is often cited as evidence of large droplet and/or close contact transmission. We explored interpersonal exposure of exhaled droplets and droplet nuclei of two standing thermal manikins as affected by distance, humidity, ventilation, and breathing mode. Under the specific set of conditions studied, we found a substantial increase in airborne exposure to droplet nuclei exhaled by the source manikin when a susceptible manikin is within about 1.5 m of the source manikin, referred to as the proximity effect. The threshold distance of about 1.5 m distinguishes the two basic transmission processes of droplets and droplet nuclei, that is, short-range modes and the long-range airborne route. The short-range modes include both the conventional large droplet route and the newly defined short-range airborne transmission. We thus reveal that transmission occurring in close proximity to the source patient includes both droplet-borne (large droplet) and short-range airborne routes, in addition to the direct deposition of large droplets on other body surfaces. The mechanisms of the droplet-borne and short-range airborne routes are different; their effective control methods also differ. Neither the current droplet precautions nor dilution ventilation prevents short-range airborne transmission, so new control methods are needed.

Single-dose intra-articular bupivacaine plus morphine versus bupivacaine alone after arthroscopic knee surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

PURPOSE

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy and safety of single-dose intra-articular bupivacaine plus morphine versus bupivacaine alone for pain management following arthroscopic knee surgery.

METHOD

A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials that used single-dose intra-articular bupivacaine plus morphine and bupivacaine alone for post-operative pain, using MEDLINE (1966-2014), Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases. The weighted mean difference (WMD), relative risk (RR) and their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using RevMan statistical software.

RESULT

A total of twenty-nine trials (n = 1167) were included. The post-operative visual analog scale (VAS) pain score of the bupivacaine plus morphine group compared with the bupivacaine alone group was significantly lower (WMD -1.15, 95 % CI -1.67 to -0.63, p < 0.0001). As far as safety, there was no significant difference in side effects between the two groups (RR 1.10, 95 % CI 0.59-2.04, n.s.). Sensitivity analyses suggested that the results of these two primary outcomes were stable and reliable. However, the current evidence did not suggest a superior effect with respect to the time to first analgesic request (WMD 51.33, 95 % CI -110.99 to 213.65, n.s.) and the number of patients requiring supplementary analgesia (RR 1.13, 95 % CI 0.92-1.39, n.s.).

CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of the currently available literature, this study is the first to suggest that single-dose intra-articular bupivacaine plus morphine was shown to be significantly better than bupivacaine alone at relieving post-operative pain after arthroscopic knee surgery without increasing the short-term side effects. Routine use of single-dose intra-articular bupivacaine plus morphine is an effective way for pain management after arthroscopic knee surgery.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

II.

Direct Comparison of Respiration-Correlated Four-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reconstructed Using Concurrent Internal Navigator and External Bellows

PURPOSE

To compare the image quality of amplitude-binned 4-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (4DMRI) reconstructed using 2 concurrent respiratory (navigator and bellows) waveforms.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

A prospective, respiratory-correlated 4DMRI scanning program was used to acquire T2-weighted single-breath 4DMRI images with internal navigator and external bellows. After a 10-second training waveform of a surrogate signal, 2-dimensional MRI acquisition was triggered at a level (bin) and anatomic location (slice) until the bin-slice table was completed for 4DMRI reconstruction. The bellows signal was always collected, even when the navigator trigger was used, to retrospectively reconstruct a bellows-rebinned 4DMRI. Ten volunteers participated in this institutional review board-approved 4DMRI study. Four scans were acquired for each subject, including coronal and sagittal scans triggered by either navigator or bellows, and 6 4DMRI images (navigator-triggered, bellows-rebinned, and bellows-triggered) were reconstructed. The simultaneously acquired waveforms and resulting 4DMRI quality were compared using signal correlation, bin/phase shift, and binning motion artifacts. The consecutive bellows-triggered 4DMRI scan was used for indirect comparison.

