Observation of High Transformer Ratio of Shaped Bunch Generated by an Emittance-Exchange Beam Line

Collinear wakefield acceleration has been long established as a method capable of generating ultrahigh acceleration gradients. Because of the success on this front, recently, more efforts have shifted towards developing methods to raise the transformer ratio (TR). This figure of merit is defined as the ratio of the peak acceleration field behind the drive bunch to the peak deceleration field inside the drive bunch. TR is always less than 2 for temporally symmetric drive bunch distributions and therefore recent efforts have focused on generating asymmetric distributions to overcome this limitation. In this Letter, we report on using the emittance-exchange method to generate a shaped drive bunch to experimentally demonstrate a TR≈5 in a dielectric wakefield accelerator.

Nutritional and Frailty State Transitions in the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study

BACKGROUND

Malnutrition is a major determinant of the physical frailty syndrome. Dynamic transitions in frailty states over time is well documented, but few studies have documented temporal changes in nutritional states and whether they influence frailty outcomes.

DESIGN

Longitudinal cohort study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Community-dwelling older Singaporeans aged ≥55y with a 5-year follow-up (n=1162) in the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study 2 (SLAS-2).

MEASUREMENTS

The Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF) was used to determine nutritional status, and the Fried's criteria (shrinking, weakness, slowness, exhaustion and inactivity) was used to assess physical frailty phenotype at both baseline and follow-up. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were adjusted for multiple baseline co-variables.

RESULTS

At baseline, being at risk of malnutrition/malnourished was associated with increased odds of prevalent pre-frailty (OR=2.76, 95% CI=1.86-4.10) and frailty (OR=4.10, 95% CI=1.41-11.9). Baseline robust individuals who were persistently at risk of malnutrition/malnourished showed an increased odds of conversion to being pre-frail/frail at follow-up (OR=3.45, 95% CI=1.00-11.9). Among baseline pre-frail/frail individuals, reversion to being robust were significantly less likely among those who were persistently at risk of malnutrition/malnourished (OR=0.26, 95% CI=0.10-0.67) and those whose baseline normal nutrition worsened at follow-up (OR=0.20, 95% CI=0.06-0.74).

CONCLUSION

Changes in nutritional states are associated with frailty state transitions, and monitoring changes in nutritional status is recommended for the prevention and severity reduction of frailty among older people in the community.

Role of carboxylic acid groups in the reduction of nitric oxide by carbon at low temperature, as exemplified by graphene oxide

Graphene oxide (GO) was utilized to investigate the role of carboxylic acid groups in the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) for the first time. As a result, GO with sufficient carboxylic acid groups reduced 45% of NO at 100 °C. However, GO without these oxygen-containing groups barely reduced NO (lower than 5%) under the same conditions. After reduction of NO, the carboxylic acid group content on GO decreased from 8.32 to 5.22 mmol g^-1. Simultaneously, the anhydride group content increased from 0.14 to 0.28 mmol g^-1. FTIR spectroscopy also indicated that the carboxylic acid groups transformed into anhydride and lactone groups. Moreover, both transient kinetics and TG-MS studies demonstrated that reactive intermediates formed during the reaction between NO and GO at 100 °C. Based on these results, it was proposed that the carboxylic acid groups participated in NO reduction by consumption and regeneration. This mechanism explains why carbon is usually an effective reductant and catalyst support for NO removal at low temperature.

Determination of the Spin and Parity of the Z_{c}(3900)

The spin and parity of the Z_{c}(3900)^{±} state are determined to be J^{P}=1^{+} with a statistical significance larger than 7σ over other quantum numbers in a partial wave analysis of the process e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ. We use a data sample of 1.92  fb^{-1} accumulated at sqrt[s]=4.23 and 4.26 GeV with the BESIII experiment. When parametrizing the Z_{c}(3900)^{±} with a Flatté-like formula, we determine its pole mass M_{pole}=(3881.2±4.2_{stat}±52.7_{syst})  MeV/c^{2} and pole width Γ_{pole}=(51.8±4.6_{stat}±36.0_{syst})  MeV. We also measure cross sections for the process e^{+}e^{-}→Z_{c}(3900)^{+}π^{-}+c.c.→J/ψπ^{+}π^{-} and determine an upper limit at the 90% confidence level for the process e^{+}e^{-}→Z_{c}(4020)^{+}π^{-}+c.c.→J/ψπ^{+}π^{-}.

Identification of proteome, antigen protein and antigen membrane protein from Spiroplasma eriocheiris

Spiroplasma eriocheiris, which causes tremor disease in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, has led to huge economic losses in aquaculture. Immunoproteomics, a new scientific technique combining proteomics and immunological analytical methods, provided the direction of our research on S. eriocheiris. The aim of our study was to identify the proteome, antigen proteins and antigen membrane proteins of S. eriocheiris. A total of 780 S. eriocheiris proteins were identified by the LC-MS/MS technique. Based on immunoproteomics, 51 proteins and 7 proteins in S. eriocheiris were identified by anti-S. eriocheiris serum and negative serum respectively (six proteins in common). Thus, 45 antigenic proteins in S. eriocheiris were identified; among them, molecular chaperone DnaK, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ATP synthase subunit beta and enolase can be considered as immunogenic proteins. Similarly, 32 membrane proteins and 6 membrane proteins were identified by anti-S. eriocheiris serum and negative serum respectively (two proteins in common). Thus, 30 antigenic membrane proteins in S. eriocheiris were identified; three of them have been reported as surface proteins including pyruvate kinase, enolase and GAPDH. All of these proteins may play key roles in the pathogeny and can be used in the future for diagnoses and prevention.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Spiroplasma eriocheiris is a novel pathogen causing the tremor disease in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. This is the first time LC-MS/MS was used to identify the proteome, antigen protein and antigen membrane protein of S. eriocheiris. The results can certainly provide valuable information towards the identification of virulent proteins or diagnosis of pathogenic mechanisms.

