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van den Berg B, Boels M, Jansen E, Avramut C, Meldner S, van der Vlag J, Koster B, van Zonneveld AJ, Grone HJ, Vink H, de Koning E, Rabelink T. Abstract 354: Inducible Disruption of Endothelial Hyaluronan Synthase-2 Expression in Adult Mice Reveals a Direct Involvement of Glomerular Endothelial Surface Hyaluronan in Development of Albuminuria and Renal Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated that infusion with hyaluronidase of C57Bl/6 mice for 4 wks to chronically reduce EC surface hyaluronan expression resulted in glomerular albumin passage and podocyte injury. However, with systemic hyaluronan degradation it precludes definitive conclusions on cellular-specific effects. Here we investigated the hypothesis that it is specifically the structure and integrity of the glomerular EC glycocalyx that determines whether or not albumin passage across the capillary wall occurs, and subsequently protects against development of kidney injury. To this end, we generated a conditional EC specific hyaluronan synthase2-knock out (HAS2–KO) mouse model. 8 Week old B6.VECad-creERT2.has2f/f.Rosa26-tdTomato were injected i.p. for 5 consecutive days with 2mg/0.2μL tamoxifen (control B6.VECad-creERT2.Rosa26-tdTomato) to induce an endothelial specific deletion of has2. Compared to ctrl, these mice show that 4 wks after induction, weight gain was significantly more increased (mean ± SEM; 2.9 ± 0.7 [n=8] vs. 5.2 ± 0.6g [n=11], p=0.02). With prominent endogenous albumin passage over the barrier, visualized as a DAB reaction product in electron microscopy after anti-albumin-HRP antibody incubation of 2%PFA fixated tissue slides, visible 2 wks after induction, a significant (p=0.036) increased ACR (36.0 ± 1.9 [n=8] vs. 57.7 ± 7.9 [n=11]) was found only at wk 4. During this period no significant change in BP (85 ± 2/114 ± 2 [n=8] vs. 90 ± 4/119 ± 4mmHg [n=10], diastolic/systolic) or in heart rate (712 ± 14 [n=8] vs. 747 ± 8beats/min [n=10]) was observed. Renal morphology revealed with comparable glomerular surface area (5342 ± 270 [n=3] vs. 5508 ± 250 μm2 [n=6]), significant increase of glomerular mesangial area (20.1 ± 0.9 [n=3]) vs. 38.4 ± 1.2% [n=6], p<0.01) and capillary surface area (16.6 ± 1.0 [n=3]) vs. 22.8 ± 0.7% [n=6], p=0.046). In conclusion, the data so far indicate that an intact glomerular EC-ESL is essential for glomerular integrity and prevention of albumin filtration is Key to preserving local quiescence of mesangial cells and podocytes. The conditional EC specific HAS2–KO mouse seems to be a valid model to assess the role of ESL in glomerular permeability barrier and vascular induced glomerular changes.
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Bijkerk R, van Solingen C, de Boer HC, van der Pol P, Khairoun M, de Bruin RG, van Oeveren-Rietdijk AM, Lievers E, Schlagwein N, van Gijlswijk DJ, Roeten MK, Neshati Z, de Vries AAF, Rodijk M, Pike-Overzet K, van den Berg YW, van der Veer EP, Versteeg HH, Reinders MEJ, Staal FJT, van Kooten C, Rabelink TJ, van Zonneveld AJ. Hematopoietic microRNA-126 protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting vascular integrity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1710-22. [PMID: 24610930 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a central phenomenon in kidney transplantation and AKI. Integrity of the renal peritubular capillary network is an important limiting factor in the recovery from IRI. MicroRNA-126 (miR-126) facilitates vascular regeneration by functioning as an angiomiR and by modulating mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. We hypothesized that overexpression of miR-126 in the hematopoietic compartment could protect the kidney against IRI via preservation of microvascular integrity. Here, we demonstrate that hematopoietic overexpression of miR-126 increases neovascularization of subcutaneously implanted Matrigel plugs in mice. After renal IRI, mice overexpressing miR-126 displayed a marked decrease in urea levels, weight loss, fibrotic markers, and injury markers (such as kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin). This protective effect was associated with a higher density of the peritubular capillary network in the corticomedullary junction and increased numbers of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells. Hematopoietic overexpression of miR-126 increased the number of circulating Lin(-)/Sca-1(+)/cKit(+) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Additionally, miR-126 overexpression attenuated expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 on Lin(-)/Sca-1(+)/cKit(+) cells in the bone marrow and increased renal expression of its ligand stromal cell-derived factor 1, thus favoring mobilization of Lin(-)/Sca-1(+)/cKit(+) cells toward the kidney. Taken together, these results suggest overexpression of miR-126 in the hematopoietic compartment is associated with stromal cell-derived factor 1/CXCR4-dependent vasculogenic progenitor cell mobilization and promotes vascular integrity and supports recovery of the kidney after IRI.
