Correlating Papanicolaou Smear, Colposcopic Impression, and Biopsy: Results from the Women's Interagency HIV Study

OBJECTIVE

To determine associations among cervical cytology, colposcopy, and biopsy in HIV-seropositive women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HIV-seropositive women and uninfected comparison women in a multicenter prospective cohort study underwent colposcopy for protocol indications. Women were eligible if they had a cervix, satisfactory cytology, and colposcopy between October 1994 and September 1999. Cytology, colposcopic impression, and biopsy were compared using equivalent categorizations. Kappa statistics with bootstrap sampling assessed strength of associations.

RESULTS

Colposcopy was performed in 978/1370 HIV-seropositive women and in 154/224 seronegative women. Biopsies were performed on 603 (44%) seropositive women at least once during 1015 colposcopy visits and on 82 (37%) seronegative women at 116 visits. The positive predictive value of cytology was 72% for seropositive women and 60% for seronegative women. The positive predictive value of colposcopy was 71% for seropositive women and 55% for seronegative women.

CONCLUSION

The correlation between either cervical cytology or colposcopic impression and colposcopic biopsy was poor.

Peritoneal dialysis fluids with a physiologic pH based on either lactate or bicarbonate buffer-effects on human mesothelial cells

Conventional lactate (Lac)-buffered peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions have turned out to be detrimental to human peritoneal cells, especially because of a low pH. In the present study, we focus on potential differences between Lac and bicarbonate (Bic) as a buffer when adjusted to a physiological pH. All test fluids were buffered with either 40 mmol/L of Lac or 34 mmol/L of Bic, sterile filtered, and adjusted to a pH of 7.4. Osmotic agents used were 1.36% glucose (Glu), 3.86% Glu, 1% amino acids (AA), and 7.5% Glu polymer (Glupoly). Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were isolated from the omentum majus, grown to confluence, and incubated after the second passage for 15 minutes (37 degrees C and 5% carbon dioxide) with the test fluids. Cytotoxicity was controlled by measuring apoptotic and necrotic cells with cytofluorometry. Aerobic cell metabolism (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT] assay) and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations were measured to assess cell viability. Release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) from HPMCs was determined as a parameter of cellular host defense. No significant difference in apoptosis or necrosis rates was found between the solutions adjusted to normal pH. However, in the MTT assay, Bic solutions were superior to corresponding Lac pendants at an identical pH of 7.4 (P < 0.01). Intracellular ATP concentrations reflected a very similar pattern (P < 0.05). Glupoly in combination with Lac showed an impaired pattern with both the MTT and ATP assays. Regarding IL-1beta-stimulated IL-6 release, there was a small, but not significantly better, response for Bic. Differences in manifest cell cytotoxicity reflected by apoptosis and necrosis rates could not be detected comparing PD solutions buffered with Lac or Bic at a physiological pH. However, distinct parameters of cell metabolism were superior with Bic compared with Lac. Especially Glupoly was inferior in combination with Lac as a buffer.

Dinuclear titanium(IV) complexes from amino acid bridged dicatechol ligands: formation, structure, and conformational analysis

Amino acid bridged dicatechol ligands 3a-e-H4 form dinuclear double-stranded coordination compounds [(3a-e)2Ti2(OCH3)2]2- with titanium(IV) ions. Due to the directionality of the ligands, the chirality of the strand, and the chiral complex units, up to seven isomers, I-VII, can be obtained for the double-stranded complexes of ligands 3a-e-H4. The composition of the mixture of isomeric compounds in solution is strongly dependent on the conditions of complex formation. Under thermodynamic control, only a few isomers are obtained, one of which is the major component of the mixture. X-ray structure analyses were performed for K2[(3b)2Ti2(OH)2] and K2[(3d)2Ti2(OH)2] (type I), and for the meso complex Na2[(3e)(3e')Ti2(OCH3)2]. A conformational analysis that uses Ramachandrans method revealed that the conformation of the amino acids in the ligand strands can be compared with those found for amino acids in helical peptide structures. The most favored isomer of [(3)2Ti2(OCH3)2]2- appears to be of type I, with the catecholamide unit located at the N terminus of the ligand strand that binds to a lambda-configurated titanium(IV) complex unit and the dihydroxybenzyl group at the C terminus that coordinates to a delta-configurated titanium(IV) complex unit. The lambda configuration at the N terminus induces the conformation of a right-handed helix in the amino acid residue, while the delta configuration induces the less favored left-handed helix.