microRNA-142-3p inhibits apoptosis and inflammation induced by bleomycin through down-regulation of Cox-2 in MLE-12 cells

microRNA (miR)-142-3p is implicated in malignancy and has been identified as a biomarker for aggressive and recurrent lung adenocarcinomas. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of miR-142-3p on apoptosis and inflammation induced by bleomycin in MLE-12 cells. MLE-12 cells were first transfected either with miR-142-3p mimic or miR-142-3p inhibitor and then the cells were exposed to 50 μg/mL of bleomycin. Thereafter, cell viability, apoptosis and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were assessed using CCK-8, flow cytometry, RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Cox-2, PI3K, AKT and mTOR expressions were detected by western blotting after bleomycin was administered together with NS-398 (an inhibitor of Cox-2). As a result, cell viability was significantly decreased, as well as apoptosis and the expression of IL-1 and TNF-α were remarkably increased after 50 and 100 μg/mL of bleomycin administration. miR-142-3p overexpression alleviated bleomycin-induced apoptosis and overproduction of these two pro-inflammatory cytokines, while miR-142-3p suppression exhibited completely opposite results. Up-regulation of Cox-2 and inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR were found in bleomycin-pretreated cells, while these abnormal regulations were partially abolished by miR-142-3p overexpression and NS-398. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that miR-142-3p overexpression protected bleomycin-induced injury in lung epithelial MLE-12 cells, possibly via regulating Cox-2 expression and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. These findings provide evidence that miR-142-3p may be a therapeutic strategy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) treatment.

FZUImageReg: A toolbox for medical image registration and dose fusion in cervical cancer radiotherapy

The combination external-beam radiotherapy and high-dose-rate brachytherapy is a standard form of treatment for patients with locally advanced uterine cervical cancer. Personalized radiotherapy in cervical cancer requires efficient and accurate dose planning and assessment across these types of treatment. To achieve radiation dose assessment, accurate mapping of the dose distribution from HDR-BT onto EBRT is extremely important. However, few systems can achieve robust dose fusion and determine the accumulated dose distribution during the entire course of treatment. We have therefore developed a toolbox (FZUImageReg), which is a user-friendly dose fusion system based on hybrid image registration for radiation dose assessment in cervical cancer radiotherapy. The main part of the software consists of a collection of medical image registration algorithms and a modular design with a user-friendly interface, which allows users to quickly configure, test, monitor, and compare different registration methods for a specific application. Owing to the large deformation, the direct application of conventional state-of-the-art image registration methods is not sufficient for the accurate alignment of EBRT and HDR-BT images. To solve this problem, a multi-phase non-rigid registration method using local landmark-based free-form deformation is proposed for locally large deformation between EBRT and HDR-BT images, followed by intensity-based free-form deformation. With the transformation, the software also provides a dose mapping function according to the deformation field. The total dose distribution during the entire course of treatment can then be presented. Experimental results clearly show that the proposed system can achieve accurate registration between EBRT and HDR-BT images and provide radiation dose warping and fusion results for dose assessment in cervical cancer radiotherapy in terms of high accuracy and efficiency.

[A prognostic analysis of cirrhotic esophageal variceal bleeding treated with standardized endoscopic therapy]

Objective: To analyze the clinical effect of standardized endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation alone or in combination with tissue adhesive injection for gastric varices (GV) after the first cirrhotic esophageal variceal bleeding. Methods: A total of 97 patients who underwent a successful endoscopic therapy in our hospital due to the first cirrhotic esophageal variceal bleeding were enrolled, and according to the subsequent therapeutic regimen, they were divided into control group (48 patients) and treatment group (49 patients). The patients in the control group were given conservative treatment alone, and those in the treatment group were given endoscopic therapy regularly. The therapeutic regimen, changes in varices, complications, and death caused by rebleeding were compared between the two groups. The t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, and the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results: The treatment group achieved a remission rate of esophageal varices (EV) of 100% and a GV elimination rate of 93.75% after 2-3 times of endoscopic therapy; the EV recurrence, rebleeding, and mortality rates were 2.04%, 0, and 0, respectively, within 1 month, 16.33%, 4.08%, and 0, respectively, within 12 months, and 20.40%, 14.29%, and 4.08%, respectively, within 20 months; the incidence rate of gastric variceal bleeding (GVB) was 0. In the control group, the EV recurrence, rebleeding, and mortality rates were 4.17%, 2.08%, and 2.08%, respectively, within 1 month, 41.67%, 33.33%, and 8.33%, respectively, within 12 months, and 72.92%, 56.25%, and 20.83%, respectively, within 20 months; the incidence rate of GVB was 18.75%. There were significant differences between the two groups in the incidence rate of GVB (χ (2) = 13.605, P = 0.001) and EV long-term recurrence, rebleeding, and mortality rates (12 months: χ (2) = 16.326, P < 0.01; 20 months: χ (2) = 27.144, P < 0.01). Conclusion: Gastroscopy and continuous endoscopic therapy for 2-3 times should be performed regularly after the first cirrhotic esophageal variceal bleeding to alleviate EV, eliminate GV, and reduce rebleeding and mortality rates.

Observation of Λ_{c}^{+}→nK_{S}^{0}π^{+}

We report the first direct measurement of decays of the Λ_{c}^{+} baryon involving the neutron. The analysis is performed using 567  pb^{-1} of e^{+}e^{-} collision data collected at sqrt[s]=4.599  GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. We observe the decay Λ_{c}^{+}→nK_{S}^{0}π^{+} and measure the absolute branching fraction to be B(Λ_{c}^{+}→nK_{S}^{0}π^{+})=[1.82±0.23(stat)±0.11(syst)]%. A comparison to B[Λ_{c}^{+}→p(K[over ¯]π)^{0}] provides an important test of isospin symmetry and final state interactions.

Precision Control of the Electron Longitudinal Bunch Shape Using an Emittance-Exchange Beam Line

We report on the experimental generation of relativistic electron bunches with a tunable longitudinal bunch shape. A longitudinal bunch-shaping (LBS) beam line, consisting of a transverse mask followed by a transverse-to-longitudinal emittance exchange (EEX) beam line, is used to tailor the longitudinal bunch shape (or current profile) of the electron bunch. The mask shapes the bunch's horizontal profile, and the EEX beam line converts it to a corresponding longitudinal profile. The Argonne wakefield accelerator rf photoinjector delivers electron bunches into a LBS beam line to generate a variety of longitudinal bunch shapes. The quality of the longitudinal bunch shape is limited by various perturbations in the exchange process. We develop a simple method, based on the incident slope of the bunch, to significantly suppress the perturbations.