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Dane MJC, Khairoun M, Lee DH, van den Berg BM, Eskens BJM, Boels MGS, van Teeffelen JWGE, Rops ALWMM, van der Vlag J, van Zonneveld AJ, Reinders MEJ, Vink H, Rabelink TJ. Association of kidney function with changes in the endothelial surface layer. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9:698-704. [PMID: 24458084 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.08160813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ESRD is accompanied by endothelial dysfunction. Because the endothelial glycocalyx (endothelial surface layer) governs interactions between flowing blood and the vessel wall, perturbation could influence disease progression. This study used a novel noninvasive sidestream-darkfield imaging method, which measures the accessibility of red blood cells to the endothelial surface layer in the microcirculation (perfused boundary region), to investigate whether renal function is associated with endothelial surface layer dimensions. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Perfused boundary region was measured in control participants (n=10), patients with ESRD (n=23), participants with normal kidney function after successful living donor kidney transplantation (n=12), and patients who developed interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy after kidney transplantation (n=10). In addition, the endothelial activation marker angiopoietin-2 and shed endothelial surface layer components syndecan-1 and soluble thrombomodulin were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls (1.82 ± 0.16 µm), ESRD patients had a larger perfused boundary region (+0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.46 to <0.01; P<0.05), which signifies loss of endothelial surface layer dimensions. This large perfused boundary region was accompanied by higher circulating levels of syndecan-1 (+57.71; 95% confidence interval, 17.38 to 98.04; P<0.01) and soluble thrombomodulin (+12.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.29 to 25.46; P<0.001). After successful transplantation, the perfused boundary region was indistinguishable from healthy controls (without elevated levels of soluble thrombomodulin or syndecan-1). In contrast, however, patients who developed interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy showed a large perfused boundary region (+0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.09 to 0.63; P<0.01) and higher levels of endothelial activation markers. In addition, a significant correlation between perfused boundary region, angiopoietin-2, and eGFR was observed (perfused boundary region versus GFR: Spearman's ρ=0.31; P<0.05; perfused boundary region versus angiopoietin-2: Spearman's ρ=-0.33; P<0.05). CONCLUSION Reduced renal function is strongly associated with low endothelial surface layer dimensions. After successful kidney transplantation, the endothelial surface layer is indistinguishable from control.
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Monge M, Houben T, de Boer H, Aleksinskaya M, Massy Z, Rabelink T, Meijer JH, van Zonneveld AJ. Chronic renal failure does not affect the mouse locomotor activity in darkness conditions. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2012.745058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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van der Veer EP, de Bruin RG, Kraaijeveld AO, de Vries MR, Bot I, Pera T, Segers FM, Trompet S, van Gils JM, Roeten MK, Beckers CM, van Santbrink PJ, Janssen A, van Solingen C, Swildens J, de Boer HC, Peters EA, Bijkerk R, Rousch M, Doop M, Kuiper J, Schalij MJ, van der Wal AC, Richard S, van Berkel TJC, Pickering JG, Hiemstra PS, Goumans MJ, Rabelink TJ, de Vries AAF, Quax PHA, Jukema JW, Biessen EAL, van Zonneveld AJ. Quaking, an RNA-binding protein, is a critical regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Circ Res 2013; 113:1065-75. [PMID: 23963726 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE RNA-binding proteins are critical post-transcriptional regulators of RNA and can influence pre-mRNA splicing, RNA localization, and stability. The RNA-binding protein Quaking (QKI) is essential for embryonic blood vessel development. However, the role of QKI in the adult vasculature, and in particular in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the role of QKI in regulating adult VSMC function and plasticity. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified that QKI is highly expressed by neointimal VSMCs of human coronary restenotic lesions, but not in healthy vessels. In a mouse model of vascular injury, we observed reduced neointima hyperplasia in Quaking viable mice, which have decreased QKI expression. Concordantly, abrogation of QKI attenuated fibroproliferative properties of VSMCs, while potently inducing contractile apparatus protein expression, rendering noncontractile VSMCs with the capacity to contract. We identified that QKI localizes to the spliceosome, where it interacts with the myocardin pre-mRNA and regulates the splicing of alternative exon 2a. This post-transcriptional event impacts the Myocd_v3/Myocd_v1 mRNA balance and can be modulated by mutating the quaking response element in exon 2a of myocardin. Furthermore, we identified that arterial damage triggers myocardin alternative splicing and is tightly coupled with changes in the expression levels of distinct QKI isoforms. CONCLUSIONS We propose that QKI is a central regulator of VSMC phenotypic plasticity and that intervention in QKI activity can ameliorate pathogenic, fibroproliferative responses to vascular injury.