Retention of women enrolled in a prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus infection: impact of race, unstable housing, and use of human immunodeficiency virus therapy

Even though women and people of color represent an increasing proportion of US acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases, few research studies include adequate representation of these populations. Here the authors describe recruitment and retention of a diverse group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and at risk HIV-uninfected women in a prospective study operating in six sites across the United States. Methods used to minimize loss to follow-up in this cohort are also described. For the first 10 study visits that occurred during a 5-year period between 1994 and 1999, the retention rate of participants was approximately 82%. In adjusted Cox analysis, factors associated with retention among all women were older age, African-American race, stable housing, HIV-infected serostatus, past experience in studies of HIV/AIDS, and site of enrollment. In an adjusted Cox analysis of HIV-infected women, African-American race, past experience in studies of HIV/AIDS, site of enrollment, and reported use of combination or highly active antiretroviral HIV therapy at the last visit were significantly associated with retention. In adjusted Cox analysis of HIV-uninfected study participants, only the site of enrollment was significantly associated with study retention. These results show that women with and at risk for HIV infection, especially African-American women, can be successfully recruited and retained in prospective studies.

[First results in an animal model on stents sheathed with a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane]

OBJECTIVES

Mechanisms of restenosis after coronary stent implantation include marked intimal proliferation as well as vascular tissue protrusion through the meshes. Thus, stent sheathed with membranes may be an alternative to improve the long-term outcome.

METHODS

Seventeen cylindric serpentine shaped 316L stainless steel stents (nominal diameter 3.0 mm, length 15 mm) lined and covered by a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane and 10 unsheathed devices were implanted into the iliac arteries of 14 New Zealand White Rabbits for an observation period of 1 - 10, 11 - 20, and 21 - 30 weeks. After sacrificing the animals, specimens were harvested, fixed in formalin, processed in paraffin, serially sliced into 5 microm thick preparations, and stained (hematoxylin & eosin, elastica von Gieson).

RESULTS

The polytetrafluoroethylene membrane stents increased the vascular lumen significantly (p < 0.04) to 1185.3 - 1620.4 microm compared with the native segments (655.6 +/- 268.8 microm). In the stainless steel stents the lumen decreased from 1873.1 microm to 719.1 microm. None of the devices penetrated the internal elastic membrane. There was no inflammatory vascular reaction. Compared to the native segments, the amount of elastic fibres was slightly less (native: 8.9 %, PTFE: 2.3 - 3.5 %, without PTFE: 1.9 - 5.5 %) whereas the collagen fibres increased marginally (native: 5.1 %, PTFE: 6 - 6.9 %, without PTFE: 6.4 - 8.4 %).

CONCLUSIONS

In the rabbit iliac artery, stents sheathed with a microporous polytetrafluoroethylene membrane showed good tissue compatibility with no restenosis. These results warrant clinical trials.

Pemetrexed disodium in recurrent locally advanced or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

This phase II study determined response rate of patients with locally advanced or metastatic head and neck cancer treated with pemetrexed disodium, a new multitargeted antifolate that inhibits thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyl transferase. 35 patients with local or metastatic relapse of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (31 male, 4 female; median age 53 years) were treated with pemetrexed 500 mg m(2)administered as a 10-minute infusion on day 1 of a 21-day cycle. Patients received 1 to 8 cycles of therapy. 9 patients (26.5%) had an objective response, with a median response duration of 5.6 months (range 2.9-20 months). 15 (44.1%) had stable disease, and 8 (23.5%) had progressive disease. 2 patients were not assessable for response. Median overall survival was 6.4 months (range 0.7-28.1 months; 95% CI: 3.9-7.7 months). 24 patients (68.6%) experienced grade 3/4 neutropenia, with febrile neutropenia in 4 (11.4%). Grade 3/4 anaemia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 11 (34.3%) and 6 (17.1%) patients, respectively. The most frequent non-haematological toxicity was grade 3/4 mucositis (17.1%; 6 patients). In conclusion, pemetrexed is active in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Although substantial haematological toxicities were experienced by patients, subsequent studies have shown that these toxicities can be proactively managed by folic acid and vitamin B(12)supplementation.