RESULTS

Correlation coefficients between the navigator and bellows signals were found to be patient-specific and inhalation-/exhalation-dependent, ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 because of breathing irregularities (>50% scans) and commonly observed bin/phase shifts (-1.1 ± 0.6 bin) in both 1-dimensional waveforms and diaphragm motion extracted from 4D images. Navigator-triggered 4DMRI contained many fewer binning motion artifacts at the diaphragm than did the bellows-rebinned and bellows-triggered 4DMRI scans. Coronal scans were faster than sagittal scans because of the fewer slices and higher achievable acceleration factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Navigator-triggered 4DMRI contains substantially fewer binning motion artifacts than bellows-rebinned and bellows-triggered 4DMRI, primarily owing to the deviation of the external from the internal surrogate. The present study compared 2 concurrent surrogates during the same 4DMRI scan and their resulting 4DMRI quality. The navigator-triggered 4DMRI scanning protocol should be preferred to the bellows-based, especially for coronal scans, for clinical respiratory motion simulation.

Influences of doping mesoporous magnesium silicate on water absorption, drug release, degradability, apatite-mineralization and primary cells responses to calcium sulfate based bone cements

In this study, composite cements containing mesoporous magnesium silicate (m-MS) and calcium sulfate (CS) were fabricated. The results revealed that the setting time of the m-MS/CS composite cements (m-MSC) slightly prolonged with the increase of m-MS content while the compressive strength suffered a little loss. The doping of m-MS improved the water absorption, drug release (vancomycin) and degradability of the m-MSC in Tris-HCl solution (pH=7.4). In addition, addition of m-MS facilitated the apatite-mineralization of m-MSC in simulated body fluid (SBF), indicating good bioactivity. For cell cultural experiments, the results revealed that the m-MSC promoted the cells adhesion and proliferation, and improved the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of MC3T3-E1 cells, revealing good cytocompatibility. It could be suggested that the m-MSC might be promising cements biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration.

Preoperative QCT assessment of femoral head for assessment of femoral head bone loss

We quantified differences in trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral head between patients with proximal femoral fractures and healthy subjects in the control group by using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) with the purpose of providing guidance for the choice of head screw in the intramedullary nail fixation. Participants suffering from intertrochanteric fractures (n=536 patients) were recruited. In addition, 497 fracture-free, age-matched cases were considered as the control group. The volumetric BMD of different regions of interest (ROI) in the proximal femur scanned by QCT were analyzed between the fracture and control groups. BMD of proximal femur in the fracture group was markedly lower than that in the control group. There were significant differences at distinct regions for male and female between the two groups. Furthermore, the trend of BMD changes among the femoral head, femoral neck and intertrochanter were not parallels in terms of their average value. In conclusion, osteoporosis has been demonstrated to be a main risk factor of the proximal femoral fracture. BMD value of proximal femur was often inconsistent with that of femoral head. Given this, preoperative QCT assessment plays an important role in choosing proper head screw in the intramedullary nail fixation.

Novel Super-Resolution Approach to Time-Resolved Volumetric 4-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging With High Spatiotemporal Resolution for Multi-Breathing Cycle Motion Assessment

PURPOSE

To develop and evaluate a super-resolution approach to reconstruct time-resolved 4-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (TR-4DMRI) with a high spatiotemporal resolution for multi-breathing cycle motion assessment.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

A super-resolution approach was developed to combine fast 3-dimensional (3D) cine MRI with low resolution during free breathing (FB) and high-resolution 3D static MRI during breath hold (BH) using deformable image registration. A T1-weighted, turbo field echo sequence, coronal 3D cine acquisition, partial Fourier approximation, and SENSitivity Encoding parallel acceleration were used. The same MRI pulse sequence, field of view, and acceleration techniques were applied in both FB and BH acquisitions; the intensity-based Demons deformable image registration method was used. Under an institutional review board-approved protocol, 7 volunteers were studied with 3D cine FB scan (voxel size: 5 × 5 × 5 mm³) at 2 Hz for 40 seconds and a 3D static BH scan (2 × 2 × 2 mm³). To examine the image fidelity of 3D cine and super-resolution TR-4DMRI, a mobile gel phantom with multi-internal targets was scanned at 3 speeds and compared with the 3D static image. Image similarity among 3D cine, 4DMRI, and 3D static was evaluated visually using difference image and quantitatively using voxel intensity correlation and Dice index (phantom only). Multi-breathing-cycle waveforms were extracted and compared in both phantom and volunteer images using the 3D cine as the references.

RESULTS

Mild imaging artifacts were found in the 3D cine and TR-4DMRI of the mobile gel phantom with a Dice index of >0.95. Among 7 volunteers, the super-resolution TR-4DMRI yielded high voxel-intensity correlation (0.92 ± 0.05) and low voxel-intensity difference (<0.05). The detected motion differences between TR-4DMRI and 3D cine were -0.2 ± 0.5 mm (phantom) and -0.2 ± 1.9 mm (diaphragms).

