The role of the nicotinamide moiety of NAd+ for negative cooperativity in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as studied by spin-labeled cofactors

Two derivatives of NAD+ spin-labeled at N6 or C-8 of the adenine ring have been shown previously to be active coenzymes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12). When more than two equivalents of either spin-labeled NAD+ are bound to the tetrameric enzyme, spin-spin interaction is observed in the ESR spectra (Deparade, M.P., Glöggler, K. and Trommer, W.E. (1981) Biochim. Biophys, Acta 659, 422-433). After reduction of enzyme-bound NAD+ spin-labeled at C-8 to the corresponding NADH derivative, the additional peaks due to this spin-spin interaction disappear, which implies that the distance between the two radicals increases. It is proposed that the coenzyme slide further towards the active site upon reduction. ADPR spin-labeled at C-8 binds non-cooperatively, exhibiting a dissociation constant of Kd = 33 microM. Even with 3.5 equivalents bound to the enzyme, spin-spin interaction is not observed. AMP spin-labeled at C-8 combines with two sites per monomer, or a total of eight per tetramer. The respective dissociation constants are Kd1 = 30 microM and Kd2 - 2.3 mM. Phosphate competes with AMP bound to the weak site. Spin-spin interaction is not observed. ATP spin-labeled at C-8 is bound about 10-fold tighter than the corresponding AMP derivative. Four equivalents of ATP are bound per tetramer, but it exhibits no spin-spin interactions. It is concluded that the structure of the pyridine moiety of the coenzymes plays a role in orienting the adenine ring and, thus, affects the cooperativity. The N6 derivative of NAD+ also shows spin-spin interaction; however, only data for the C-8 derivatives are shown in detail.

Etiology of viral hepatitis in American soldiers

To define better which types of hepatitis are prevalent among American soldiers, the authors studied 413 separate episodes of acute viral hepatitis among 412 soldiers admitted to US Army hospitals during 1978-1979. Most soldiers (68.8%) had acute hepatitis B (estimated annual hospitalization rate: 5.41/1000 soldiers in West Germany, 2.51/1000 in South Korea, less than 1/1000 in the United States). Subtype ayw was predominant in Germany, whereas adr was predominant in South Korea. Hepatitis B was more often associated with contact history or parenteral use of drugs in West Germany than in South Korea (p less than 0.001). Non-A, non-B hepatitis accounted for 27% of cases in West Germany (2.16/1000), but only 3% in South Korea (0.11/1000); hepatitis A only 15% in South Korea (0.48/1000) and 1% in West Germany (0.08/1000). These findings indicate that hepatitis B is the most prevalent form of viral hepatitis among US soldiers worldwide but also suggest substantial differences in the epidemiology of this infection in South Korea and West Germany. Such data will be useful in developing hepatitis B immunization policy within the military.

Equilibrium binding of spin-labeled fatty acids to bovine serum albumin: suitability as surrogate ligands for natural fatty acids

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and saturation transfer EPR (ST-EPR) spectroscopies were used to characterize the binding of spin-labeled fatty acid (SLFA) to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Association constants of three stearic acid derivatives labeled with a nitroxyl radical at C-5, C-12, or C-16 were estimated by EPR spectroscopy as the ratio of SLFA to BSA was increased from about 0 to 9. The values were compared to those for unmodified stearate. With all three SLFA, it was apparent that the nitroxyl residue modified the binding pattern. For SLFA:BSA ratios up to 1, which probably involves the site(s) on BSA most specific for long-chain FA, the C-16 derivative bound with an affinity similar to that of the natural FA. At higher ratios, the association constants for this SLFA were lower than those for stearate. The C-12 and C-5 derivatives showed only low-affinity binding relative to stearate. The spectral parameter, W, was constant for SLFA:BSA ratios between 0 and 1 in the case of C-16 compound, indicating physical homogeneity of the high-affinity binding site. At higher ratios, the spectra changed progressively, indicating inhomogeneity of the lower affinity binding sites although parallel changes in association constants were not observed. Changes in W due to Heisenberg spin exchange were ruled out. By examining the mobility profile of the bound SLFA by both EPR and ST-EPR techniques, it was shown that the nitroxyl group was maximally immobilized when attached near the center of the carbon chain of the bound SLFA.