[Atkinson's retrobulbar anesthesia. A quality control study]

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Recognized local and systemic complications of retrobulbar anaesthesia (RA) are well known. The purpose of this study was to determine which clinical signs predict the success of the RA technique.

METHODS

We prospectively investigated 500 consecutive patients scheduled for elective eye surgery for cataracts and for vitreoretinal procedures. Anaesthesia was administered using the Atkinson RA technique while for preoperative quality control, the following parameters were recorded: chemosis, eye motility, preservation of vision, active eyelid movement, and burning caused by disinfection. For analysis, a multidimensional model designed to be useful for forecasting results of the anaesthetic outcome was used. The RA was labeled as a "success" when no supplementary anaesthetics were required. "Partial success" was defined as an incomplete RA with supplementary subconjunctival anaesthetic requirement or an anaesthetic given in the form of eyedrops. In the case of "RA failure", the RA had to be repeated.

RESULTS

The success rate for RA was higher for cataract operations than for glaucoma operations. The success rate was not associated with the choice of the local anaesthetic, the application of ocular, compression, or the anaesthetists and surgeons who performed the RA. Burning caused by disinfectant, lid opening and temporal eye motility were found not to be associated with a successful outcome. The presence of chemosis had no influence on the success of anaesthesia.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study demonstrated that prognostic factors such as defined existing clinical signs, are early predictors of the success of the Atkinson RA.

Concomitant twice-a-day radiotherapy and chemotherapy in unresectable head and neck cancer patients: A long-term quality of life analysis

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study is to make a comparative analysis between acute toxicity with late toxicity. This study is based upon a French quality of life (QoL) questionnaire in a cohort of advanced head and neck (H&N) cancer patients treated by concomitant twice-a-day continuous radiotherapy with no acceleration and chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil.

METHODS

From September 1992 to November 1997, a prospective data bank of 91 patients was constituted. In November 1999, 31 patients were still alive and followed for more than 3 years. All patients had stage IV strictly unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx or hypopharynx. A French specific H&N cancer QoL questionnaire was used at the end of radiotherapy and at the last date of follow-up of each patient (during 1999). p values reflect comparison of percentages obtained at the end of treatment with percentages at long-term follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using chi(2) test (p <.05 considered as significant). Percentages obtained by the QoL questionnaire correspond to moderate-severe problems only.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine of 31 (94%) patients participated in the QoL study. Acute treatment toxicities were severe with declines in virtually all QoL and functional domains. Globally, with an average long-term follow-up of 4.5 years (range 3-7 years after treatment), there is a statistical improvement in the following symptoms: dry mouth and sticky saliva (97% versus 55%, p <.05); tasting problems (35% versus 21%, not significant); swallowing problems (77% versus 36%, p <.05); and H&N pain (86% versus 9%, p <.05). Financial problems were not improved (21% versus 14%, not significant), and psychological problems (59% versus 5%) were statistically significant. Fourteen of 29 (48%) patients were drinking and 8 of 29 (28%) were smoking at long-term follow-up; at the diagnosis they were 86% and 90%, respectively. At long-term follow-up 22 of 29 presented good or very good QoL, and 25 of 29 said they had improved their initial QoL.

CONCLUSION

The interest of twice-a-day radiotherapy with concomitant chemotherapy is to increase total radiotherapy equivalent dose without increasing late toxicity and also to improve locoregional control, survival, and long-term QoL/effectiveness ratio. Best supportive care is recommended to obtain both good QoL and cancer control in a long-term follow-up.