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Aleksinskaya M, Duijs J, Veth J, Husen B, Reiche D, Jasserand D, De Mey J, Rabelink T, Jan van Zonneveld A. Neutral endopeptidase inhibitors SOL-1 and candoxatril counteract kidney fibrosis by reducing myofibroblast formation in mouse UUO model. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2013. [PMCID: PMC3765630 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-s1-p1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Khairoun M, van der Pol P, de Vries DK, Lievers E, Schlagwein N, de Boer HC, Bajema IM, Rotmans JI, van Zonneveld AJ, Rabelink TJ, van Kooten C, Reinders MEJ. Renal ischemia-reperfusion induces a dysbalance of angiopoietins, accompanied by proliferation of pericytes and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F901-10. [PMID: 23825073 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00542.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are highly susceptible to hypoxia and easily affected upon ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) during renal transplantation. Pericytes and angiopoeitins play important role in modulating EC function. In the present study, we investigate the effect of renal I/R on the dynamics of angiopoietin expression and its association with pericytes and fibrosis development. Male Lewis rats were subjected to unilateral renal ischemia for 45 min followed by removal of the contralateral kidney. Rats were killed at different time points after reperfusion. Endothelial integrity (RECA-1), pericytes [platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β)], angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2)/angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) expression, and interstitial collagen deposition (Sirius red and α-smooth muscle actin) were assessed using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Our study shows an increase in protein expression of Ang-2 starting at 5 h and remaining elevated up to 72 h, with a consequently higher Ang-2/Ang-1 ratio after renal I/R (P < 0.05 at 48 h). This was accompanied by an increase in protein expression of the pericytic marker PDGFR-β and a loss of ECs (both at 72 h after I/R, P < 0.05). Nine weeks after I/R, when renal function was restored, we observed normalization of the Ang-2/Ang-1 ratio and PDGFR-β expression and increase in cortical ECs, which was accompanied by fibrosis. Renal I/R induces a dysbalance of Ang-2/Ang-1 accompanied by proliferation of pericytes, EC loss, and development of fibrosis. The Ang-2/Ang-1 balance was reversed to baseline at 9 wk after renal I/R, which coincided with restoration of cortical ECs and pericytes. Our findings suggest that angiopoietins and pericytes play an important role in renal microvascular remodeling and development of fibrosis.
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Reinders ME, Roemeling-van Rhijn M, Khairoun M, Lievers E, de Vries DK, Schaapherder AF, Wong SW, Zwaginga JJ, Duijs JM, van Zonneveld AJ, Hoogduijn MJ, Fibbe WE, de Fijter JW, van Kooten C, Rabelink TJ, Roelofs H. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells from patients with end-stage renal disease are suitable for autologous therapy. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:663-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wong CY, de Vries MR, Wang Y, van der Vorst JR, Vahrmeijer AL, van Zonneveld AJ, Roy-Chaudhury P, Rabelink TJ, Quax PHA, Rotmans JI. Vascular remodeling and intimal hyperplasia in a novel murine model of arteriovenous fistula failure. J Vasc Surg 2013; 59:192-201.e1. [PMID: 23684425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.02.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient outward remodeling and intimal hyperplasia (IH) formation from which the exact mechanism is largely unknown. A suitable animal model is of vital importance in the unraveling of the underlying pathophysiology. However, current murine models of AVF failure do not incorporate the surgical configuration that is commonly used in humans. Because the hemodynamic profile is one of the key determinants that play a role in vascular remodeling in the AVF, it is preferable to use this same configuration in an animal model. Here we describe a novel murine model of AVF failure in which the configuration (end-to-side) is similar to what is most frequently performed in humans. METHODS An AVF was created in 45 C57BL/6 mice by anastomosing the end of a branch of the external jugular vein to the side of the common carotid artery with interrupted sutures. The AVFs were harvested and analyzed histologically at days 7, 14, and 28. Identical veins of unoperated-on mice served as controls. Intravenous near-infrared fluorescent fluorophores were used to assess the patency of the fistula. RESULTS The patency rates at days 7, 14, and 28 days were 88%, 90%, and 50%, respectively. The mean circumference increased up to day 14, with a maximum 1.4-fold increase at day 7 compared with the control group (1.82 ± 0.7 vs 1.33 ± 0.3 mm; P = .443). Between days 14 and 28, the circumference remained constant (2.36 ± 0.2 vs 2.45 ± 0.2 mm; P = .996). At 7 days after surgery, the intimal area consisted mainly of an acellular layer that was structurally analogous to a focal adherent thrombus. Starting at 14 days after surgery, venous IH increased significantly compared with the unoperated-on group (14 days: 115,090 ± 22,594 μm(2), 28 days: 234,619 ± 47,828 μm(2), unoperated group: 2368 ± 1056 μm(2); P = .001 and P < .001, respectively) and was mainly composed of cells positive for α-smooth muscle actin. We observed leukocytes in the adventitial side of the vein at all time points. CONCLUSIONS Our novel murine AVF model, which incorporates a clinically relevant configuration of the anastomosis, displays similar features that are characteristic of failing human AVFs. Moreover, our findings suggest that coagulation and inflammation could both potentially play an important role in the formation of IH and subsequent AVF failure. Near-infrared fluoroscopy was a suitable alternative for conventional imaging techniques. This murine AVF-model is a valuable addition to the AVF animal model arsenal.