Precise Measurement of the e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ Cross Section at Center-of-Mass Energies from 3.77 to 4.60 GeV

The cross section for the process e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ is measured precisely at center-of-mass energies from 3.77 to 4.60 GeV using 9  fb^{-1} of data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring. Two resonant structures are observed in a fit to the cross section. The first resonance has a mass of (4222.0±3.1±1.4)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (44.1±4.3±2.0)  MeV, while the second one has a mass of (4320.0±10.4±7.0)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (101.4_{-19.7}^{+25.3}±10.2)  MeV, where the first errors are statistical and second ones are systematic. The first resonance agrees with the Y(4260) resonance reported by previous experiments. The precision of its resonant parameters is improved significantly. The second resonance is observed in e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ for the first time. The statistical significance of this resonance is estimated to be larger than 7.6σ. The mass and width of the second resonance agree with the Y(4360) resonance reported by the BABAR and Belle experiments within errors. Finally, the Y(4008) resonance previously observed by the Belle experiment is not confirmed in the description of the BESIII data.

Evidence of Two Resonant Structures in e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}h_{c}

The cross sections of e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}h_{c} at center-of-mass energies from 3.896 to 4.600 GeV are measured using data samples collected with the BESIII detector operating at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider. The cross sections are found to be of the same order of magnitude as those of e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ and e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}ψ(2S), but the line shape is inconsistent with the Y states observed in the latter two modes. Two structures are observed in the e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}h_{c} cross sections around 4.22 and 4.39  GeV/c^{2}, which we call Y(4220) and Y(4390), respectively. A fit with a coherent sum of two Breit-Wigner functions results in a mass of (4218.4_{-4.5}^{+5.5}±0.9)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (66.0_{-8.3}^{+12.3}±0.4)  MeV for the Y(4220), and a mass of (4391.5_{-6.8}^{+6.3}±1.0)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (139.5_{-20.6}^{+16.2}±0.6)  MeV for the Y(4390), where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second ones systematic. The statistical significance of Y(4220) and Y(4390) is 10σ over one structure assumption.

Abstract P2-10-02: The impact of intrinsic subtypes and molecular features on aromatase inhibitor induced reduction of proliferation marker of Ki67 in primary ER+ breast cancer: A POETIC study (CRUK/07/015)

Background

Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NAE) is often a good option for postmenopausal (PM) women with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancers(BC). Fall in Ki67 is widely accepted as valid for predicting favorable tumor response to NAE and improved outcome. We report our planned correlative study to investigate if intrinsic subtype impacts on Ki67 changes (ΔKi67) as measured by immunohistochemistry. We also explored the correlation of several ER+ BC relevant molecular features at baseline(B) with ΔKi67.

Patients and methods

POETIC is a phase III, randomized 2:1 study for 4486 PM patients with ER+ BC to determine whether peri-operative aromatase inhibitor (AI) followed by standard adjuvant therapy improves outcome compared with standard adjuvant therapy alone. The proliferation rate was estimated as percentage (%) of cancer cells staining for Ki67. Primary biological endpoint was defined as two-week (2wk) change in Ki67 (2wkΔKi67): ln[(2wk Ki67+0.1)/(B Ki67+0.1)]. Secondary endpoint: “responders”, was % change of Ki67 defined as (2wk Ki67 – B Ki67) *100/B Ki67. “Responder” was defined as follows: reduction &lt;50% as poor (PR), 50-75% moderate and &gt;75% as good responder (GR).

Human whole genome expression(GE) Illumina BeadChips were performed. Data was obtained from 137 paired samples from the treatment group(T) and 49 pairs from the control(C) group with GE data passing quality check and baseline Ki67≥5% to minimise the impact of extreme values based on proportional ΔKi67. Intrinsic subtype and risk of recurrence(ROR) groups were calculated using PAM50. GE scores from Oncotype Dx, MammaPrint, p53 mutation/wildtype(Troester 2006), ER+ early response (ERE)(Hatzis 2011), estrogen-regulated genes subtypes (Oh 2006) and markers for 23 different immune cell types(Bindea 2013) were calculated. Associations of GE scores to endpoints of response were determined by Spearman correlation and chi-square tests. Bonferroni correction was used to control error rate with p&lt;0.0005 deemed significant.

Results

At B of the 137 paired T, 64% were Luminal A (LumA), 22% Luminal B (LumB), 9% as HER-2 enriched (HER2-E), 2% as Basal-like (BLBC) and 3% as Normal-like. Subtypes at B were associated with response, with LumA showing the biggest reduction of Ki67 (p=0.0001) and GR. All GE, except ERE, correlated significantly with 2wkΔKi67 and response: higher risk groups associated with lowest reduction rate. None of immune cell types correlated with 2wkΔKi67, except that tumors enriched with T-helper 1 cell type were associated with PR (p &lt; 0.000001).

Comparing subtypes between time-points, 85% of LumB and 42% of HER2-E were assigned instead as LumA at 2wk regardless of response. Of the 15 ROR defined high-risk group, only 33% were assigned instead as low-risk at 2wk.

Conclusion

Both LumA and LumB are endocrine sensitive. A fall of Ki67 was observed in majority of cases. Most tumors estimated as high-risk by molecular profiling showed less response and most remained moderate or high risk of recurrence on endocrine therapy. Whether molecular profiling at 2wk after starting AI predicts for long-term outcome in PM women with ER+ better than at diagnosis will need to be determined.

Citation Format: Cheang MCU, Morden J, Gao Q, Parker J, López-Knowles E, Detre S, Hills M, Zabaglo L, Tomiczek M, Mallon E, Robertson J, Smith I, Bliss J, Dowsett M, On Behalf of the POETIC Trialists. The impact of intrinsic subtypes and molecular features on aromatase inhibitor induced reduction of proliferation marker of Ki67 in primary ER+ breast cancer: A POETIC study (CRUK/07/015) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-10-02.

Abstract P2-09-02: True effect of aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment on global gene expression (expr) changes in postmenopausal ER+ breast cancer (BC) patients: A POETIC study (CRUK/07/015)

BACKGROUND Gene expression (expr) analyses are increasingly used for characterising the pharmacodynamic response of primary BC. This includes assessing ER+ BC's dependence on estrogen (E) by measuring gene expr changes after AI-treatment. However, differences in tissue sampling and other preanalytic procedures between samples taken at diagnosis (D) and surgery (S), may lead to systematic artifactual changes that are falsely ascribed to the intervention. To identify genes whose expr is truly affected by AI, we measured global gene expr changes from paired core-cut biopsies at D and S from patients in the POETIC presurgical window trial.

