Enzyme-triggered deshielding of nanoparticles and positive-charge mediated lysosomal escape for chemo/photo-combination therapy

Smart nanoparticles with active-targeting, enzyme-triggered deshielding and positive-charge characteristics were fabricated for efficient chemo/photo-combination therapy.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Frailty among Community-Dwelling Older People in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

To systematically assess the prevalence of frailty, including prefrailty, stratified prevalence according to frailty criteria, gender, age, and region, and the risk factors for frailty in China.

DESIGN

We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis using articles available in 8 databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), and Weipu Database (VIP).

SETTING

Cross-sectional and cohort data from Chinese community.

PARTICIPANTS

Community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older.

MEASUREMENTS

Two authors independently extracted data based upon predefined criteria. Where data were available we conducted a meta-analysis of frailty parameters using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

We screened 915 different articles, and 14 studies (81258 participants) were ultimately included in this analysis. The prevalence of frailty and prefrailty in individual studies varied from 5.9% to 17.4% and from 26.8% to 62.8%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of frailty and prefrailty were 10% (95% CI: 8% to 12%, I2 = 97.4%, P = 0.000) and 43% (95% CI: 37% to 50%, I2 = 98.0%, P = 0.000), respectively. The pooled frailty prevalence was 8% for the Fried frailty phenotype, 12% for the frail index, and 15% for the FRAIL scale. Age-stratified meta-analyses showed the pooled prevalence of frailty to be 6%, 15%, and 25% for those aged 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years old, respectively. The pooled prevalence of frailty was 8% for males and 11% for females. The pooled prevalence of frailty in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong was 12%, 8%, and 14%, respectively. The pooled frailty prevalence was 10% in urban areas and 7% in rural areas. After controlling for confounding variables, increasing age (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.2 to 1.36, I2 = 98.0%, P = 0.000), being female (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.43, I2 =92.7%, P=0.000), activities of daily living (ADL) disability (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.57 to 1.90, I2 = 99.7%, P = 0.000), and having three or more chronic diseases (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.78 to 2.18, I2 = 97.5%, P = 0.000) were associated with frailty.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings of this review indicate an overall pooled prevalence of frailty among Chinese community-dwelling older people of 10%. Increasing age, being female, ADL disability, and having three or more chronic diseases were all risk factors for frailty. Further research will be needed to identify additional frailty risk factors in order to better treat and prevent frailty in the community.

[Clinical analysis of candidemia in immunocompetent patients]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the etiological and clinical characteristics of immunocompetent patients with candidemia.

METHODS

The clinical and microbiological data of patients diagnosed as candidemia admitted in Peking University Third Hospital from January 2010 to June 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Underlying diseases, Candida spp. colonization, clinical manifestations, microbiological data, treatment and the outcome were compared between the HIV-negative immunocompromised (IC) and nonimmunocompromised (NIC) patients.

RESULTS

A total of 62 cases diagnosed as candidemia were analyzed including 36 men and 26 women, with 16 to 100 years of age [(66.02±17.65) years]. There were 30 NIC and 32 HIV-negative IC patients respectively. In the NIC patients, there were 19 cases (19/30, 63.33%) with admission in intensive care unit (ICU), 21 (21/30, 70.00%) associated diabetes mellitus or uncontrolled hyperglycemia and 22 (22/30,73.33%) receiving invasive mechanical ventilation, while in the HIV-negative IC patients, there were 8 (8/32, 25.00%), 13 (13/32, 40.63%) and 7 (7/32, 21.88%) respectively (P<0.05). The NIC patients had higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) scores and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores both at admission (19.98±5.81, 6.04±6.14) and candidemia onset (25.61±6.52, 12.75±8.42) than the HIV-negative IC patients (APACHEII 15.09±5.82, 22.15±5.98) and SOFA 2.87±2.73, 7.66±5.64 respectively (P<0.05). In the NIC patients, twenty-one cases (21/30, 70.00%) died in hospital, while 14 cases (14/32, 43.75%) in HIV-negative IC. The crude mortality was significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). By blood culture, Canidia albicans remained the the most prevalent isolates in all the patients. Clinical manifestation, Candida spp. colonization, etiology and drug susceptibility were also similar between NIC and HIV-negative IC patients (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION

Candidemia in NIC patients tends to occur in those who are much more critically ill, more often admitted in ICU, and more frequently have diabetes mellitus or uncontrolled hyperglycemia and receive invasive mechanical ventilation than HIV-negative IC patients. NIC patients also have poorer prognosis than HIV-negative IC patients. Clinical manifestations, and microbiological characteristics are similar between HIV-negative IC and NIC patients.

