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Thomassen M, Kruse TA, Olsen KE, Borg A, Gerdes AM. Loss of heterozygosity at BRCA2 in a ductal carcinoma in situ and three invasive breast carcinomas in a family with a germline BRCA2 mutation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 87:273-6. [PMID: 15528970 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-9503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have examined a family with a germline BRCA2 mutation in three cases of invasive breast cancer and one case of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been demonstrated at the BRCA2 locus in all cases. This result may suggest that the germline mutation in BRCA2 is the initiating step of DCIS and support the theory that DCIS is a precursor of invasive breast carcinoma in hereditary breast cancer.
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Jassem J, Szymanowska A, Jassem E, Borg A, Holm K, Dziadziuszko R, Rzyman W, Kobierska-Gulida G, Limon J. Arg72Pro P53 gene polymorphism: Clinical relevance and relation with P53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.7158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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78
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Nielsen K, Ingvar C, Måsbäck A, Westerdahl J, Borg A, Sandberg T, Jonsson N, Nagel J, Olsson H. Melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with multiple tumours--evidence for new syndromes in a population-based study. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150:531-6. [PMID: 15030338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypotheses that Swedish patients with four or more primary tumours [including at least one cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM)] harbour an increased number of CDKN2A (formerly p16) germline mutations, and that this group of patients show a predisposition to other tumours, e.g. nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), were studied descriptively. So far the mutation 113insArg explains all CDKN2A-associated CMM in ethnic Swedes. OBJECTIVES All patients with four or more primary tumours, of which at least one was a CMM, from the Southern Swedish Regional Tumour Registry, between 1958 and 1999, were included in this study. METHODS Forty-four patients were found and subdivided into three groups according to having multiple CMM (group A) or single CMM +/- NMSC (groups B and C). Screening for the presence of the Swedish founder mutation 113insArg in blood or in tissue blocks was performed. RESULTS Patients in group A were younger at the time of the first CMM diagnosis than patients in group B and group C. The 113insArg mutation was found in four of 44 patients (9%), three with multiple CMM. In group C (n = 14) no founder mutation was evident, while in group B (n = 15) one mutation carrier was found. Nonmutation carriers with multiple CMM (group A) also had a predilection for meningiomas and neurinomas (four patients) or multiple NMSC (three patients). In group B CMM were especially associated with adenocarcinomas but in group C CMM were associated with multiple NMSC. CONCLUSION The association between meningiomas and neurinomas (no acoustic neurinoma was seen) might indicate a new syndrome. Patients in groups B and C may harbour unknown genetic defects, which could interact with different environmental risk factors.
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Malander S, Ridderheim M, Måsbäck A, Loman N, Kristoffersson U, Olsson H, Nilbert M, Borg A. One in 10 ovarian cancer patients carry germ line BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:422-8. [PMID: 14746861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2003.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At least 10% of all ovarian cancers are estimated to have a hereditary background. Hereditary breast-ovarian cancer (HBOC) due to mutations in the BRCA genes is a major cause of hereditary ovarian cancer, although its frequency and relationship to age and family history in unselected series of ovarian cancers is not completely known. We report here the results of a full mutational screening analysis for germ line BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in 161 patients with invasive epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Age at diagnosis ranged from 22 to 82 years (mean 59 years). Deleterious (frame-shift, nonsense and missense) mutations were detected in 13/161 (8%) of the patients and affected BRCA1 in 12 cases and BRCA2 in one case. Four additional missense variants (one in BRCA1 and three in BRCA2) with a possible association with an increased risk ovarian cancer were revealed, resulting in a total frequency of BRCA gene alterations of 17/161 (11%). The 13 patients with deleterious mutations had a mean age of 57 years (range 41-76 years) and only three of these patients were below 50 years of age. A family history of at least one breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer was reported in all but 1 of the patients with BRCA mutations compared with only 24% of patients without mutations. Our findings in this prospective study confirm approximately 1 in 10 patients with ovarian cancer carry a germ line BRCA gene mutation associated with HBOC, and also indicate that a large number of these patients are over 50 years of age at diagnosis.