METHODS In POETIC, 4486 postmenopausal women with primary ER+ BC were randomised 2:1 to receive perioperative AI (2 weeks pre + 2 weeks post surgery, termed Tr) or no perioperative treatment (termed Con), allowing gene expr changes to be compared between Tr and Con. RNA was extracted from paired RNA-later stored core-cuts of 56 Con and 157 Tr patients and arrayed on Illumina whole genome expr BeadChips. Raw data was extracted, transformed, normalised and batch-corrected. Probes not detected (p&gt;0.01) in &gt;=25% of samples were discarded. Impact of AI on genes was evaluated based on difference of the expr mean changes (log2(S/D)) of the Tr and Con samples.

RESULTS In the Con group, expr of 73 genes significantly changed (FDR&lt;5%); 70 of these changed by a similar magnitude in the Tr group, indicating their change was independent of AI therapy but would have been artifactually discovered as changed by AI in the absence on Con. The 8 genes most up-regulated in Tr were all among the 20 genes most up-regulated in Con: many were early-response or stress-associated genes. Three of the 8 most down-regulated in AI were the most down-regulated in Con: all were haemoglobin-related. Expr of some genes was changed in Con (eg MYC increase) but was unaffected in Tr. Such artifactual gene changes in Con tumors conceal true AI-induced changes that would not be detected in the absence of comparison with Con.

615 genes were down-regulated and 472 up-regulated in Tr but not Con. The majority of down-regulated genes were cell cycle or proliferation-associated or E-regulated, including ESR1, PDZK1, GREB1, HSPB1. Functional mapping showed changes in the regulation of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases impacting on G1/S and G2/M. Of note, up-regulated genes included CDK6 (target for CDK4/6 inhibitors) and CCND2, involved in G1/S checkpoint regulation; SNAI2, TGFB3, TGFBR2, associated with tumour invasion and metastasis; and other genes involved in aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Glioblastoma Multiforme, HIPPO and p53 signalling.

CONCLUSION Expr of certain genes is altered by processes involved in presurgical window studies. In the absence of a Con group, these may be wrongly ascribed to an experimental intervention or wrongly considered as unaffected by the intervention (eg MYC in this study).

Down-regulation of E-responsive and proliferation genes was an expected response to AI but increased expr of genes such as SNAI2, CCND2 and CDK6 indicates immediate tumour re-wiring and provides mechanistic support for benefit from combination therapy with a CDK4/6 inhibitor.

Citation Format: Gao Q, López-Knowles E, Cheang MCU, Morden J, Martin L-A, Sidhu K, Evans D, Martins V, Dodson A, Skene A, Holcombe C, Mallon E, Abigail E, Bliss J, Robertson J, Smith I, Dowsett M. True effect of aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment on global gene expression (expr) changes in postmenopausal ER+ breast cancer (BC) patients: A POETIC study (CRUK/07/015) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-09-02.

[Clinicopathologic study of pediatric vascular anomalies: a report of 117 cases]

OBJECTIVE

To study the clinicopathologic features of pediatric vascular anomalies and application of ISSVA classification.

METHODS

The clinical features, histopathologic findings and immunohistochemical results were analyzed in 117 cases of pediatric vascular anomalies encountered during the period from May 2014 to May 2015.

RESULTS

A total of 117 cases of vascular anomalies were studied. The age of patients ranged from 18 hours after birth to 11 years (mean age =34 months and median age =27 months). There were 73 male patients and 44 female patients, with the male-to-female ratio being 1.7∶1.0. Congenital skin lesions were found in 37 cases (31.6%). The common sites of involvement included head and neck region (46 cases, 39.3%), trunk (28 cases, 23.9%), extremities (14 cases, 12.0%) and internal viscera (31 cases, 26.5%). According to the new ISSVA classification, there were 74 cases of vascular malformations and 43 cases of vascular neoplasms (ratio=1.7∶1.0). The commonest vascular tumor encountered was infantile hemangioma (21 cases, 48.8%), including 17 cases in proliferative phase and 4 cases in involutive phase. Thirteen cases (23.3%) of congenital hemangioma were found, with 8 cases of rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma and 5 cases of non-involutive congenital hemangioma. Three of the congenital hemangioma occurred in liver. There were 5 cases (11.6%) of pyogenic granuloma, 3 cases (7.0%) of tufted angioma and 1 case (2.3%) of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. Amongst the 74 cases of vascular malformations encountered, lymphatic malformation was found in 47 cases (63.5%), venous malformation in 15 cases (20.2%), lymphatic-venous malformation in 11 cases (14.9%) and arteriovenous malformation in 1 case (1.4%). All cases of vascular anomalies were all positive for CD31 on immunostaining. Glut1 and CD15 were positive both in proliferative and involutive phases of the 21 cases of infantile hemangioma, while other vascular tumors and vascular malformations were negative. Forty-seven cases of lymphatic malformation and 11 cases of lymphatic-venous malformation showed D2-40 expression. Focal positivity for D2-40 was demonstrated in 3 cases of tufted angioma and 1 case of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma.

CONCLUSIONS

Vascular anomalies affecting infants and children include tumors and malformations. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis and ISSVA classification of the various types of vascular anomalies play an important role in clinical management.

[Infestation status Aedes albopictus and related mosquito-borne infectious disease risk in central urban area in Shanghai]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate Aedes albopictus infestation status in the central urban area of Shanghai, and analyze the related epidemic risk of mosquito-borne infectious disease.

METHODS

Consecutive mosquito surveillance was conducted in the green lands and residential areas in the central urban area of Shanghai during 2012-2014, the Aedes albopictus density and its seasonal fluctuation were observed; the sequence of Aedes albopictus in Shanghai was aligned with that in other epidemic area abroad, and the susceptibility of Aedes albopictus to mosquito-borne virus and endemic risk were analyzed.

RESULTS

No Aedes aegypti was found in the central urban area of Shanghai. As predominant species in both the residential area and the green lands, the proportion of Aedes albopictus in the residential area was significantly higher than that in the green lands(78.53% vs. 19.99%, χ(2) =15 525.168, P<0.001), and so was the density(11.91, 42.02 pcs/day · site in the residential area vs. 3.65, 2.18, 2.73 pcs/day · site in the green lands, all P value <0.001). In 2014, the density reached 42.02 pcs/day · site and the proportion reached 94.69% in the residential areas. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the genetic distance between Aedes albopictus in Shanghai and Aedes albopictus in Africa was quite far.