Combination of cisplatin-doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide in adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site: a phase II trial

The purpose of this report is to evaluate toxicity, response, and survival of the cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin-cisplatin (CAP) chemotherapy regimen in patients with adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site (ACUP). Twenty-two patients with ACUP were eligible for this study between June 1992 and April 1999. There were 13 men (59%) and 9 women (41%) with a median age of 53.5 years (range: 29--78 years). Lung (seven), liver (six), vertebral bone site (six), and abdominal nodes (six) were the most common metastatic sites. Treatment consisted of doxorubicin 50 mg/m(2), cyclophosphamide 1,000 mg/m(2), and cisplatin 100 mg/m(2) (CAP), administered every 3 weeks; a total of six courses were planned. Twenty-two patients were assessable for toxicity and 20 patients were assessable for response. Grade III to IV neutropenia was observed in 14 patients (64%); febrile neutropenia occurred in 6 patients (27%) and in 10 cycles (12.5%). Grade III to IV anemia and thrombocytopenia were found in 12 (54.5%) and 9 patients (41%), respectively. Grade III to IV nausea and vomiting was observed in 9 patients (41%). Ten patients, 50% of the assessable population, obtained an objective response, including 3 complete (15%) and 7 partial (35%) responses. The median response duration was 3.9 months (range: 0.5--13.3 months). One patient (5%) had stable disease and 5 patients (25%) had progressive disease. The median overall survival and the median time to progression were 10.7 months (range: 0.4--56.9 months) and 8.8 months (range: 6.6--16.5 months), respectively. The CAP regimen in patients with ACUP had significant activity. This chemotherapy regimen induced a high level of grade III to IV toxicities and could not be considered as a treatment of reference. However, the emergence of long-term survivors among responder patients highlighted the need to search for an active treatment for patients with ACUP.

[Concomitant bifractionated radiotherapy and chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in locally progressive, non-resectable epidermoid carcinomas of the pharynx: ten years experience at the Antoine Lacassagne center]

PURPOSE

Patients suffering from locally advanced unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and hypopharynx treated with radiotherapy alone have a poor prognosis. More than 70% of patients die within 5 years mainly due to local recurrences. The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the Antoine Lacassagne Cancer Center's experience in a treatment by concomitant bid radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Evaluation was based on analysis of the toxicity, the response rates, the survival, and the clinical prognostic factors.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From 1992 to 2000, 92 consecutive patients were treated in our single institution. All of them had stage IV, unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the pharynx and they received continuous bid radiotherapy (two daily fractions of 1.2 Gy, 5 days a week, with a 6-h minimal interval between fractions). Total radiotherapy dose was 80.4 Gy on the oropharynx and 75.6 Gy on the hypopharynx. Two or three chemotherapy courses of cisplatin (CP)-5-fluorouracil (5FU) were given during radiotherapy at 21-day intervals (third not delivered after the end of the radiotherapy). CP dose was 100 mg/m2 (day 1) and 5-FU was given as 5-day continuous infusion (750 mg/m2/day at 1st course; 430 mg/m2/day at 2nd and 3rd courses). Special attention was paid to supportive care, particularly in terms of enteral nutrition and mucositis prevention by low-level laser energy.

RESULTS

Acute toxicity was marked and included WHO grade III/IV mucositis (89%, 16% of them being grade IV), WHO grade III dermatitis (72%) and grade III/IV neutropenia (61%). This toxicity was significant but manageable with optimised supportive care, and never led to interruption of treatment for more than 1 week, although there were two toxic deaths. Complete global response rate at 6 months was 74%. Overall global survival at 1 and 2 years was 72% and 50% respectively, with a median follow-up of 17 months. Prognostic factors for overall survival were the Karnofsky index (71% survival at 3 years for patients with a Karnofsky index of 90-100% versus 30% for patients with a Karnofsky index of 80% versus 0% for patients with a Karnofsky index of 60-70%, p = 0.0001) and tumor location (55% at 3 years for oropharynx versus 37% for panpharynx versus 28% for hypopharynx, p = 0.009).

CONCLUSION

These results confirm the efficacy of concomitant bid radiotherapy and chemotherapy in advanced unresectable tumor of the pharynx. The improvement in results will essentially depend on our capacity to restore in a good nutritional status the patients before beginning this heavy treatment.