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de Boer HC, van Solingen C, Prins J, Duijs JM, Huisman MV, Rabelink TJ, van Zonneveld AJ. Abstract 487: Aspirin Treatment Hampers the Use of Plasma MicroRNA-126 as Biomarker for the Progression of Vascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale
MicroRNA-126 (miR-126) facilitates angiogenesis and regulates endothelial cell function. Recent data suggest that miR-126 can serve as a biomarker for cardiovascular disease. Although endothelial cells are enriched for miR-126, platelets also comprise a major pool of miR-126. We investigated the contribution of platelets to the level of miR-126 circulating in the plasma from patients with type 2 diabetes and how this level is affected by aspirin.
Methods & Results
In vitro
platelet activation resulted in the transfer of miR-126 from the platelet- to the plasma-compartment, which was prevented by aspirin.
In vivo
platelet activation was studied in patients with type 2 diabetes, who exhibit disease-mediated platelet activation and are prone to develop cardiovascular disease. Platelet activation was monitored by measuring soluble P-selectin in plasma and correlated significantly with circulating levels of miR-126. Administration of aspirin to the patients in a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over design, resulted in platelet inhibition and concomitantly reduced circulating levels of platelet-derived microRNAs including miR-126.
Conclusion
The profile of circulating miRs constitutes a fingerprint of activated platelets rather then activated endothelial cells. In particular miR-126 can be derived from activated platelets and the circulating levels of this miRNA can be markedly reduced when aspirin is used in patho-physiological conditions associated with platelet activation such as diabetes type 2. Therefore, the use of platelet inhibitors should be taken into account when using plasma-levels of miR-126 as a biomarker.
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van der Veer EP, de Bruin RG, Kraaijeveld AO, de Vries MR, Pera T, Segers FM, Trompet S, van Gils JM, Roeten MK, Beckers CM, van Santbrink PJ, Janssen A, van Solingen C, Swildens J, de Boer HC, Bot I, Peters EA, Rousch M, Doop M, Schalij MJ, van der Wal AC, Richard S, van Berkel TJ, Pickering JG, Hiemstra PS, Goumans MJ, Rabelink TJ, de Vries AA, Quax PH, Jukema JW, Biessen EA, van Zonneveld AJ. Abstract 532: The RNA-binding Protein Quaking Critically Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to vascular injury, smooth muscle cells (VSMC) adopt a proliferative, synthetic hypocontractile phenotype. This phenotype switch is deemed instrumental in vascular remodeling in both health and disease. Here, we detail a decisive role for the RNA-binding protein Quaking (QKI) in regulating VSMC plasticity. We identified that the RNA-binding protein Quaking (QKI) is highly expressed by neointimal VSMCs of human coronary restenotic lesions, but not in healthy vessels. In a mouse model of vascular injury, we observed reduced neointima hyperplasia in Qk
v
mice, which have decreased QKI expression. Concordantly, abrogation of QKI attenuated fibroproliferative properties of VSMCs, while potently inducing contractile apparatus protein expression, rendering non-contractile VSMCs with the capacity to contract. We identified that QKI localizes to the spliceosome in proliferative VSMCs, where it interacts with and impacts myocardin (pre)-mRNA metabolism by mediating myocardin exon 2a exclusion. As such, in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that the modulation of QKI expression directly influences the myocardin_v3 / myocardin_v1 mRNA balance, which could play a role in shifting the Myocardin-induced transcriptional coactivation profile following arterial damage. We propose that QKI is a central regulator of VSMC phenotypic plasticity and that intervention in QKI activity can ameliorate pathogenic, fibroproliferative responses to vascular injury.