CONCLUSION

No Aedes aegypti was found in Shanghai and its surrounding areas, while Aedes albopictus infestation in the central urban area of Shanghai was serious. Strict measures should be taken to reduce the Aedes albopictus density for the effective control Zika virus spread.

Amplitude Analysis of the Decays η^{'}→π^{+}π^{-}π^{0} and η^{'}→π^{0}π^{0}π^{0}

Based on a sample of 1.31×10^{9}  J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector, an amplitude analysis of the isospin-violating decays η^{'}→π^{+}π^{-}π^{0} and η^{'}→π^{0}π^{0}π^{0} is performed. A significant P-wave contribution from η^{'}→ρ^{±}π^{∓} is observed for the first time in η^{'}→π^{+}π^{-}π^{0}. The branching fraction is determined to be B(η^{'}→ρ^{±}π^{∓})=(7.44±0.60±1.26±1.84)×10^{-4}, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic, and the third model dependent. In addition to the nonresonant S-wave component, there is a significant σ meson component. The branching fractions of the combined S-wave components are determined to be B(η^{'}→π^{+}π^{-}π^{0})_{S}=(37.63±0.77±2.22±4.48)×10^{-4} and B(η^{'}→π^{0}π^{0}π^{0})=(35.22±0.82±2.54)×10^{-4}, respectively. The latter one is consistent with previous BESIII measurements.

Early feeding tolerance in small for gestational age infants with normal versus abnormal antenatal Doppler characteristics

OBJECTIVES

To determine differences in feeding tolerance amongst preterm small for gestational age (SGA) infants with normal versus abnormal umbilical artery Doppler flow defined as absent or reversed end diastolic flow (AREDF).

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of infants <35 weeks gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) <10th percentile. Day of initiation of feeds, days to full feeds and CRIB II scores were the primary outcomes. Clinical characteristics were compared between the groups of SGA infants with normal and AREDF. Multivariable regression models were fit to the data to adjust for potential confounders of the association of AREDF and feeding intolerance.

RESULTS

120 infants with normal and 64 infants with AREDF were included. The infants with AREDF were smaller (971 g vs. 1183 g, p = 0.0002), less mature (29.9 wks vs. 31.2 wks, p = 0.0009), had higher CRIB II score (7.2 vs. 5.2, p = 0.0033), started feeding later (4.1 days vs. 3.3 days, p = 0.020) and advanced slower to full feeds (17.7 days vs. 13.7 days, p = 0.0017). Necrotizing enterocolitis was similar between the groups (p = 0.18). After adjusting for confounders, Doppler flow was no longer a significant predictor of the initiation (p = 0.37) and advancement of feeds (p = 0.44).

CONCLUSIONS

Infants with AREDF are sicker at birth and have more feeding difficulties; after adjusting for BW and GA, Doppler flow was no longer a significant predictor of feeding intolerance.

Depressive Symptoms Increase the Risk of Mild Neurocognitive Disorders among Elderly Chinese

BACKGROUND

Depression is prevalent among patients with late life neurocognitive disorders but its role as an independent risk factor is not established. We aimed to examine the longitudinal relationship between depression and the incidence of mild neurocognitive disorders (NCD) in a Chinese population.

METHODS

We analyzed data from 889 community-living Chinese elderly in the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study (SLAS) cohort. All subjects were cognitively normal at baseline based on their performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Depression was defined as total score of 5 or more on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Incident cases of mild NCD were ascertained at follow up after an average of 45 moths (range: 10-62). Odds ratios (OR) of associations were calculated in logistic regression models that adjusted for potential confounders.

RESULTS

A total of 59 mild NCD cases were identified. Increased risk of mild NCD was observed for subjects who had depressive symptom at baseline (OR=2.56, 95%CI 1.17-5.60) after controlling for age, gender, education, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, APOE genotype and length of follow-up. The interaction between depression and APOE genotype was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

Depressive symptom was independently associated with increased risk of mild NCD among Chinese elderly. Effective management of late life depression may potentially reduce incident cases of NCD in the population.

Measurement of Singly Cabibbo Suppressed Decays Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-} and Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K^{-}

Using 567  pb^{-1} of data collected with the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s]=4.599  GeV, near the Λ_{c}^{+}Λ[over ¯]_{c}^{-} threshold, we study the singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-} and Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K^{-}. By normalizing with respect to the Cabibbo-favored decay Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+}, we obtain ratios of branching fractions: [B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-})/B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+})]=(6.70±0.48±0.25)%, [B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pϕ)/B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+})]=(1.81±0.33±0.13)%, and [B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K_{non-ϕ}^{-})/B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+})]=(9.36±2.22±0.71)×10^{-3}, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The absolute branching fractions are also presented. Among these measurements, the decay Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-} is observed for the first time, and the precision of the branching fraction for Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K_{non-ϕ}^{-} and Λ_{c}^{+}→pϕ is significantly improved.

Controlling the exciton emission of gold coated GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell nanowires with an organic spacer layer

Excitons are the most prominent optical excitations and controlling their emission is an important step towards new optical devices. We have investigated the exciton emission from uncoated and gold/aluminum quinoline (Alq₃) coated GaAs-AlGaAs-GaAs core-shell nanowires (NWs) using temperature-, intensity- and polarization dependent photoluminescence (PL). Plasmonic GaAs-AlGaAs-GaAs NWs with a ∼10 nm thick Au coating but without an Alq₃ spacer layer reveal a significant reduction of the PL intensity of the exciton emission compared with the uncoated NW sample. Plasmonic NW samples with the same nominal Au coverage and an additional Alq₃ interlayer of 3 or 6 nm thickness show a clearly stronger PL intensity which increases with rising Alq₃ spacer thickness. Time-resolved (TR) PL measurements reveal an increase of the exciton decay rate by a factor of up to two with decreasing Alq₃ spacer thickness suggesting the presence of Förster energy transfer from NW excitons to plasmon oscillations in the gold film. The weak change of the decay time, however, indicates that Förster energy-transfer is only partially responsible for the PL quenching in the gold coated NWs. The main reason for the reduction of the PL emission is attributed to a gold induced band-bending in the GaAs NW core which causes exciton dissociation. With increasing Alq₃ spacer thickness the band-bending decreases leading to a reduction of the exciton dissociation and PL quenching. Our interpretation is supported by electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements which show a signal reduction and blue shift of defect (possibly EL2) transitions when gold particles are deposited on NWs compared with bare or Alq₃ coated NWs.