Identification of the beta-dystroglycan binding epitope within the C-terminal region of alpha-dystroglycan

Dystroglycan is a receptor for extracellular matrix proteins that plays a crucial role during embryogenesis in addition to adult tissue stabilization. A precursor product of a single gene is post-translationally cleaved to form two different subunits, alpha and beta. The extracellular alpha-dystroglycan is a membrane-associated, highly glycosylated protein that binds to various extracellular matrix molecules, whereas the transmembrane beta-dystroglycan binds, via its cytosolic domain, to dystrophin and many other proteins. alpha- and beta-Dystroglycan interact tightly but noncovalently. We have previously shown that the N-terminal region of beta-dystroglycan, beta-DG(654-750), binds to the C-terminal region of murine alpha-dystroglycan independently from glycosylation. Preparing a series of deleted recombinant fragments and using solid-phase binding assays, the C-terminal sequence of alpha-dystroglycan containing the binding epitope for beta-dystroglycan has been defined more precisely. We found that a region of 36 amino acids, from position 550-585, is required for binding the extracellular region, amino acids 654-750 of beta-dystroglycan. Recently, a dystroglycan-like gene was identified in Drosophila that showed a moderate degree of conservation with vertebrate dystroglycan (31% identity, 48% similarity). Surprisingly, the Drosophila sequence contains a region showing a higher degree of identity and conservation (45% and 66%) that coincides with the 550-585 sequence of vertebrate alpha-dystroglycan. We have expressed this Drosophila dystroglycan fragment and measured its binding to the extracellular region of vertebrate (murine) beta-dystroglycan (Kd = 6 +/- 1 microM). These data confirm the proper identification of the beta-dystroglycan binding epitope and stress the importance of this region during evolution. This finding might help the rational design of dystroglycan-specific binding drugs, that could have important biomedical applications.

Systemic lupus erythematosus. Disease outcome in patients with a disease duration of at least 10 years: second evaluation

Data related to the disease course of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with special attention to the persistence of disease activity in the long term are scarce. At this moment reliable figures are only known about the survival rate as a measure of outcome. The aim of this multicenter study was to describe the outcome of SLE patients with a disease duration of greater than 10 y. Outcome parameters were two disease activity-scoring systems (SLEDAI and ECLAM), the end organ damage (SLICC/ACR damage index) and treatment. Our results are derived from 187 SLE patients followed at 10 different centres in Europe over a period of 1 y. Serious clinical signs or exacerbations, defined by the occurrence or detoriation of already existing symptoms of renal and cerebral nervous systems were observed in 2-11% of the patients, seizures and psychosis in 3%, proteinuria in 11% and an increase in serum creatinine in 5% of the patients. No change took place in the overall damage index. Yet, the disease course in most patients was characterized by periods of tiredness (42-60%), arthritis (20-25%), skin involvement such as malar rash (32-40%), migraine (15-20%), anaemia (15%) and leucopenia (17-19%). Summarizing these results it is shown that patients, still under care after such a long time of having this disease, do have a disease that is far from extinguished.

Cholangiopathy after short-term administration of piperacillin and imipenem/cilastatin

We describe a patient who suffered from intestinal perforation after abdominal trauma. Perioperatively, he was treated with a single dose of piperacillin and 9 doses of imipenem/cilastatin over 3 days. The patient was discharged 5 days after surgery in good clinical condition and with normal liver values except for a marginal elevation of alanine aminotransferase. Two weeks after discharge, he developed fatigue, fever and pruritus, necessitating rehospitalization. He was jaundiced and had elevated alkaline phosphatase and transaminases. After exclusion of an intra-abdominal fluid collection, a vascular problem, and infectious or autoimmune liver disease, a liver biopsy was performed. The biopsy revealed centrizonal bilirubinostasis, a portal infiltrate rich in eosinophils and cholangitis. Lymphocyte transformation tests for piperacillin and imipenem/cilastatin were positive, suggesting an immunological mechanism for the observed hepatopathy. Cholestasis gradually decreased but was detectable for several weeks. The patient had a full clinical and biochemical recovery after 3 months. We conclude that short-term therapy with piperacillin, imipenem/cilastatin or the combination of these drugs can lead to the same type of hepatopathy as described for amoxycillin/clavulanic acid or antistaphylococcal penicillins. Liver biopsy and positive lymphocyte transformation are compatible with an immunological mechanism.

Outpatient flexible cystoscopy in men: a randomized study of patient tolerance

PURPOSE

We evaluate the pain of immediate versus delayed outpatient flexible cystoscopy in men after topical local anesthesia application.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 100 consecutive men with superficial bladder tumors were randomized to immediate or delayed surveillance flexible cystoscopy after intraurethral instillation of lidocaine gel. Patients recorded the level of pain experienced during cystoscopy on a 4-point pain scale and on a 10-point visual linear analog self-assessment scale.