Effect of interferogram smearing on atmospheric limb sounding by Fourier transform spectroscopy

A method is presented for analyzing an absorption spectrum obtained from the interferogram measured by an interferometer operated in the solar occultation mode. In this mode the complete interferogram is smeared with various components of individual interferograms generated by rays passing through different tangent altitudes. It is shown that the effective tangent altitude of the spectrum is the altitude at which the center fringe of the interferogram is recorded and that the other components of the interferogram only define the instrument line shape. The interferogram smearing effectively creates strong sidelobes on absorption lines so that a strong apodization on the interferogram is recommended for the solar occultation experiment. These concepts are applied to retrieve pressure and temperature simultaneously from stratospheric absorption spectra in the CO(2) 4.3-microm band obtained by a balloon-borne interferometer in 1976 over Palestine, Tex. Included in the analysis of the CO(2) 4.3-microm band are the continuum absorptions by the pressure-induced N(2) fundamental band and by far wings of the CO(2) v(3) band. The CO(2) absorption line is corrected by a sub-Lorentzian function. Excellent agreement is found between the observed and simulated spectra.

The synthesis of deuterium-substituted, spin-labeled analogues of AMP and NAD+ and their use in ESR studies of lactate dehydrogenase

Two spin-labeled analogues of AMP and NAD+ were synthesized, in which a perdeuterated nitroxide radical (4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl, TEMPAMINE) was attached to C-6 or C-8 position of the adenine ring. The ESR spectra of these derivatives exhibit a 4-fold increase in sensitivity and a concomitant decrease in line-width as compared to the corresponding protonated analogues. The improved resolution of composite spectra consisting of freely tumbling and immobilized components is demonstrated in ternary complexes of the spin-labeled NAD+ derivatives with lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) and oxalate.

Three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography

A dye-edge tracking algorithm was used to determine the corresponding points in the two images (anterior-posterior and lateral) of the digital subtraction biplane angiography. This correspondence was used to reconstruct three-dimensional images of cerebral arteries in a dog experiment and a clinical observation. The method was tested by comparing the measured image of oblique view to the computed reconstructed image. For the present study, we have developed three new algorithms. The first algorithm is to determine the corresponding dye-edge points using the fact that the density of contrast media at the moving edge shows the same changing pattern in the two projection views. This moving pattern of dye-edge density is computed using a matching method of cross correlation for the two sequential frames' dye density. The second algorithm is for simplified perspective transformation, and the third is to identify the corresponding points using a complementary method for locating the approximate points on the small vessels. The present method can be applied to compute the velocity of blood flow using the dye-edge displacement and the three-dimensional distance data.

Stratospheric measurements of continuous absorption near 2400 cm(-1)

Solar occultation spectra obtained with a balloon-borne interferometer have been used to study continuous absorption by N(2) and CO(2) near 2400 cm(-1) in the lower stratosphere. Synthetic continuum transmittances, calculated from published coefficients for far-wing absorption by CO(2) lines and for pressure-induced absorption by the fundamental band of N(2), are in fair agreement with the observed stratospheric values. The continuum close to the nu(3) R-branch band head of CO(2) is sensitive to the CO(2) far-wing line shape. Therefore, given highly accurate knowledge of the N(2) continuum from laboratory data, high-resolution stratospheric spectra provide a sensitive means for in situ testing of various air-broadened CO(2) line shapes at low temperatures.