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van Gils JM, de Bruin RG, Schmidt I, van der Veer EP, Roeten MK, Rabelink TJ, van Zonneveld AJ. Abstract 296: The RNA-Binding Protein Quaking Maintains Endothelial Barrier Function Through Targeting Vascular Endothelial Cadherin mRNA. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form a vital barrier between the blood and the artery wall, and play a major role in the onset of atherosclerosis. Endothelial monolayer integrity is determined largely by EC-cell interactions, where vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) is the central adhesive component at these endothelial adherens junctions. While many of the receptors and signaling proteins involved in regulating these adherens junctions have been identified, surprisingly little is known regarding their regulation at the post[[Unable to Display Character: ‐]]transcriptional level. The RNA-binding protein Qauking (QKI), originally known for its function in the nervous system, has been demonstrated to be essential for blood vessel formation. We find that QKI is highly expressed in quiescent ECs, in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, human umbilical vein ECs displayed reduced levels of QKI in response to the inflammatory stimuli TNF-α as well as in cells lacking cell-cell contacts, suggesting that QKI may act to enhance barrier function. To test this, we specifically abrogated QKI expression in ECs and measured their capacity to form a high-resistance monolayer with Electrical Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing. Silencing of QKI did not affect EC adhesion or spreading, but markedly affected the capacity to form a high resistance endothelial monolayer. Consistent with these data, and the fact that VE-cadherin mRNA contains a putative QKI-response element, the targeted reduction in QKI was accompanied by a significant reduction in VE-cadherin expression at cell junctions. Importantly, we identified a direct role for QKI in regulating VE-cadherin mRNA biology, as RNA immunoprecipitation and luciferase-reporter assays revealed that QKI can directly bind to the VE-cadherin mRNA and regulate transcript stability, respectively. In conclusion, we show that the modulation of QKI expression levels affects endothelial monolayer integrity by functioning as a critical regulator of the VE-cadherin mRNA. These studies provide novel insight into a role for post-transcriptional regulation in the maintenance of endothelial barrier function, and may have wide ranging implications for the preservation of vascular integrity in disease.
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van den Hengel LG, Hellingman AA, Nossent AY, van Oeveren-Rietdijk AM, de Vries MR, Spek CA, van Zonneveld AJ, Reitsma PH, Hamming JF, de Boer HC, Versteeg HH, Quax PHA. Protease-activated receptor (PAR)2, but not PAR1, is involved in collateral formation and anti-inflammatory monocyte polarization in a mouse hind limb ischemia model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61923. [PMID: 23637930 PMCID: PMC3630144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In collateral development (i.e. arteriogenesis), mononuclear cells are important and exist as a heterogeneous population consisting of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory/repair-associated cells. Protease-activated receptor (PAR)1 and PAR2 are G-protein-coupled receptors that are both expressed by mononuclear cells and are involved in pro-inflammatory reactions, while PAR2 also plays a role in repair-associated responses. Here, we investigated the physiological role of PAR1 and PAR2 in arteriogenesis in a murine hind limb ischemia model. METHODS AND RESULTS PAR1-deficient (PAR1-/-), PAR2-deficient (PAR2-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice underwent femoral artery ligation. Laser Doppler measurements revealed reduced post-ischemic blood flow recovery in PAR2-/- hind limbs when compared to WT, while PAR1-/- mice were not affected. Upon ischemia, reduced numbers of smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive collaterals and CD31-positive capillaries were found in PAR2-/- mice when compared to WT mice, whereas these parameters in PAR1-/- mice did not differ from WT mice. The pool of circulating repair-associated (Ly6C-low) monocytes and the number of repair-associated (CD206-positive) macrophages surrounding collaterals in the hind limbs were increased in WT and PAR1-/- mice, but unaffected in PAR2-/- mice. The number of repair-associated macrophages in PAR2-/- hind limbs correlated with CD11b- and CD115-expression on the circulating monocytes in these animals, suggesting that monocyte extravasation and M-CSF-dependent differentiation into repair-associated cells are hampered. CONCLUSION PAR2, but not PAR1, is involved in arteriogenesis and promotes the repair-associated response in ischemic tissues. Therefore, PAR2 potentially forms a new pro-arteriogenic target in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.