RESULTS

Of the 100 patients 50 underwent immediate and 50 underwent delayed cystoscopy. The mean pain score on a scale of 1-no to 4-severe pain was 1.7 after immediate cystoscopy compared with 1.6 after delayed cystoscopy (p = 0.9). The mean linear analog self-assessment score on a scale of 1-no to 10-most pain was 2.1 after immediate cystoscopy versus 1.8 after delayed cystoscopy (p = 0.7).

CONCLUSIONS

There was no difference in pain perception in men undergoing immediate or delayed outpatient flexible cystoscopy using the same local anesthetic.

Defining premature ejaculation for experimental and clinical investigations

Researchers investigating premature ejaculation (PE) have employed widely diverse definitions of it, thereby limiting progress in the field. This study summarizes available research on PE, notes patterns that emerge from these studies, compares patterns across several types of studies, and suggests a common model for defining PE groups to guide future research. We surveyed two bibliographic databases, identifying 45 studies employing a definition or description of a PE group. From these, we extracted a range of information, including descriptions of the participants, recruitment procedures, if PE subtypes were identified, operational criteria for PE classification, relationship and partner information, and additional inclusion/exclusion criteria. Over 50% of studies reported no criteria, or relied on simple self-identification by participants to establish the PE group. Quantifiable behavioral criteria were used in 49% of the studies, with ejaculatory latency reported most frequently. This measure was also used as a criterion more frequently in studies focusing on assessment of sexual response, whereas the number of penile thrusts was used more frequently in studies prior to 1989. Partner information was often included but seldom used as part of the assessment procedure. Progress on research and treatment of PE will continue to be limited by the absence of commonly accepted criteria for PE group membership and by a lack of identification of relevant PE subtypes and etiologies. This paper suggests a flowchart, based on data and a rational analysis of 40 years of research, for characterizing PE in ways that could assist the development of the field.

Functional results after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the patellar ligament bone-tendon-bone technique

This study evaluates the outcome after surgical repair of the cruciate ligament in 129 patients (physical examination plus questionnaire) and another 49 patients (questionnaire only) after a mean interval of 3.2 years. A modified Lysholm score and the OAK score together with KT 1000 arthrometry were used. Ninety-five percent of patients evaluated the overall result as 'excellent' or 'good'. The overall OAK objective score was good or excellent in 81%. Elongation as measured by KT 1000 arthrometry was 1.0 mm (67 N) and 1.2 mm (90 N) on average compared with the contralateral knee.

The relationship of pregnancy to the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy

OBJECTIVE

Public health agencies have recommended that the criteria for the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy should not be modified because of pregnancy. However, little information has been published with regard to the degree to which these recommendations are being followed. We report here the frequency of highly active antiretroviral therapy use among pregnant women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study and compare the frequencies of its use by pregnant women meeting published criteria for implementing highly active antiretroviral therapy and its use by nonpregnant women meeting the same criteria.

STUDY DESIGN

From October 1994 through November 1995, a total of 2059 human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive women were enrolled in a cohort study. Participants were evaluated at baseline and at 6-month intervals with standardized interview instruments. In addition to a general physical examination at each visit, patients had a urine pregnancy test performed and were asked about current pregnancies, pregnancies since the last visit, and which antiretroviral medications they had used since the last visit. Highly active antiretroviral therapy was defined according to 1997 National Institutes of Health guidelines.

RESULT

At each calendar interval after October 1996, a greater proportion of nonpregnant women than pregnant women reported the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The use of monotherapy declined for both groups during the course of multiple calendar periods (P <.01), although the use of monotherapy remained higher among the pregnant women. In any given calendar period, pregnant women meeting published criteria for highly active antiretroviral therapy use were slightly less likely than similar nonpregnant women to receive highly active antiretroviral therapy (odds ratio, 0.28-0.98). Because of the sample size these differences reached significance in only one calendar period (P =.02). With time pregnant women did demonstrate an increase in the percentage receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. In nearly all calendar periods a larger percentage of pregnant than nonpregnant women were receiving a regimen that included zidovudine.