Evaluation of ompA and pgtE genes in determining pathogenicity in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a major causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans. This important food-borne pathogen also colonises the intestinal tracts of poultry and can spread systemically, especially in chickens. To identify the S. Enteritidis virulence genes involved in infection and colonisation of chickens, chromosomal deletion mutants of the ompA and pgtE genes, which encode essential components of omptins, were constructed. There were no significant differences between the wild-type and ompA and pgtE mutants in a series of in vitro assays, including an intracellular survival assay, survival in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken serum, and in vitro competition assays. In contrast, in vivo competition assays revealed that ompA and pgtE mutants underwent attenuated growth in liver, cardiac blood, spleen, lung, and kidney compared to a wild-type strain (CVCC3378). When tested in SPF chickens, ompA or pgtE gene inactivation substantially reduced organ colonisation and delayed systemic infection compared with the wild-type strain. Colonisation was restored in S. Enteritidis mutants by reintroduction of the whole ompA or pgtE gene with the native promoters. The results of this study demonstrate that ompA and pgtE play an important role in the pathogenesis of S. Enteritidis and its ability to infect chickens.

Value and Anisotropy of the Electron and Hole Mass in Pure Wurtzite InP Nanowires

The effective mass of electrons and holes in semiconductors is pivotal in determining the dynamics of carriers and their confinement energy in nanostructured materials. Surprisingly, this quantity is still unknown in wurtzite (WZ) nanowires (NWs) made of III-V compounds (e.g., GaAs, InAs, GaP, InP), where the WZ phase has no bulk counterpart. Here, we investigate the magneto-optical properties of InP WZ NWs grown by selective-area epitaxy that provides perfectly ordered NWs featuring high-crystalline quality. The combined analysis of the energy of free exciton states and impurity levels under magnetic field (B up to 29 T) allows us to disentangle the dynamics of oppositely charged carriers from the Coulomb interaction and thus to determine the values of the electron and hole effective mass. By application of B⃗ along different crystallographic directions, we also assess the dependence of the transport properties with respect to the NW growth axis (namely, the WZ ĉ axis). The effective mass of electrons along ĉ is m_e^∥ = (0.078 ± 0.002) m₀ (m₀ is the electron mass in vacuum) and perpendicular to ĉ is m_e^⊥ = (0.093 ± 0.001) m₀, resulting in a 20% mass anisotropy. Holes exhibit a much larger (∼320%) and opposite mass anisotropy with their effective mass along and perpendicular to ĉ equal to m_h^∥ = (0.81 ± 0.18) m₀ and m_h^⊥ = (0.250 ± 0.016) m₀, respectively. While no full consensus is found with current theoretical results on WZ InP, our findings show trends remarkably similar to the experimental data available in WZ bulk materials, such as InN, GaN, and ZnO.

944 mJ Nd:YAG planar waveguide laser amplifier with the optical to optical efficiency of 52

We demonstrated a quasi-continuous wave (QCW) Nd:YAG planar waveguide laser amplifier with the single pulse output energy of 944 mJ. At the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 100 Hz, 1064 nm seed laser was coupled into the planar waveguide laser amplifier with the single pulse energy of 128 mJ and the pulse duration of 192 μs. With the total pump energy of 1582 mJ, the extracted energy of 816 mJ was obtained, leading to an optical to optical efficiency of 52% and an electrical to optical efficiency of 28%. To the best our knowledge, it is up to now the highest efficiency and output energy in Nd:YAG planar waveguide laser amplifier reported. At the maximum output, the beam quality factors M2 were measured to be 3.44 and 4.81 in the guided direction and unguided direction respectively, and the polarization degree was 98.6%. Higher average power could be obtained with the better performance of seeder oscillator.

Residue depletion of amoxicillin and its major metabolites in eggs

The depletion of amoxicillin (AMO) and its major metabolites, amoxicilloic acid (AMA) and amoxicillin-diketopiperazine-2',5'-dione (DIKETO) in the albumen, yolk and whole egg was studied after the oral dose of AMO (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) to laying hens once per day for five consecutive days. Egg samples were prepared by a simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure with acetonitrile and saturated methylene chloride and analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that AMO, AMA and DIKETO residues were mainly distributed in the yolk, where particularly high concentrations of AMO and DIKETO were found, whereas the albumen contained high concentrations of AMA. This distribution suggested that AMO and DIKETO were depleted slowly in yolk, whereas AMA was depleted slowly in albumen. The amount of AMO residue positively correlated with the dose, and the theoretical withdrawal times, which were calculated based on the residue level falling below a safe limit, were 5.21 and 7.67 days at AMO doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, the theoretical withdrawal times for all residues in the whole egg were 8.00 and 9.11 days at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Our findings suggested that 9 days was an appropriate withdrawal time for the use of AMO in laying hens.

Study on 256-slice spiral CT bronchial artery imaging of common pathological types of central-type lung cancer

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we analyzed features of 256-slice spiral CT bronchial artery imaging in common pathological types of central-type lung cancer to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

74 patients diagnosed as central-type lung cancer were selected. They included 34 cases of squamous carcinoma and 40 cases of non-squamous carcinoma. 256-slice spiral CT bronchial artery imaging examination was performed for patients in the two groups. The 3D reconstruction technique was used in a stand-alone workstation, using different rotation axis to observe space anatomical details of the bronchial artery and to compare development ratio of the bronchial artery, artery diameter, diameter of tumor and developing condition of the pulmonary artery.

RESULTS

It was found that left side, right side and both sides developing ratios of a bronchial artery in the squamous carcinoma group were higher than the other group. Moreover, the average diameter of the artery and diameter of the tumor was significantly higher than non-squamous carcinoma group. The occurrence rates of compression and narrowing on the pulmonary arterial branch at tumor side were significantly increased (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

There were different 256-slice spiral CT bronchial artery imaging results for different pathological types of central-type lung cancer, which has a certain reference value for clinical diagnosis.

[Clinical experience of 60 patients underwent three-dimensional video assisted thoracoscopic mitral valvuloplasty]

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the clinical experience of 60 patients underwent three-dimensional video assisted thoracoscopic mitral valvuloplasty.