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Rothuizen TC, Wong C, Quax PHA, van Zonneveld AJ, Rabelink TJ, Rotmans JI. Arteriovenous access failure: more than just intimal hyperplasia? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:1085-92. [PMID: 23543595 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemodialysis vascular access patency is severely compromised by fistula non-maturation and access stenosis. Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is considered the culprit lesion in failed fistulas, resulting in luminal narrowing and stenosis. This review focuses on the biology and pathophysiology of fistula failure and highlights not only the classically associated IH but also some relatively neglected but potentially important contributors such as inadequate outward remodelling. In addition, the complex process and fragile balance of successful fistula maturation might be partially hindered by pre-existent chronic kidney disease-mediated vasculopathy. Further unravelling the (patho)physiology of outward remodelling and IH could contribute to novel therapies and enhance fistula patency.
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Aleksinskaya MA, van Faassen EEH, Nelissen J, Janssen BJA, De Mey JGR, Hanemaaijer R, Rabelink T, van Zonneveld AJ. Identification of free nitric oxide radicals in rat bone marrow: implications for progenitor cell mobilization in hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57761. [PMID: 23554866 PMCID: PMC3595254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9)-dependent mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from bone marrow (BM). However, direct measurement of NO in the BM remained elusive due to its low in situ concentration and short lifetime. Using NO spin trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy we give the first experimental confirmation of free NO radicals in rodent BM. NO production was quantified and attributed to enzymatic activity of NO synthases (NOS). Although endothelial NOS (eNOS) accounts for most (66%) of basal NO, we identified a significant contribution (23%) from inducible NOS (iNOS). Basal NO levels closely correlate with MMP9 bioavailability in BM of both hypertensive and control rats. Our observations support the hypothesis that inadequate mobilization of BM-derived stem and progenitor cells in hypertension results from impaired NOS/NO/MMP9 signalling in BM, a condition that may be corrected with pharmacological intervention.
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de Boer HC, van Solingen C, Prins J, Duijs JMGJ, Huisman MV, Rabelink TJ, van Zonneveld AJ. Aspirin treatment hampers the use of plasma microRNA-126 as a biomarker for the progression of vascular disease. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:3451-7. [PMID: 23386708 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS MicroRNA-126 (miR-126) facilitates angiogenesis and regulates endothelial cell function. Recent data suggest that miR-126 can serve as a biomarker for vascular disease. Although endothelial cells are enriched for miR-126, platelets also contain miR-126. In this paper, we investigated the contribution of platelets to the pool of miR-126 in plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2) and how this is affected by aspirin. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro platelet activation resulted in the transfer of miR-126 from the platelet to the plasma compartment, which was prevented by aspirin. In vivo platelet activation, monitored in patients with DM2 by measuring soluble P-selectin, correlated directly with circulating levels of miR-126. The administration of aspirin resulted both in platelet inhibition and concomitantly reduced circulating levels of platelet-derived microRNAs including miR-126. CONCLUSION Platelets are a major source of circulating miR-126. Consequently, in patho-physiological conditions associated with platelet activation, such as diabetes type 2, the administration of aspirin may lead to reduced levels of circulating miR-126. Thus, the use of platelet inhibitors should be taken into account when using plasma levels of miR-126 as a biomarker.
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92
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Monge M, Massy ZA, Zonneveld AJV, Rabelink TJ. Cellules progénitrices endothéliales, de quoi parle-t-on ? Nephrol Ther 2011; 7:521-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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93
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van Solingen C, de Boer HC, Bijkerk R, Monge M, van Oeveren-Rietdijk AM, Seghers L, de Vries MR, van der Veer EP, Quax PHA, Rabelink TJ, van Zonneveld AJ. MicroRNA-126 modulates endothelial SDF-1 expression and mobilization of Sca-1(+)/Lin(-) progenitor cells in ischaemia. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 92:449-55. [PMID: 21856785 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS MicroRNA-126 (miR-126), which is enriched in endothelial cells, plays a role in angiogenesis. Based on the seed sequence, miR-126 can also be predicted to regulate vasculogenesis by modulating the endothelial expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). METHODS AND RESULTS Using miR-reporter constructs, we first validated that miR-126 inhibits SDF-1 expression in endothelial cells in vitro. Next, we investigated the potential relevance of this observation with respect to the mobilization of progenitor cells. For this, we studied the migration of human CD34+ progenitor cells towards chemotactic factors present in endothelial cell-conditioned medium. Antagomir-induced silencing of miR-126 elevated SDF-1 expression by human umbilical vein endothelial cells and enhanced migration of the CD34+ cells. In a murine model of hind limb ischaemia, a striking increase in the number of circulating Sca-1(+)/Lin(-) progenitor cells in antagomir-126-treated mice was observed when compared with scramblemir-treated controls. Immunohistochemical staining of capillaries in the post-ischaemic gastrocnemius muscle of miR-126-silenced mice revealed elevated SDF-1 expressing CD31-positive capillaries, whereas a mobilizing effect of miR-126 inhibition was not detected in healthy control animals. CONCLUSION miR-126 can regulate the expression of SDF-1 in endothelial cells. In the context of an ischaemic event, systemic silencing of miR-126 leads to the mobilization of Sca-1(+)/Lin(-) progenitor cells into the peripheral circulation, potentially in response to elevated SDF-1 expression by endothelial cells present in the ischaemic tissue.