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van Beurden P, Bunnik BS, Kramer GJ, Borg A. Mechanism and dynamics of the CO-induced lifting of the Pt(100) surface reconstruction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:066106. [PMID: 12633308 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.066106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The first atomistic simulations of the CO-induced lifting of the Pt(100)-hex reconstruction have been performed. During this phase transformation the surface changes back to bulk-terminated Pt(100)-(1 x 1), whereby the surface atom density decreases by approximately 20%. The simulations reveal a mechanism collective in nature, indicating that restructuring proceeds through ejection of chains of Pt atoms. These chains explain the anisotropy as seen in scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. The restructuring rate depends nonlinearly on the CO coverage, but the absence of local clustering of CO excludes an explanation in terms of elementary reaction kinetics as proposed previously.
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Måsbäck A, Olsson H, Westerdahl J, Sandberg T, Borg A, Jonsson N, Ingvar C. Clinical and histopathological features of malignant melanoma in germline CDKN2A mutation families. Melanoma Res 2002; 12:549-57. [PMID: 12459644 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200212000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous malignant melanomas (CMMs) from 26 individuals belonging to nine families with an identified mutation were clinically and histopathologically compared with 78 matched CMM controls and with a population-based series of CMMs ( = 667). All tumours were histopathologically re-examined. CDKN2A-associated cases were significantly less invasive compared with the matched controls, with an adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) of 2.9 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.0-8.1 ( = 0.04). According to the odds ratio (OR) values, CDKN2A-associated cases seemed to have tumours more often located on the head and neck (adjOR 2.9, 95% CI 0.6-13.7), with less inflammation (adjOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.3-1.8) and regression (adjOR 0.6, 95% CI 0.2-1.8) but more frequent histological ulceration (adjOR 1.9, 95% CI 0.6-5.8). In comparison with the population-based material, CDKN2A-associated cases were significantly younger at diagnosis (crude OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.6-7.5, divided at 50 years) and had less regressive reaction in their tumours (crude OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.2-0.8). No significant differences were seen for tumour thickness between the different groups. On multivariate analysis, the overall survival was significantly worse for thicker tumours and older age ( = 0.04 for both). To our knowledge this is the first description of the histopathological features of CMMs from families with mutations in the CDKN2A gene.
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Koul A, Bendahl PO, Borg A, Fernö M, Lidebring MF, Högberg T, Einarsson EL, Ridderheim M, Willén R. TP53 protein expression analysis by luminometric immunoassay in comparison with gene mutation status and prognostic factors in early stage endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002; 12:362-71. [PMID: 12144684 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1438.2002.01111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene have been shown to significantly correlate with poor prognosis in endometrial cancer. In the present study we have evaluated a luminometric immunoassay (LIA) for quantitative estimation of TP53 protein expression in 65 cytosol preparations from endometrial cancer, previously analyzed for mutations in TP53 exons 4-10. LIA showed high (> or = 0.6 ng/mg protein) expression of TP53 protein in all eight tumors with missense mutation, but high protein levels were also detected in 15 tumors with normal TP53 sequence. All four tumors with nonsense or frameshift mutations had low or no TP53 protein expression. LIA was further evaluated in a retrospective study of 201 cytosol samples from endometrial cancer. TP53 overexpression (> = 0.6 ng/mg protein) was observed in 22% of the tumors and correlated with nonendometrioid histology types (P = 0.005), poorly differentiated tumors (P = 0.001), higher FIGO grade (P = 0.001), DNA nondiploidy (P = 0.002), and high S-phase fraction (P = 0.03). After a median follow-up time of 6.8 years (range 0.7-9.9 years), 22 (13%) progressions were observed in the 175 patients with early stage (I-II) disease. TP53 overexpression (P = 0.04), FIGO grade 3 vs. 1 + 2 (P = 0.01), higher age (P = 0.02), and DNA nondiploidy (P < 0.001) showed significant correlation to shorter progression-free survival in these patients. We conclude that TP53 protein analysis by LIA provides an incomplete correlation to mutation status and cannot substitute for mutation analysis in assessment of prognosis in endometrial carcinoma. In comparison to TP53 overexpression and higher FIGO grades, DNA nonploidy status seems to be a better prognostic indicator to define a subset of early stage endometrial cancer patients who may benefit by adjuvant chemotherapy/radiotherapy.