CONCLUSIONS

Highly active antiretroviral therapy is being received by an increasing percentage of women who meet published criteria for its use, and pregnancy is a relatively small impediment to its use. Further efforts are needed to bolster the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy by all appropriate candidates and to ensure equal access to this therapy for pregnant women. Because of the increasingly frequent use of highly active antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy, ongoing efforts are needed to monitor any long-term effects of in utero exposure to multiple antiretroviral agents.

Mixed micelles containing lipophilic gadolinium complexes as MRA contrast agents

Mixed micelles for MRA are multicomponent systems containing a phospholipid, a biocompatible non-ionic surfactant (e.g. Synperonic(R) F-108) and a lipophilic gadolinium complex. A variety of lipophilic gadolinium complexes were designed taking into account features such as: (i) nature of ligand (cyclic versus acyclic); (ii) lipophilic moiety; (iii) global charge of the complex; and (iv) nature of bond connecting the complex to the lipophilic moiety. All the lipophilic gadolinium complexes after formulation as mixed micelles show high relaxivities in water and in blood (rat). Mixed micelles containing gadolinium complexes bearing only one aliphatic chain cannot be used as MRA contrast agents because they have a high haemolytic effect. Furthermore, in rats they are quickly eliminated from the blood stream. These drawbacks are completely circumvented using gadolinium complexes bearing two aliphatic chains. Mixed micelles containing such complexes show high relaxivities, no haemolytic effect and long blood permanence. This makes them promising candidates as MRA contrast agents. However, elimination, which occurs exclusively through the liver, is not complete, even after 7 days. Complexes containing labile (e.g. ester) bonds between the lipophilic moieties and the chelate subunit are eliminated through both the liver and the kidneys. However, elimination is still not complete after 7 days.

Transvenous embolization of small patent ductus arteriosus with single detachable coils in dogs

Transvenous embolization of small patent ductus arteriosus (PDA; < or = 4 mm) with a single detachable coil was attempted in 24 dogs (median age 5.7 months, range, 2.6-65.5 months; median body weight 5.5 kg, range, 1.5-30.0 kg). Angiographic imaging of the duct and pressure measurements were made before and after embolization. The minimal ductal diameter was 2.7 +/- 0.7 mm. In all dogs, a single coil was employed regardless of residual shunting. Ten dogs (PDA minimal diameter range, 1.5-2.2 mm) received a 5-mm coil, and 14 dogs (PDA minimal diameter range, 2.9-3.6 mm) received a 8-mm coil. After coil embolization the angiographic shunt grade decreased significantly (n = 20, P < .001). Residual shunts were assessed by angiography 15 minutes after and by Doppler echocardiography 1-3 days and 3 months after the intervention. In the dogs treated with the 5-mm coils the residual shunt rate was low (0%, 10%, and 0% for angiography and Doppler echocardiography at 1-3 days and 3 months, respectively), in contrast to the dogs treated with the 8-mm coils (91%, 79%, and 67% for angiography and Doppler echocardiography at 1-3 days and 3 months, respectively). After 3 months, no residual murmur was found in dogs treated with the 5-mm coils (0/7), in contrast to murmurs in 5 of 12 (42%) dogs treated with the 8-mm coils. Despite incomplete closure in these dogs, volume loading of the left heart decreased in all dogs. Pulmonic or aortic coil embolism did not occur. Analysis of initial results shows that single detachable coil embolization is possible in all dogs with a small PDA (< or = 4 mm), but only very small PDA (< or = 2.5) could be treated effectively, and for the moderate PDA (2.6-4.0 mm) longer coils or multiple coils may be necessary to achieve complete occlusion.

beta-lactam derivatives as enzyme inhibitors: carboxy peptidyl derivatives of (S)-4-oxoazetidine-2-carboxylate as peptidomimetics

4-Oxoazetidine-2-carboxylic acid, protected at the nitrogen by silyl groups, was coupled with amino acid and oligopeptide esters. Desilylation and deprotection of the amino acid residues yielded the free beta-lactam peptides. Structure and properties were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and discussed. Some selected compounds were tested as fibrinogen inhibitors and for thrombocyte aggregation. None of the compounds showed any activity up to a concentration of 10(-5) Mol/l. Some other compounds exhibited a weak inhibitory activity against elastase (PPE).