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94
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Wang JW, Valentijn KM, de Boer HC, Dirven RJ, van Zonneveld AJ, Koster AJ, Voorberg J, Reitsma PH, Eikenboom J. Intracellular storage and regulated secretion of von Willebrand factor in quantitative von Willebrand disease. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24180-8. [PMID: 21596755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.215194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several missense mutations in the von Willebrand Factor (VWF) gene of von Willebrand disease (VWD) patients have been shown to cause impaired constitutive secretion and intracellular retention of VWF. However, the effects of those mutations on the intracellular storage in Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) of endothelial cells and regulated secretion of VWF remain unknown. We demonstrate, by expression of quantitative VWF mutants in HEK293 cells, that four missense mutations in the D3 and CK-domain of VWF diminished the storage in pseudo-WPBs, and led to retention of VWF within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy data showed that the pseudo-WPBs formed by missense mutant C1060Y are indistinguishable from those formed by normal VWF. C1149R, C2739Y, and C2754W formed relatively few pseudo-WPBs, which were often short and sometimes round rather than cigar-shaped. The regulated secretion of VWF was impaired slightly for C1060Y but severely for C1149R, C2739Y, and C2754W. Upon co-transfection with wild-type VWF, both intracellular storage and regulated secretion of all mutants were (partly) corrected. In conclusion, defects in the intracellular storage and regulated secretion of VWF following ER retention may be a common mechanism underlying VWD with a quantitative deficiency of VWF.
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95
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Monge M, van Zonneveld AJ, Rabelink TJ. Circulating cells and dialysis: improving cell number or increasing session number? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:3807-9. [PMID: 20956808 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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96
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Ewing MM, de Vries MR, Nordzell M, Pettersson K, de Boer HC, van Zonneveld AJ, Frostegård J, Jukema JW, Quax PHA. Annexin A5 therapy attenuates vascular inflammation and remodeling and improves endothelial function in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 31:95-101. [PMID: 20947818 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.216747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Annexin A5 (AnxA5) has antithrombotic, antiapoptotic, and antiinflammatory properties; we investigated its effectiveness against vascular inflammation, remodeling, and dysfunction in accelerated atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS AnxA5 (1 mg/kg per day or vehicle) was investigated in vascular injury models in hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E (ApoE)3*Leiden mice. AnxA5 treatment reduced adhesion and infiltration of leukocytes by 71% to 69% (P=0.015, P=0.031) and macrophages by 51% to 87% (P=0.014, P=0.018), as well as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α expression in a femoral artery inflammation model (perivascular cuff for 3 days), indicating reduced vascular inflammation. In a vein graft model, 28 days of AnxA5 treatment reduced vein graft thickening (48%; P=0.006) and leukocyte infiltration (46%; P=0.003). In these mice, reduced plasma concentrations of IFN-γ (-72%; P=0.040), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (-41%; P=0.010), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) (-66%; P=0.020) were measured, indicating reduced systemic inflammation. An in vitro endothelial cell model shows the importance of AnxA5's anticoagulant properties in reducing vascular inflammation. Endothelium-mediated dilatation in hypercholesterolemic ApoE((-/-)) mice was improved by 3 days of AnxA5 treatment, shown by improved systolic and diastolic blood pressure reductions in response to metacholine, which could be abolished by l-Nitro-Arginine-Methyl Ester (l-NAME), indicating nitric oxide involvement. CONCLUSIONS AnxA5 reduced local vascular and systemic inflammation and vascular remodeling and improved vascular function, indicating that it has a therapeutic potential against atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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van Solingen C, Seghers L, Bijkerk R, Duijs JMGJ, Roeten MK, van Oeveren-Rietdijk AM, Baelde HJ, Monge M, Vos JB, de Boer HC, Quax PHA, Rabelink TJ, van Zonneveld AJ. Antagomir-mediated silencing of endothelial cell specific microRNA-126 impairs ischemia-induced angiogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 13:1577-85. [PMID: 19120690 PMCID: PMC3828868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are negative regulators of gene expression that play a key role in cell-type specific differentiation and modulation of cell function and have been proposed to be involved in neovascularization. Previously, using an extensive cloning and sequencing approach, we identified miR-126 to be specifically and highly expressed in human endothelial cells (EC). Here, we demonstrate EC-specific expression of miR-126 in capillaries and the larger vessels in vivo. We therefore explored the potential role of miR-126 in arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. Using miR-reporter constructs, we show that miR-126 is functionally active in EC in vitro and that it could be specifically repressed using antagomirs specifically targeting miR-126. To study the consequences of miR-126 silencing on vascular regeneration, mice were injected with a single dose of antagomir-126 or a control 'scramblemir' and exposed to ischemia of the left hindlimb by ligation of the femoral artery. Although miR-126 was effectively silenced in mice treated with a single, high dose (HD) of antagomir-126, laser Doppler perfusion imaging did not show effects on blood flow recovery. In contrast, quantification of the capillary density in the gastrocnemius muscle revealed that mice treated with a HD of antagomir-126 had a markedly reduced angiogenic response. Aortic explant cultures of the mice confirmed the role of miR-126 in angiogenesis. Our data demonstrate a facilitary function for miR-126 in ischemia-induced angiogenesis and show the efficacy and specificity of antagomir-induced silencing of EC-specific microRNAs in vivo.