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Akervall J, Borg A, Dictor M, Jin C, Jin Y, Tanner M, Isola J, Mertens F, Wennerberg J. Chromosomal translocations involving 11q13 contribute to cyclin D1 overexpression in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Int J Oncol 2002. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.20.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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84
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Esteller M, Fraga MF, Guo M, Garcia-Foncillas J, Hedenfalk I, Godwin AK, Trojan J, Vaurs-Barrière C, Bignon YJ, Ramus S, Benitez J, Caldes T, Akiyama Y, Yuasa Y, Launonen V, Canal MJ, Rodriguez R, Capella G, Peinado MA, Borg A, Aaltonen LA, Ponder BA, Baylin SB, Herman JG. DNA methylation patterns in hereditary human cancers mimic sporadic tumorigenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10:3001-7. [PMID: 11751682 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/10.26.3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have aberrant patterns of DNA methylation including hypermethylation of gene promoter CpG islands and global demethylation of the genome. Genes that cause familial cancer, as well as other genes, can be silenced by promoter hypermethylation in sporadic tumors, but the methylation of these genes in tumors from kindreds with inherited cancer syndromes has not been well characterized. Here, we examine CpG island methylation of 10 genes (hMLH1, BRCA1, APC, LKB1, CDH1, p16(INK4a), p14(ARF), MGMT, GSTP1 and RARbeta2) and 5-methylcytosine DNA content, in inherited (n = 342) and non-inherited (n = 215) breast and colorectal cancers. Our results show that singly retained alleles of germline mutated genes are never hypermethylated in inherited tumors. However, this epigenetic change is a frequent second "hit", associated with the wild-type copy of these genes in inherited tumors where both alleles are retained. Global hypomethylation was similar between sporadic and hereditary cases, but distinct differences existed in patterns of methylation at non-familial genes. This study demonstrates that hereditary cancers "mimic" the DNA methylation patterns present in the sporadic tumors.
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Rose MK, Borg A, Mitsui T, Ogletree DF, Salmeron M. Subsurface impurities in Pd(111) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1420732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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86
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Møller P, Heimdal K, Apold J, Fredriksen A, Borg A, Hovig E, Hagen A, Hagen B, Pedersen JC, Maehle L. Genetic epidemiology of BRCA1 mutations in Norway. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:2428-34. [PMID: 11720839 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Familial breast-ovarian cancer has been demonstrated to be frequent but unevenly distributed in Norway. This was assumed to be caused by the reduced population size created by the medieval Bubonic plagues 25 generations ago, and by the following rapid expansion. We have previously reported that four mutations account for 68% of the BRCA1 mutation carriers. Subsequent analysis has resulted in a total of 100 separate families carrying one of these founder mutations. The four mutations occurred on one specific BRCA1 haplotype each. The 1675delA, 816delGT and 3347delAG families originated from the South-West coast of Norway with a few families in the north, while the traceable ancestors of the 1135insA families clustered along the historical inland road from the South-East to mid-Norway. The carriers of each of the four mutations today are descendants of one or a few individuals surviving the plagues. We may identify the majority of BRCA1 mutation carriers in Norway by screening for local founder mutations.
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Arver B, Borg A, Lindblom A. First BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene testing implemented in the health care system of Stockholm. GENETIC TESTING 2001; 5:1-8. [PMID: 11336395 DOI: 10.1089/109065701750168581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to optimize the criteria for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene testing and to improve oncogenetic counseling in the Stockholm region. Screening for inherited breast cancer genes is laborious and a majority of tested samples turn out to be negative. The frequencies of mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes differ across populations. Between 1997 and 2000, 160 families with breast and/or ovarian cancer were counseled and screened for mutations in the two genes. Twenty-five BRCA1 and two BRCA2 disease-causing mutations were found. Various factors associated with the probability of finding a BRCA1 mutation in the families were estimated. Age of onset in different generations and other malignancies were also studied. Families from our region in which both breast and ovarian cancer occur were likely to carry a BRCA1 mutation (34%). In breast-only cancer families, mutations were found only in those with very early onset. All breast- only cancer families with a mutation had at least one case of onset before 36 years of age and a young median age of onset (<43 years). Other malignancies than breast and ovarian cancers did not segregate in the BRCA1 families and surveillance for other malignancies is not needed, in general. Decreasing age of onset with successive generations was common and must be taken into account when surveillance options are considered.