METHODS

Sixty patients were enrolled retrospectively from March 2014 to January 2016 in Department of Cardiacvascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute. They underwent three-dimensional video assisted thoracoscopic mitral valvuloplasty. There were 37 male and 23 female patients. The range of age was 15 to 78 years (the median age was 47 years). The techniques of mitral valvuloplasty included chordae tendineae transplantation (53 patients), annuloplasty (58 patients), posterior leaflet resection (13 patients), anterior leaflet resection (2 patients), commissure resection (1 patient). Their information from charts were collected. The follow-up time was lasting 3 to 25 months by telephone or outpatient department interview. The data was analyzed via paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

RESULTS

Conversions to mitral valve replacement were performed for two patients. No patients underwent thoracotomy. The operation time was (213±37) minutes, cardiopulmonary bypass time was (129±31) minutes, aortic cross clamping time was (81±21) minutes. Postoperative hospital stay was (7±3) days. During follow-up period, there were no re-operation and no death. Mitral regurgitation level and New York Heart Association class were both improved (Z=-6.286, P=0.000, Z=-6.237, P=0.000), respectively. Besides, there was also no new atrial fibrillation patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Not only does three-dimensional video assisted thoracoscopic mitral valvuloplasty maintain the advantages of 2-Dimensional thoracoscopy, but also have the similar view of median thoracotomy. This technique showed promising clinical value in the future.

Observation of an Anomalous Line Shape of the η^{'}π^{+}π^{-} Mass Spectrum near the pp[over ¯] Mass Threshold in J/ψ→γη^{'}π^{+}π^{-}

Using 1.09×10^{9} J/ψ events collected by the BESIII experiment in 2012, we study the J/ψ→γη^{'}π^{+}π^{-} process and observe a significant abrupt change in the slope of the η^{'}π^{+}π^{-} invariant mass distribution at the proton-antiproton (pp[over ¯]) mass threshold. We use two models to characterize the η^{'}π^{+}π^{-} line shape around 1.85  GeV/c^{2}: one that explicitly incorporates the opening of a decay threshold in the mass spectrum (Flatté formula), and another that is the coherent sum of two resonant amplitudes. Both fits show almost equally good agreement with data, and suggest the existence of either a broad state around 1.85  GeV/c^{2} with strong couplings to the pp[over ¯] final states or a narrow state just below the pp[over ¯] mass threshold. Although we cannot distinguish between the fits, either one supports the existence of a pp[over ¯] moleculelike state or bound state with greater than 7σ significance.

Host Cell Dependence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Drug Resistance Profiles and Tissue Culture Selection Patterns

Clinical isolates of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) displayed differential sensitivity to antiviral nucleosides depending on the type of host cell employed for viral propagation. Viruses derived from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of subjects on prolonged 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) therapy behaved as AZT-resistant when tested in either cord blood mononuclear cells or MT-4 cells but as relatively drug-sensitive in the U-937 monocytic cell line. Viruses derived from monocytes/ macrophages of the same individuals behaved as drug-sensitive in all cells tested. It was also shown that cloned recombinant viruses, which contained defined resistance-conferring mutations at either position 65 or 184 in the HIV pol gene, were generally less susceptible to each of 2′-3′-dideoxyinosine (ddl), 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC) and the (-)enantiomer of 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′thiacytidine (3TC) in MT-4 cells than in any of PBMC, cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) or Jurkat cells. Finally, resistance against each of AZT, ddl and ddC could be selected for more easily using MT-4 cells than CBMC or Jurkat lymphocytes and not at all with the U-937 monocytic cell line.

Observation of h_{c} Radiative Decay h_{c}→γη^{'} and Evidence for h_{c}→γη

A search for radiative decays of the P-wave spin singlet charmonium resonance h_{c} is performed based on 4.48×10^{8} ψ^{'} events collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring. Events of the reaction channels h_{c}→γη^{'} and γη are observed with a statistical significance of 8.4σ and 4.0σ, respectively, for the first time. The branching fractions of h_{c}→γη^{'} and h_{c}→γη are measured to be B(h_{c}→γη^{'})=(1.52±0.27±0.29)×10^{-3} and B(h_{c}→γη)=(4.7±1.5±1.4)×10^{-4}, respectively, where the first errors are statistical and the second are systematic uncertainties.

PMMA Micro-Pillar Forming in Micro Channel by Hot Embossing

Micro-pillars forming in micro channels have been implemented by hot embossing. With dry etching and chrome photo mask, the silicon mold was fabricated using lithography process for manufacturing micro-pillars in micro channels. The hot embossing experiments are executed on the embossing machine by embossing the PMMA substrate and the silicon mold. Making the polymer filling in the concave cavity of the silicon mold is a difficulty, so the laws of polymer filling in the concave cavity were researched. The effects of three key embossing parameters including pressure, temperature and time on the PMMA replication accuracy were studied, and the optimal molding parameters were obtained. This work is instructive to fabricate microfluidic chips with micro-pillars.

Long non-coding RNA CRNDE promotes tumor growth in medulloblastoma

OBJECTIVE

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Despite remarkable advances over the past decades, a novel therapeutic strategy is urgently required to increase long-term survival. This study aimed to understand the role of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE), in medulloblastoma tumor growth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The transcript level of CRNDE was initially examined in dissected clinical tissues and cultured cancerous cells. Effects of CRNDE knockdown on cell viability and colony formation in vitro were assessed using the CCK-8 and colony formation assays, respectively. Cell cycle progression and survival were also determined after CRNDE knockdown. A xenograft mouse model of human medulloblastoma was established by injecting nude mice with medulloblastoma cells stably depleted of CRNDE expression.

RESULTS

Our data suggest that transcript levels of CRNDE are elevated in clinical medulloblastoma tissues instead of in adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Knockdown of CRNDE significantly slowed cell proliferation rates and inhibited colony formation in Daoy and D341 cells. Tumor growth in vivo was also inhibited after CRNDE knockdown. Moreover, after knockdown of CRNDE, cell cycle progression was arrested in S phase and apoptosis was promoted by 15-20% in Daoy and D341 cells. In vivo data further showed that proliferating cell nuclei antigen (PCNA) was decreased, whereas the apoptosis initiator cleaved-caspase-3 was increased upon CRNDE knockdown in cancerous tissues from the mouse model.

CONCLUSIONS

All these data suggest that CRNDE promotes tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. This growth-promotion effect might be achieved via arresting cell cycle progression and inhibiting apoptosis. Therapeutics against CRNDE may be a novel strategy for the treatment of medulloblastoma.