CONCLUSION

Super-resolution TR-4DMRI has been reconstructed with adequate temporal (2 Hz) and spatial (2 × 2 × 2 mm³) resolutions. Further TR-4DMRI characterization and improvement are necessary before clinical applications. Multi-breathing cycles can be examined, providing patient-specific breathing irregularities and motion statistics for future 4D radiation therapy.

Role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in regulating erythropoietin-induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

AIMS

Erythropoietin (EPO), the key hormone involved in erythropoiesis, beneficially affects endothelial cells (ECs), but the detailed mechanisms are yet to be completely understood. In this study, we investigated the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), a ligand-gated non-selective calcium (Ca²⁺ ) channel, in EPO-mediated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation and angiogenesis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In ECs, EPO time dependently increased intracellular levels of calcium; this increase was abrogated by the Ca²⁺ chelators and pharmacological inhibitors of TRPV1 in bovine aortic ECs (BAECs) and TRPV1-transfected HEK293 cells. In addition, EPO-induced nitrite oxide (NO) production, phosphorylation of eNOS, Akt and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the formation of TRPV1-Akt-AMPK-eNOS complex as well as tube formation were diminished by the pharmacological inhibition of TRPV1 in BAECs. Moreover, EPO time dependently induced the phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1). Inhibition of PLC-γ1 activity blunted the EPO-induced Ca²⁺ influx, eNOS phosphorylation, TRPV1-eNOS complex formation and NO production. The phosphorylated level of eNOS increased in the aortas of EPO-treated wild-type (WT) mice or EPO-transgenic (Tg) mice but not in those of EPO-treated TRPV1-deficient (TRPV1^-/- ) mice or EPO-Tg/TRPV1^-/- mice. Matrigel plug assay showed that EPO-induced angiogenesis was abrogated in TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine-treated WT mice and TRPV1^-/- mice.

CONCLUSION

These findings indicate the EPO-induced Ca²⁺ influx via the activation of the PLC-γ1 signalling pathway, which leads to TRPV1 activation and consequently increases the association of the TRPV1-Akt-AMPK-eNOS complex, eNOS activation, NO production and angiogenesis.

Crystal Structure of an Invasivity-Associated Domain of SdrE in S. aureus

The surface protein SdrE, a microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) family protein expressed on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), can recognize human complement regulator Factor H and C4BP, thus making it a potentially promising vaccine candidate. In this study, SdrE^278-591 was found to directly affect S. aureus host cell invasion. Additionally, the crystal structure of SdrE^278-591 at a resolution of 1.25 Å was established, with the three-dimensional structure revealing N2-N3 domains which fold in a manner similar to an IgG fold. Furthermore, a putative ligand binding site located at a conserved charged groove formed by the interface between N2 and N3 domains was identified, with β2 suspected to occupy the ligand recognizing site and undergo a structural rearrangement to allow ligand binding. Overall, these findings have further contributed to the understanding of SdrE as a key factor for S. aureus invasivity and will enable a better understanding of bacterial infection processes.

miR-15a-3p and miR-16-1-3p Negatively Regulate Twist1 to Repress Gastric Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis

MicroRNAs are a novel class of gene regulators that function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. In our current study, we investigated the role of miR-15a-3p and miR-16-1-3p in the regulation of Twist1 expression and EMT process. Our bioinformatics analysis suggested that on the 3' UTR of Twist1, there are two conserved miRNA recognition sites for miR-15a-3p and miR-16-1-3p respectively. Interestingly, overexpression of miR-15a-3p and miR-16-1-3p significantly suppressed the activity of luciferase reporter containing Twist1-3' UTR, reduced mRNA and protein level of EMT related genes such as TWIST1, N-cadherin, α-SMA and Fibronectin, and repressed MMP9 and MMP2 activity, as well as cell migration and invasion. Conversely, inhibition of miR-15a-3p and miR-16-1-3p significantly increased TWIST1, N-cadherin, α-SMA and Fibronectin protein expression. In addition, Twist1 co-transfection significantly ameliorated the loss of cell migration and invasion. Moreover, overexpression of miR-15a-3p and miR-16-1-3p dramatically suppressed the ability of BGC823 cells to form colonies in vitro and develop tumors in vivo in nude mice. Finally, qPCR and Western blot analysis showed that miR-15a-3p and miR-16-1-3p were significantly reduced in clinical gastric cancer tissue, whereas Twist1 mRNA and protein were significantly up-regulated, suggesting that this aberrant down-regulation of miR-15a-3p and miR-16-1-3p might be associated with the abnormal regulation of Twist1 and the EMT process in gastric cancer development. Our results help to elucidate a novel and important mechanism for the regulation of Twist1 in the development of cancer.