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88
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Staff S, Isola JJ, Johannsson O, Borg A, Tanner MM. Frequent somatic loss of BRCA1 in breast tumours from BRCA2 germ-line mutation carriers and vice versa. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1201-5. [PMID: 11710835 PMCID: PMC2375151 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumour suppressor genes the alleles of which have to be inactivated before tumour development occurs. Hereditary breast cancers linked to germ-line mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes almost invariably show allelic imbalance (AI) at the respective loci. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are believed to take part in a common pathway in maintenance of genomic integrity in cells. We carried out AI and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses of BRCA2 in breast tumours from germ-line BRCA1 mutation carriers and vice versa. For comparison, 14 sporadic breast tumours were also studied. 8 of the 11 (73%) informative BRCA1 mutation tumours showed AI at the BRCA2 locus. 53% of these tumours showed a copy number loss of the BRCA2 gene by FISH. 5 of the 6 (83%) informative BRCA2 mutation tumours showed AI at the BRCA1 locus. Half of the tumours (4/8) showed a physical deletion of the BRCA1 gene by FISH. Combined allelic loss of both BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene was seen in 12 of the 17 (71%) informative hereditary tumours, whereas copy number losses of both BRCA genes was seen in only 4/14 (29%) sporadic control tumours studied by FISH. In conclusion, the high prevalence of AI at BRCA1 in BRCA2 mutation tumours and vice versa suggests that somatic events occurring at the other breast cancer susceptibility gene locus may be selected in the cancer development. The mechanism resulting in AI at these loci seems more complex than a physical deletion.
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Bergthorsson JT, Ejlertsen B, Olsen JH, Borg A, Nielsen KV, Barkardottir RB, Klausen S, Mouridsen HT, Winther K, Fenger K, Niebuhr A, Harboe TL, Niebuhr E. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation status and cancer family history of Danish women affected with multifocal or bilateral breast cancer at a young age. J Med Genet 2001; 38:361-8. [PMID: 11389159 PMCID: PMC1734886 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.38.6.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A small fraction of breast cancer is the result of germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 cancer susceptibility genes. Mutation carriers frequently have a positive family history of breast and ovarian cancer, are often diagnosed at a young age, and may have a higher incidence of double or multiple primary breast tumours than breast cancer patients in general. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence and spectrum of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in young Danish patients affected with bilateral or multifocal breast cancer and to determine the relationship of mutation status to family history of cancer. SUBJECTS From the files of the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG), we selected 119 breast cancer patients diagnosed before the age of 46 years with either bilateral (n=59) or multifocal (n=61) disease. METHODS DNA from the subjects was screened for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations using single strand conformation analysis (SSCA) and the protein truncation test (PTT). Observed and expected cancer incidence in first degree relatives of the patients was estimated using data from the Danish Cancer Registry. RESULTS Twenty four mutation carriers were identified (20%), of whom 13 had a BRCA1 mutation and 11 carried a BRCA2 mutation. Two mutations in BRCA1 were found repeatedly in the material and accounted for seven of the 24 (29%) mutation carriers. The mutation frequency was about equal in patients with bilateral (22%) and multifocal breast cancer (18%). The incidence of breast and ovarian cancer was greatly increased in first degree relatives of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, but to a much lesser degree in relatives of non-carriers. An increased risk of cancer was also noted in brothers of non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS A relatively broad spectrum of germline mutations was observed in BRCA1 and BRCA2 and most of the mutations are present in other populations. Our results indicate that a diagnosis of bilateral and multifocal breast cancer is predictive of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation status, particularly when combined with information on the patients' age at diagnosis and family history of breast/ovarian cancer.