Long-Lived Hot Carriers in III-V Nanowires

Heat management mechanisms play a pivotal role in driving the design of nanowire (NW)-based devices. In particular, the rate at which charge carriers cool down after an external excitation is crucial for the efficiency of solar cells, lasers, and high-speed transistors. Here, we investigate the thermalization properties of photogenerated carriers by continuous-wave (cw) photoluminescence (PL) in InP and GaAs NWs. A quantitative analysis of the PL spectra recorded up to 310 K shows that carriers can thermalize at a temperature much higher than that of the lattice. We find that the mismatch between carrier and lattice temperature, ΔT, increases exponentially with lattice temperature and depends inversely on the NW diameter. ΔT is instead independent of other NW characteristics, such as crystal structure (wurtzite vs zincblende), chemical composition (InP vs GaAs), shape (tapered vs columnar NWs), and growth method (vapor-liquid-solid vs selective-area growth). Remarkably, carrier temperatures as high as 500 K are reached at the lattice temperature of 310 K in NWs with ∼70 nm diameter. While a population of nonequilibrium carriers, usually referred to as "hot carriers", is routinely generated by high-power laser pulses and detected by ultrafast spectroscopy, it is quite remarkable that it can be observed in cw PL measurements, when a steady-state population of carriers is established. Time-resolved PL measurements show that even in the thinnest NWs carriers have enough time (∼1 ns) after photoexcitation to interact with phonons and thus to release their excess energy. Nevertheless, the inability of carriers to reach a full thermal equilibrium with the lattice points to inhibited phonon emission primarily caused by the large surface-to-volume ratio of small diameter NWs.

A Novel Grading Biomarker for the Prediction of Conversion From Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease

OBJECTIVE

Identifying mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects who will progress to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not only crucial in clinical practice, but also has a significant potential to enrich clinical trials. The purpose of this study is to develop an effective biomarker for an accurate prediction of MCI-to-AD conversion from magnetic resonance images.

METHODS

We propose a novel grading biomarker for the prediction of MCI-to-AD conversion. First, we comprehensively study the effects of several important factors on the performance in the prediction task including registration accuracy, age correction, feature selection, and the selection of training data. Based on the studies of these factors, a grading biomarker is then calculated for each MCI subject using sparse representation techniques. Finally, the grading biomarker is combined with age and cognitive measures to provide a more accurate prediction of MCI-to-AD conversion.

RESULTS

Using the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset, the proposed global grading biomarker achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in the range of 79-81% for the prediction of MCI-to-AD conversion within three years in tenfold cross validations. The classification AUC further increases to 84-92% when age and cognitive measures are combined with the proposed grading biomarker.

CONCLUSION

The obtained accuracy of the proposed biomarker benefits from the contributions of different factors: a tradeoff registration level to align images to the template space, the removal of the normal aging effect, selection of discriminative voxels, the calculation of the grading biomarker using AD and normal control groups, and the integration of sparse representation technique and the combination of cognitive measures.

SIGNIFICANCE

The evaluation on the ADNI dataset shows the efficacy of the proposed biomarker and demonstrates a significant contribution in accurate prediction of MCI-to-AD conversion.

Association between Fish Intake and Depressive Symptoms among Community-living Older Chinese Adults in Singapore: A Cross-sectional Study

OBJECTIVE

Our aim of this study was to investigate the association between fish consumption and depressive symptoms in senior ethnic Chinese residents of Singapore.

DESIGN

A population-based cross-sectional study.

SETTING

The Singapore Longitudinal Aging Studies (SLAS).

PARTICIPANT

The study consisted of 2,034 participants from the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Studies (SLAS) project who were at least 55 years old.

MEASUREMENTS

The presence of depressive symptoms was compared between those who self-reported eating fish at least three times a week versus those who ate fish less often. A score of 5 or greater on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) was the cutoff for being designated as having depressive symptoms.

RESULTS

Fish intake was associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms ([odds ratio] OR = 0.60, 95% [confidence interval] CI 0.40-0.90; P = .015) after controlling for age, sex, marital status, housing, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, social and productive activities, self-rated health, hypertension, diabetes, heart failure or attack, stroke, fruit and vegetable intake, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that eating fish at least three times a week is associated with a lower odds of having depressive symptoms among Chinese adults over 55 years old living in Singapore.

Observation of the Singly Cabibbo-Suppressed Decay D^{+}→ωπ^{+} and Evidence for D^{0}→ωπ^{0}

Based on 2.93  fb^{-1} e^{+}e^{-} collision data taken at center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV by the BESIII detector, we report searches for the singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays D^{+}→ωπ^{+} and D^{0}→ωπ^{0}. A double tag technique is used to measure the absolute branching fractions B(D^{+}→ωπ^{+})=(2.79±0.57±0.16)×10^{-4} and B(D^{0}→ωπ^{0})=(1.17±0.34±0.07)×10^{-4}, with statistical significances of 5.5σ and 4.1σ, where the first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.

Measurements of Absolute Hadronic Branching Fractions of the Λ_{c}^{+} Baryon

We report the first measurement of absolute hadronic branching fractions of Λ_{c}^{+} baryon at the Λ_{c}^{+}Λ[over ¯]_{c}^{-} production threshold, in the 30 years since the Λ_{c}^{+} discovery. In total, 12 Cabibbo-favored Λ_{c}^{+} hadronic decay modes are analyzed with a double-tag technique, based on a sample of 567  pb^{-1} of e^{+}e^{-} collisions at sqrt[s]=4.599  GeV recorded with the BESIII detector. A global least-squares fitter is utilized to improve the measured precision. Among the measurements for twelve Λ_{c}^{+} decay modes, the branching fraction for Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+} is determined to be (5.84±0.27±0.23)%, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. In addition, the measurements of the branching fractions of the other 11 Cabibbo-favored hadronic decay modes are significantly improved.

Measurement of Azimuthal Asymmetries in Inclusive Charged Dipion Production in e^{+}e^{-} Annihilations at sqrt[s]=3.65 GeV

We present a measurement of the azimuthal asymmetries of two charged pions in the inclusive process e^{+}e^{-}→ππX, based on a data set of 62  pb^{-1} at the center-of-mass energy of 3.65 GeV collected with the BESIII detector. These asymmetries can be attributed to the Collins fragmentation function. We observe a nonzero asymmetry, which increases with increasing pion momentum. As our energy scale is close to that of the existing semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering experimental data, the measured asymmetries are important inputs for the global analysis of extracting the quark transversity distribution inside the nucleon and are valuable to explore the energy evolution of the spin-dependent fragmentation function.