Relationship between hyperuricemia and risk of coronary heart disease in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population

Objective To investigate the relationship between hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk based on the Framingham risk score (FRS) in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled patients undergoing routine check-ups at Xiangya Hospital between October 2013 and November 2014. Hyperuricemia was defined as uric acid ≥416 mmol/l for males and ≥360 mmol/l for females. A 10-year CHD risk was calculated from FRS. A multivariable logistic analysis model was used to evaluate associations. Results Of the 6347 patients, 3415 (53.8%) were male, 1543 (24.3%) had a CHD risk ≥10% (i.e. intermediate and high risk) and the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 18.1% ( n = 1148). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the 10-year CHD risk was increased in patients with hyperuricemia compared with those without hyperuricemia by 0.28 times in the total population (odds ratio [OR] 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09, 1.48), by 0.25 times in the male population (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.06, 1.47) and by 2.76 times in the female population (OR 3.76; 95% CI 2.08, 6.79). Conclusion Hyperuricemia was positively associated with a 10-year risk of CHD suggesting that it might be an independent CHD risk factor in middle-aged and elderly individuals.

Critical roles of conventional dendritic cells in promoting T cell-dependent hepatitis through regulating natural killer T cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in initiating and regulating innate immunity as well as adaptive immune responses. However, the role of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in concanavalin A (ConA)-induced fulminant hepatitis is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that depletion of cDCs using either CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice (DTR Tg) mice or anti-CD11c antibody reduced the severity of liver injury significantly, indicating a detrimental role of cDCs in ConA-induced hepatitis. We elucidated further the pathological role of cDCs as being the critical source of interleukin (IL)-12, which induced the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ by natural killer (NK) T cells. Reconstitution of cDCs-depleted mice with IL-12 restored ConA-induced hepatitis significantly. Furthermore, we determined that NK T cells were the target of DC-derived IL-12, and NK T cells contributed to liver inflammation and injury through production of IFN-γ. In summary, our study demonstrated a novel function of cDCs in mediating ConA-induced hepatitis through regulating IFN-γ secretion of NK T cells in an IL-12-dependent fashion. Targeting cDCs might provide potentially therapeutic applications in treating autoimmune related liver diseases.

A rolling circle amplification signal-enhanced immunosensor for ultrasensitive microcystin-LR detection based on a magnetic graphene-functionalized electrode

Construction of a rolling circle amplification signal-enhanced immunosensor for ultrasensitive microcystin-LR detection by using a magnetic graphene functionalized electrode.

Evaporation and dispersion of respiratory droplets from coughing

Understanding how respiratory droplets become droplet nuclei and their dispersion is essential for understanding the mechanisms and control of disease transmission via droplet-borne and airborne routes. A theoretical model was developed to estimate the size of droplet nuclei and their dispersion as a function of the ambient humidity and droplet composition. The model-predicted dried droplet nuclei size was 32% of the original diameter, which agrees with the maximum residue size in the classic study by Duguid, 1946, Edinburg Med. J., 52, 335 and the validation experiment in this study, but is smaller than the 50% size predicted by Nicas et al., 2005, J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 2, 143. The droplet nuclei size at a relative humidity of 90% (25°C) could be 30% larger than the size of the same droplet at a relative humidity of less than 67.3% (25°C). The trajectories of respiratory droplets in a cough jet are significantly affected by turbulence, which promotes the wide dispersion of droplets. We found that medium-sized droplets (e.g., 60 μm) are more influenced by humidity than are smaller and larger droplets, while large droplets (≥100 μm), whose travel is less influenced by humidity, quickly settle out of the jet.

Understanding the electronic and phonon transport properties of a thermoelectric material BiCuSeO: a first-principles study

Using the first-principles pseudopotential method and Boltzmann transport theory, we give a comprehensive understanding of the electronic and phonon transport properties of a thermoelectric material BiCuSeO.