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Møller P, Borg A, Heimdal K, Apold J, Vallon-Christersson J, Hovig E, Maehle L. The BRCA1 syndrome and other inherited breast or breast-ovarian cancers in a Norwegian prospective series. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:1027-32. [PMID: 11334729 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inherited breast cancer is a heterogenous group of diseases. We examined this heterogeneity in a prospective series of inherited breast and ovarian cancers, previously demonstrated to include 84% of inherited cancers. Ninety-two tumours (65 breast and 27 ovarian) in 82 patients from 70 kindreds were prospectively diagnosed. Fifteen of the breast cancers were in situ, 50 were infiltrating. 40 (49%) of the 82 women carried a BRCA1 mutation, whereas no mutation in BRCA2 was found. Approximately, two-thirds of the BRCA1 mutation carriers had one of the four most frequent Norwegian founder mutations. Ninety-five per cent of the epithelial ovarian cancers occurred in BRCA1 mutation carrying women versus 38% of infiltrating breast cancers and 7% of carcinoma in situ of the breast. The BRCA1 syndrome was phenotypically distinct with invasive, high grade, oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancers and epithelial ovarian cancers. Non-BRCA1/2 inherited breast cancers included carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma and were frequently bilateral. Non-BRCA1/2 inherited breast cancer is not associated with epithelial ovarian cancer and in breast cancers has distinct biological characteristics, indicating that the different subgroups of inherited breast cancer may need different healthcare services.
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91
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Gentile M, Wiman A, Thorstenson S, Loman N, Borg A, Wingren S. Deletion mapping of chromosome segment 11q24-q25, exhibiting extensive allelic loss in early onset breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2001; 92:208-13. [PMID: 11291047 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(200102)9999:9999<::aid-ijc1169>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Frequent allelic deletions at chromosome 11q24-q25 have been described in both early and late onset breast cancers, suggesting the existence of a gene locus implicated in the initiation and/or progression of the disease. In the present study we fine mapped this region further by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis in a population of early onset breast cancer cases (n = 102, 22 to 36 years old). Loss of chromosomal material was assessed for possible association with patient survival as well as Nottingham histologic grade (NHG). Additionally, we investigated the involvement of the 11q24-q25 locus in a group of familial breast cancer cases with no detectable BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene alterations (n = 32, ages 28 to 40 years). Among the consecutive patients, extensive LOH was observed for all markers at 11q24-q25, with frequencies ranging from 42% to 54%. Deletion at the D11S4125 marker was found to be associated with reduced survival (p = 0.026), whereas the adjacent D11S387 marker correlated with higher histologic grade (p = 0.042). In the familial cases, the most telomeric markers showed substantially lower proportions of LOH, ranging from 10% to 21%. Comparison of the two patient groups demonstrated that this difference in LOH frequency was statistically significant for the D11S4098, D11S968, D11S387 and D11S4125 markers (p = 0.020, p = 0.029, p = 0.0070 and p = 0.0030, respectively). We conclude that 11q25 may harbor a gene implicated in early onset breast cancer. Our data suggest that the most probable position for this locus is defined by the markers D11S387 and D11S4125 and furthermore that it may play a less significant role in familial breast cancer cases not linked to either of the BRCA genes.
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92
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Hedenfalk I, Duggan D, Chen Y, Radmacher M, Bittner M, Simon R, Meltzer P, Gusterson B, Esteller M, Kallioniemi OP, Wilfond B, Borg A, Trent J, Raffeld M, Yakhini Z, Ben-Dor A, Dougherty E, Kononen J, Bubendorf L, Fehrle W, Pittaluga S, Gruvberger S, Loman N, Johannsson O, Olsson H, Sauter G. Gene-expression profiles in hereditary breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:539-48. [PMID: 11207349 DOI: 10.1056/nejm200102223440801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 989] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cases of hereditary breast cancer are due to mutations in either the BRCA1 or the BRCA2 gene. The histopathological changes in these cancers are often characteristic of the mutant gene. We hypothesized that the genes expressed by these two types of tumors are also distinctive, perhaps allowing us to identify cases of hereditary breast cancer on the basis of gene-expression profiles. METHODS RNA from samples of primary tumor from seven carriers of the BRCA1 mutation, seven carriers of the BRCA2 mutation, and seven patients with sporadic cases of breast cancer was compared with a microarray of 6512 complementary DNA clones of 5361 genes. Statistical analyses were used to identify a set of genes that could distinguish the BRCA1 genotype from the BRCA2 genotype. RESULTS Permutation analysis of multivariate classification functions established that the gene-expression profiles of tumors with BRCA1 mutations, tumors with BRCA2 mutations, and sporadic tumors differed significantly from each other. An analysis of variance between the levels of gene expression and the genotype of the samples identified 176 genes that were differentially expressed in tumors with BRCA1 mutations and tumors with BRCA2 mutations. Given the known properties of some of the genes in this panel, our findings indicate that there are functional differences between breast tumors with BRCA1 mutations and those with BRCA2 mutations. CONCLUSIONS Significantly different groups of genes are expressed by breast cancers with BRCA1 mutations and breast cancers with BRCA2 mutations. Our results suggest that a heritable mutation influences the gene-expression profile of the cancer.