Structural and motional changes in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase upon binding to the band-3 protein of the erythrocyte membrane examined with [15N,2H]maleimide spin label and electron paramagnetic resonance

Binding of the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDHase; D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating EC 1.2.1.12], to the cytoplasmic segment of band-3 protein in the erythrocyte (RBC) membrane has been examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and saturation transfer EPR (ST-EPR) spectroscopies. GAPDHase, which was isolated from rabbit muscle and labeled with the resolution-enhancing deuterated N-(15N-1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)maleimide spin label ([15N,2H]MSL), showed the same binding specificity for the transmembrane band-3 protein of human erythrocyte membranes as reported for unlabeled GAPDHase from human RBC. Experimental EPR lineshapes from soluble and membrane-bound enzymes were analyzed by direct stimulation of spectra and indicated a structural alteration of the bound GAPDHase in the vicinity of the spin label, which was attached covalently to the active-site cysteine-149 residue. A rigorous theoretical analysis of the ST-EPR spectra of soluble and membrane-bound enzyme is presented and utilized in conjunction with model system analysis to demonstrate that the motion of membrane-bound GAPDHase could be characterized by an effective isotropic rotational correlation time of 20 microseconds. This indicated that the GAPDHase--band-4 complex exhibits motional freedom relative to the membrane-spanning segment of the band-3 protein or the RBC. The double substituted spin label [15N,2H]MSL affords gains in sensitivity and resolution that permit studies of membrane-bound enzymes at physiological levels and quantitative simulations of the EPR and ST-EPR lineshapes with reasonable computation times.

15N- and 2H-substituted maleimide spin labels: improved sensitivity and resolution for biological EPR studies

The resolution and sensitivity of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and saturation transfer EPR (ST-EPR) for biological applications are greatly improved by deuteration and substitution of (15)N for (14)N in the spin-labeled probe N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)maleimide (MSL). The EPR and ST-EPR spectra of the deuterated analogue [(2)H]MSL and the (15)N-substituted and deuterated derivative [(15)N, (2)H]MSL were compared with those of the parent MSL. The [(15)N, (2)H]MSL showed the greatest gain in sensitivity and the most marked sharpening of spectral features. These improvements were due to (i) a reduction in the spectral linewidths resulting from the relatively weak hyperfine interactions of the unpaired electron with deuterium and (ii) spectral simplification due to a reduction in the number of nuclear manifolds from three to two in replacing (14)N with (15)N. In the freely tumbling state, the spectra of [(15)N, (2)H]MSL and [(2)H]MSL showed 10-fold and 5-fold increases, respectively, in signal heights compared to MSL. To study the slow tumbling frequencies characteristic of biological molecules, the MSL and its derivatives were covalently bound to the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDHaase; D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12] on cysteine-149 of the catalytic site. The EPR and ST-EPR spectra of [(15)N, (2)H]MSL and [(2)H]MSL adducts showed 3- and 1.5-fold gains in sensitivity, respectively. More important, there were striking increases in resolution, particularly for [(15)N, (2)H]MSL over MSL. These improvements were observed throughout the correlation time range from 0.1 musec to 1 msec. The EPR spectrum of [(15)N, (2)H]MSL-GAPDHase at X-band showed no overlap of the two nuclear manifolds; therefore, all the elements of the A and g tensors could be measured directly from the spectrum. The increase in sensitivity and resolution of the (15)N- and deuterium-substituted spin labels permitted quantitative simulation of the EPR and ST-EPR spectra of a labeled protein. Computation time was reduced 90% by (15)N substitution. Use of (15)N-substituted and deuterated spin probes substantially improved characterization of the motional properties of a protein.

Solar occultation sounding of pressure and temperature using narrowband radiometers

A technique for simultaneously retrieving pressure and temperature profiles using satellite-based narrow-band radiometer measurements of absorption in the CO(2) 4.3-microm band is described. Pressure and temperature profiles for earth's upper atmosphere on a global scale can be obtained with errors <3% and 3 K, respectively. The p - T information can be used not only for improving the accuracy of inverted gas concentrations in the same absorption experiment but also for investigating the upper atmosphere circulation.