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Loomans CJ, van Haperen R, Duijs JM, Verseyden C, de Crom R, Leenen PJ, Drexhage HA, de Boer HC, de Koning EJ, Rabelink TJ, Staal FJ, van Zonneveld AJ. Differentiation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells is shifted into a proinflammatory phenotype by hyperglycemia. Mol Med 2009; 15:152-9. [PMID: 19295918 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2009.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) contribute to vascular maintenance by participating in angiogenesis, re-endothelialization, and remodeling. Myeloid progenitor cells in the BM are functionally and quantitatively an important precursor pool for cells that contribute to these processes. However, these precursor pools in the BM also give rise to important effector cells of the innate immune system, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. We hypothesized that the disturbed repair responses that are being observed in diabetes mellitus are also related to an effect on functional and differentiation characteristics at the level of this bone marrow precursor pool. Indeed, we observed that bone marrow differentiation cultures for EPC, macrophages (Mph), or dendritic cells (DC) from hyperglycemic BM yielded 40% fewer EPC and 50% more Mph compared with control BM. These changes were directly related to the hemoglobin A(1C) levels of the donor mice. BM-derived DC numbers were not affected by hyperglycemia. The composition of the BM was not altered; in particular, the numbers of CD31+/Ly6C+ cells, which serve as common progenitors for EPC, Mph, and DC, were unaffected. In addition, BM-derived EPC from hyperglycemic mice were less angiogenic and more proinflammatory in regards to endocytosis, T-cell activation, and interleukin 12 production. HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase inhibition by statin supplementation of the culture medium counteracted these hyperglycemia-induced changes. Our study results show that hyperglycemia alters the differentiation fate of BM precursor cells, reducing the potential to generate vascular regenerative cells and favoring the development of proinflammatory cells.
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Goumans MJ, van Zonneveld AJ, ten Dijke P. Transforming Growth Factor β–Induced Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: A Switch to Cardiac Fibrosis? Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008; 18:293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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100
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Cheng C, Tempel D, van Haperen R, de Boer HC, Segers D, Huisman M, van Zonneveld AJ, Leenen PJ, van der Steen A, Serruys PW, de Crom R, Krams R. Shear stress-induced changes in atherosclerotic plaque composition are modulated by chemokines. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:616-26. [PMID: 17304353 PMCID: PMC1794116 DOI: 10.1172/jci28180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that low shear stress (LSS) induces atherosclerotic plaques in mice with increased lipid and matrix metalloproteinase content and decreased vascular smooth muscle and collagen content. Here, we evaluated the role of chemokines in this process, using an extravascular device inducing regions of LSS, high shear stress, and oscillatory shear stress (OSS) in the carotid artery. One week of shear stress alterations induced expression of IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) exclusively in the LSS region, whereas monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the mouse homolog of growth-regulated oncogene alpha (GRO-alpha) were equally upregulated in both LSS and OSS regions. After 3 weeks, GRO-alpha and IP-10 were specifically upregulated in LSS regions. After 9 weeks, lesions with thinner fibrous caps and larger necrotic cores were found in the LSS region compared with the OSS region. Equal levels of MCP-1 expression were observed in both regions, while expression of fractalkine was found in the LSS region only. Blockage of fractalkine inhibited plaque growth and resulted in striking differences in plaque composition in the LSS region. We conclude that LSS or OSS triggers expression of chemokines involved in atherogenesis. Fractalkine upregulation is critically important for the composition of LSS-induced atherosclerotic lesions.
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