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Olsson H, Andersson H, Bladstrom A, Borg A, Ingvar C, Moller T, Westerdahl J. RESPONSE: Re: High Frequency of Multiple Melanomas and Breast and Pancreas Carcinomas in CDKN2A Mutation-Positive Melanoma Families. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.4.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Stål O, Borg A, Fernö M, Källström AC, Malmström P, Nordenskjöld B. ErbB2 status and the benefit from two or five years of adjuvant tamoxifen in postmenopausal early stage breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2000; 11:1545-50. [PMID: 11205461 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008313310474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We aimed to study the importance of erbB2 status in early stage postmenopausal breast cancer for patients who participated in a trial of five vs. two years of adjuvant tamoxifen. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analysed the erbB2 status of the tumours from 577 patients participating in the trial, either by a DNA amplification assay (n = 181) or by measurement of the protein level with flow cytometry (n = 396). RESULTS ErbB2 was overexpressed or gene amplified in 102 of the patients (18%). Overall, erbB2-positive patients had a significantly lower recurrence-free probability than others, 62% at five years as compared to 83%, and showed a significantly decreased breast cancer survival rate (P = 0.0007). ErbB2 status was significantly associated with recurrence and death in Cox multivariate analysis, adjusting for nodal status, tumour size and estrogen receptor status. The relative risk of recurrence (RR) for five vs. two years of tamoxifen was analysed in relation to erbB2 status for patients still disease-free two years after surgery. Whereas erbB2-negative patients showed significant benefit from prolonged treatment (RR = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.42-0.93), no benefit was evident for erbB2-positive patients (RR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.41-3.2). When the same analysis was restricted to ER-positive patients a similar difference in relative hazard was obtained but the difference was not strictly significant (P = 0.065). CONCLUSIONS For early stage breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen, overexpression of erbB2 is an independent marker of poor prognosis. The results suggest that overexpression decreases the benefit from prolonged tamoxifen treatment.
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Moses EK, Lade JA, Guo G, Wilton AN, Grehan M, Freed K, Borg A, Terwilliger JD, North R, Cooper DW, Brennecke SP. A genome scan in families from Australia and New Zealand confirms the presence of a maternal susceptibility locus for pre-eclampsia, on chromosome 2. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:1581-5. [PMID: 11035632 PMCID: PMC1287935 DOI: 10.1086/316888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2000] [Accepted: 09/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that genetic factors contribute to the etiology of the common and serious pregnancy-specific disorder pre-eclampsia (PE)/eclampsia (E). Candidate-gene studies have provided evidence (albeit controversial) of linkage to several genes, including angiotensinogen on 1q42-43 and eNOS on 7q36. A recent medium-density genome scan in Icelandic families identified significant linkage to D2S286 (at 94.05 cM) on chromosome 2p12 and suggestive linkage to D2S321 (at 157.5 cM) on chromosome 2q23. In the present article, the authors report the results of a medium-density genome scan in 34 families, representing 121 affected women, from Australia and New Zealand. Multipoint nonparametric linkage analysis, using the GENEHUNTER-PLUS program, showed suggestive evidence of linkage to chromosome 2 (LOD=2.58), at 144.7 cM, between D2S112 and D2S151, and to chromosome 11q23-24, between D11S925 and D11S4151 (LOD=2.02 at 121.3 cM). Given the limited precision of estimates of the map location of disease-predisposing loci for complex traits, the present finding on chromosome 2 is consistent with the finding from the Icelandic study, and it may represent evidence of the same locus segregating in the population from Australia and New Zealand. The authors propose that the PE/E-linked locus on chromosome 2p should be designated the "PREG1" (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia gene 1) locus.