Enhancement of free radical reduction by elevated concentrations of ascorbic acid in avian dystrophic muscle

It has been postulated that the degenerative process in dystrophic muscle results from increased concentrations of free radicals, peroxides, or lipid hydroperoxides. Therefore, the reduction of the free radical tanol (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol-1-oxyl) by extracts of muscles of dystrophic and normal chickens was studied. Pectoral (white) and thigh (red) muscles were used. For initial rate measurements, the various muscle extracts were added to an equal volume of 0.2 mM tanol. Reaction mixtures were introduced into the EPR cavity in a standard aqueous flat cell. Rates were measured by continuously monitoring the decrease in signal amplitude of the center (MI = 0) solution tanol EPR resonance line (in-phase first harmonic absorption signal). With extracts from dystrophic white muscle, the reduction rate was 75% faster than normal, whereas in dystrophic red muscle extracts the rate was normal. This agreed with previous observations that white muscle is more severely affected than red in dystrophic chickens. The primary reductant was identified as reduced ascorbic acid, and the rate of reduction of tanol correlated directly with the concentrations of ascorbic acid in the various muscle extracts as shown by chemical analysis. The results suggest an involvement of the intracellular redox status in the pathogenesis of avian muscular dystrophy.

The increase in hexokinase activity in hereditary avian muscular dystrophy

Hexokinase activity was found to be increased in both the more severely affected red (thigh) muscle of dystrophic chickens. The increase in activity was largely associated with the particulate fraction. These findings may indicate early events in the pathogenesis of avian muscular dystrophy.

Pressure sensing of the atmosphere by solar occultation using broadband CO(2) absorption

A technique for obtaining pressure at the tangent point in an IR solar occultation experiment is described. By measuring IR absorption in bands of atmospheric CO(2) (e.g., 2.0 microm, 2.7 microm, or 4.3 microm), mean pressure values for each tangent point layer (vertical thickness 2 km or less) of the atmosphere can be obtained with rms errors of less than 3%. The simultaneous retrieval of pressure and gas concentration in a remote-sensing experiment will increase the accuracy of inverted gas concentrations and minimize the dependence of the experiment on pressure or mass path error resulting from use of climatological pressure data, satellite ephemeris, and instrument pointing accuracy.

Treatment of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy with penicillamine. Results of a double-blind trial

Eleven boys with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, randomly assigned to placebo (group A, n = 6) or penicillamine treatment (group B, n = 5), received three capsules per day containing lactose or 250 mg of penicillamine. All patients received pyridoxine, 50 mg daily. Mean age at entrance into study was similar for both groups (group A , 86.7 +/- 31.6 months; group B, 95.4 +/- 43.4 months). Clinical status was assessed with timed functional activities, manometric measurements of muscle force, and manual muscle testing. After 14 to 16 months of treatment, statistical analysis (analysis of variance) of data disclosed no significant differences in the overall performance of the two groups. A longer-duration trial, involving younger patients, is needed to determine whether there are palliative effects of penicillamine or other potentially therapeutic agents.

Mechanism of action of penicillamine in the treatment of avian muscular dystrophy

Penicillamine, a cysteine analog with a reduced sulfhydryl group, has been used in this laboratory for the treatment of hereditary avian dystrophy. The drug delays the onset of symptoms and alleviates the debilitating aspects of the disease. To study the mechanism of drug action, the effects of penicillamine on white and red muscles of dystrophic chickens were examined with regard to the specific activities of the soluble enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, acetylphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione preoxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. The sulfhydryl contents of the soluble proteins and the concentration of myoglobin were also determined. In white dystrophic muscle (pectoral), there were large alterations in the various enzymatic activities compared to normal levels. In the DISCUSSION, these changes are related to the pathogenesis of the disease and to the adaptive response for protection of the severely affected fast fibers. Red dystrophic muscles (thigh) were minimally involved, in accordance with the known sparing action of the slow fiber type. The results suggested that the disease process in dystrophic muscle may be due to oxidation of the essential sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Penicillamine may produce therapeutic effects by altering the intracellular redox status, thereby promoting better regulation of enzymatic activity, membrane stability, and improved muscle function.