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96
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Kauraniemi P, Hedenfalk I, Persson K, Duggan DJ, Tanner M, Johannsson O, Olsson H, Trent JM, Isola J, Borg A. MYB oncogene amplification in hereditary BRCA1 breast cancer. Cancer Res 2000; 60:5323-8. [PMID: 11034064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization analysis has demonstrated that breast tumors from BRCA1 and BRCA2 germ-line mutation carriers contain a large number of chromosomal copy number gains and losses. A high regional copy number gain at 6q22-q24 was observed in one BRCA1 tumor, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated a strong amplification of the MYB oncogene (15 copies of MYB compared with 1 copy of chromosome 6 centromere). Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed amplification of MYB in 5 (29%) of 17 BRCA1 breast tumors, whereas none of 8 BRCA2 tumors and 13 breast cancer cell lines, and only 2 of 100 sporadic breast tumors exhibited altered MYB copy numbers. Gene amplification resulted in mRNA overexpression as determined by Northern blot and cDNA microarray analysis, and protein overexpression by immunohistochemical staining. We conclude that MYB amplification is infrequent in sporadic breast cancer but common in breast tumors from BRCA1 mutation carriers, suggesting a role of this cell cycle regulator and transcription factor in the progression of some BRCA1 tumors. However, we cannot rule out the significance of other genes in the 6q22-q24 amplicon.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, BRCA1/genetics
- Genes, myb/genetics
- Germ-Line Mutation
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oncogene Proteins v-myb/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins v-myb/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/physiology
- Receptors, Progesterone/physiology
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97
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Sarantaus L, Huusko P, Eerola H, Launonen V, Vehmanen P, Rapakko K, Gillanders E, Syrjäkoski K, Kainu T, Vahteristo P, Krahe R, Pääkkönen K, Hartikainen J, Blomqvist C, Löppönen T, Holli K, Ryynänen M, Bützow R, Borg A, Wasteson Arver B, Holmberg E, Mannermaa A, Kere J, Kallioniemi OP, Winqvist R, Nevanlinna H. Multiple founder effects and geographical clustering of BRCA1 and BRCA2 families in Finland. Eur J Hum Genet 2000; 8:757-63. [PMID: 11039575 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Finnish breast and ovarian cancer families six BRCA1 and five BRCA2 mutations have been found recurrently. Some of these recurrent mutations have also been seen elsewhere in the world, while others are exclusively of Finnish origin. A haplotype analysis of 26 Finnish families carrying a BRCA1 mutation and 20 families with a BRCA2 mutation indicated that the carriers of each recurrent mutation have common ancestors. The common ancestors were estimated to trace back to 7-36 generations (150-800 years). The time estimates and the geographical clustering of these founder mutations in Finland are in concordance with the population history of this country. Analysis of the cancer phenotypes showed differential ovarian cancer expression in families carrying mutations in the 5' and 3' ends of the BRCA1 gene, and earlier age of ovarian cancer onset in families with BRCA1 mutations compared with families with BRCA2 mutations. The identification of prominent and regional BRCA1 and BRCA2 founder mutations in Finland will have significant impact on diagnostics in Finnish breast and ovarian cancer families. An isolated population with known history and multiple local founder effects in multigenic disease may offer distinct advantages also for mapping novel predisposing genes.
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98
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Mineta H, Miura K, Ogino T, Takebayashi S, Misawa K, Ueda Y, Suzuki I, Dictor M, Borg A, Wennerberg J. Prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:775-81. [PMID: 10952783 PMCID: PMC2363534 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been identified as the substance that increases the permeability and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. We examined the clinical significance of VEGF expression in 60 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas using the methods of Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), comparatively, and analysed the relationship between VEGF status in Western blot and tumour size, lymph-node status, histologic grade and disease-free survival (DFS) rate. Western blot analysis revealed high VEGF expressors (tumour/normal tissue density >/= 3-fold) in 26 patients (43%) and low VEGF expressors (< 3-fold) in 34 patients (57%). The results of the Western blot analysis correlated significantly with those of the RT-PCR (P = 0.00007) or immunohistochemistry (P = 0. 00006). High VEGF expressors are associated with the progression of lymph-node spread (P = 0.0009), which are correlated with poor DFS. The 2-year DFS rate of high VEGF expressors (30%) was significantly lower than that of low VEGF expressors (78%) (P = 0.0008). Multivariate analysis showed VEGF expression and stage were independent predictors for the DFS (P = 0.045 and 0.041, respectively). VEGF expression may play an important role in progression of HNSCC.
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99
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Planck M, Wenngren E, Borg A, Olsson H, Nilbert M. Somatic frameshift alterations in mononucleotide repeat-containing genes in different tumor types from an HNPCC family with germline MSH2 mutation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000; 29:33-9. [PMID: 10918391 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2264(2000)9999:9999<::aid-gcc1004>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is caused by a germline mutation in one of several DNA repair genes, which in the tumors is reflected as microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI+ tumors have been found to carry somatic frameshift mutations in mononucleotide repeats within the coding regions of several genes involved in growth control, apoptosis, and DNA repair, e.g., TGFBRII, BAX, IGFIIR, TCF4, MSH3, and MSH6. We have studied the occurrence of somatic frameshift alterations in these mononucleotide repeat-containing genes in 24 tumors (15 colorectal cancers, 1 colon adenoma, 4 endometrial cancers, 1 ovarian cancer, 1 gastric cancer, 1 urothelial cancer, and 1 duodenal cancer) from 14 individuals in an HNPCC family with germline hMSH2 mutation. Such somatic frameshift mutations occurred at a variable frequency; the long mononucleotide repeats that characterize intronic MSI markers were mutated in the majority of tumors, 13 of the tumors displayed alterations in the (A)(10) tract of TGFBII, eight tumors (all of gastrointestinal origin) had alterations in the (A)(9) repeat of TCF4, and one to five tumors had somatic frameshift alterations in the shorter mononucleotide repeats of IGFIIR, BAX, MSH3, and MSH6. Thus, longer mononucleotide repeats were more frequently affected by somatic frameshift mutations. The pattern of alterations varied between the tumors from different family members as well as between different tumors from the same individual. To what extent this variable pattern depends on the widespread mismatch repair deficiency induced by the underlying MSH2 mutation, or represents alternative ways whereby the tumors can achieve a tumorigenic phenotype, is unknown. We suggest, however, that the accumulation of somatic frameshifts, rather than the specific loci in which these occur, drives the development of the tumorigenic phenotype in HNPCC.
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100
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Kainu T, Juo SH, Desper R, Schaffer AA, Gillanders E, Rozenblum E, Freas-Lutz D, Weaver D, Stephan D, Bailey-Wilson J, Kallioniemi OP, Tirkkonen M, Syrjäkoski K, Kuukasjärvi T, Koivisto P, Karhu R, Holli K, Arason A, Johannesdottir G, Bergthorsson JT, Johannsdottir H, Egilsson V, Barkardottir RB, Johannsson O, Haraldsson K, Sandberg T, Holmberg E, Grönberg H, Olsson H, Borg A, Vehmanen P, Eerola H, Heikkila P, Pyrhönen S, Nevanlinna H. Somatic deletions in hereditary breast cancers implicate 13q21 as a putative novel breast cancer susceptibility locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9603-8. [PMID: 10944226 PMCID: PMC16911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.17.9603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of familial breast cancers cannot be explained by mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. We applied a strategy to identify predisposition loci for breast cancer by using mathematical models to identify early somatic genetic deletions in tumor tissues followed by targeted linkage analysis. Comparative genomic hybridization was used to study 61 breast tumors from 37 breast cancer families with no identified BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Branching and phylogenetic tree models predicted that loss of 13q was one of the earliest genetic events in hereditary cancers. In a Swedish family with five breast cancer cases, all analyzed tumors showed distinct 13q deletions, with the minimal region of loss at 13q21-q22. Genotyping revealed segregation of a shared 13q21 germ-line haplotype in the family. Targeted linkage analysis was carried out in a set of 77 Finnish, Icelandic, and Swedish breast cancer families with no detected BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. A maximum parametric two-point logarithm of odds score of 2.76 was obtained for a marker at 13q21 (D13S1308, theta = 0.10). The multipoint logarithm of odds score under heterogeneity was 3.46. The results were further evaluated by simulation to assess the probability of obtaining significant evidence in favor of linkage by chance as well as to take into account the possible influence of the BRCA2 locus, located at a recombination fraction of 0.25 from the new locus. The simulation substantiated the evidence of linkage at D13S1308 (P < 0.0017). The results warrant studies of this putative breast cancer predisposition locus in other populations.
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