Identification of the Novel Tooth-Specific Transcription Factor AmeloD

Basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play an important role in various organs' development; however, a tooth-specific bHLH factor has not been reported. In this study, we identified a novel tooth-specific bHLH transcription factor, which we named AmeloD, by screening a tooth germ complementary DNA (cDNA) library using a yeast 2-hybrid system. AmeloD was mapped onto the mouse chromosome 1q32. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AmeloD belongs to the achaete-scute complex-like ( ASCL) gene family and is a homologue of ASCL5. AmeloD was uniquely expressed in the inner enamel epithelium (IEE), but its expression was suppressed after IEE cell differentiation into ameloblasts. Furthermore, AmeloD expression showed an inverse expression pattern with the epithelial cell-specific cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin in the dental epithelium. Overexpression of AmeloD in dental epithelial cell line CLDE cells resulted in E-cadherin suppression. We found that AmeloD bound to E-box cis-regulatory elements in the proximal promoter region of the E-cadherin gene. These results reveal that AmeloD functions as a suppressor of E-cadherin transcription in IEE cells. Our study demonstrated that AmeloD is a novel tooth-specific bHLH transcription factor that may regulate tooth development through the suppression of E-cadherin in IEE cells.

[Expression and Function of miR-181b in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the expression and function of miR-181b in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

METHODS

The lymphoid tissues of 124 patients with DLBCL examined and treated in our hospital from March 2010 to March 2012 were used as the DLBCL group. The healthy lympaid dissases in another 64 patients with non lymphaoma were selected as the control group. The expression levels of miR-181b in two groups were detected, and the expression levels of miR-181b in lymphoid tissues of DLBCL patients with different clinical features were compared. The survival of DLBCL patients with different levels of miR-181b expression was compared.

RESULTS

The relative expression level of miR-181b in lymph tissues of DLBCL patients was significantly higher than that in healthy lymphoid tissues (P<0.05). The higher the Ann Arbor staging was, the higher the relative expression of miR-181b was in lymphoid tissues (P<0.05), and the higher the IPI score was, the higher the relative expression of miR-181b was in lymphoid tissues (P<0.05). The 5-year survival rate of the patients with miR-181b low expression was significantly higher than that of patients with miR-181b high expression (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

There are differences in the expression of miR-181b in lymphoid tissues of DLBCL patients with different clinical stages and prognosis. It may become an effective indicator for the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of DLBCL.

[Airway inflammation and small airway wall remodeling in neutrophilic asthma]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the distribution of airway inflammation phenotype in patients with bronchial asthma (asthma), and to analyze clinical characteristics, inflammatory cytokines, pulmonary small vessels remodeling and small airway wall remodeling in patients with neutrophilic asthma.

METHODS

Sixty-three patients with asthma were enrolled from January 2015 to December 2015 in Peking University Third Hospital. Clinical data including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), pulmonary function tests (PFTs), asthma control test (ACT) were recorded. All the patients underwent sputum induction. The cellular composition of the sputum was evaluatedand the concentration of active MMP-9 in the sputum tested. Blood routine tests were done and the concentration of IgE, periostin, and TGF-beta1 levels were measured in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Small airway wall remodeling was measured in computed tomography (CT) scans, as the luminal diameter, luminal area, wall thickness and wall area % adjusted by body surface area (BSA) at the end of the 6th generation airway, in which the inner diameter was less than 2 mm. Small vascular alterations were measured by cross-sectional area (CSA), and the total vessel CSA < 5 mm² was calculated using imaging software.

RESULTS

The distributions of airway inflammatory phenotypes of the asthmatic patients were as follows: neutrophilic asthma (34.9%, 22/63), eosinophilic asthma (34.9%, 22/63), mixed granulocytic asthma (23.8%, 15/63), and paucigranulocytic asthma (6.3%, 4/63). The neutrophilic subtype patients had a significantly higher active MMP-9 level in sputum compared with the eosinophilic phenotypepatuents, as 179.1 (74.3, 395.5) vs. 50.5 (9.7, 225.8), P<0.05. Sputum neutrophil count was negatively correlated with FEV1%pred (r=-0.304,P<0.05), and positively correlated with active MMP-9 level in sputum (r=-0.304, P<0.05), and positive correlation trend with airway wall thickness (r=0.533, P=0.06). There was a significantly negative correlation of active MMP-9 level in sputum with FEV1%pred (r=-0.281, P<0.05), in positive correlation with small airway wall area (%)(r=0.612, P<0.05), and inpositive correlation trend with airway wall thickness (r=0.612, P=0.06). Neutrophils count in peripheral blood was positively correlated with neutrophil counts in sputum.

CONCLUSION

Neutrophil count in airway is related to lung function in asthmatic patients. Neutrophils may accelerate small airway wall remodeling through the release of active MMP-9. Neutrophil count in peripheral blood is related to neutrophils count in sputum, which may be used as a substitute for evaluating inflammatory phenotype.

Pentraxin 3 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma in non-neutropenic patients with pulmonary aspergillosis

OBJECTIVES

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) contributes to resistance to Aspergillus infections. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of PTX3 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma in non-neutropenic patients with pulmonary aspergillosis.

METHODS

BALF (n = 211) and plasma samples (n = 307) were collected from patients initially suspected of having pulmonary aspergillosis. Among these, 112 cases (51 BALF samples and 89 plasma samples) were proven to be pulmonary aspergillosis. These cases were classified as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), subacute invasive aspergillosis (SAIA) and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). The remaining cases were non-aspergillosis controls and were diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), lung cancer and pulmonary cryptococcosis. Plasma samples from healthy controls (n = 30) were also collected.

RESULTS

The median (interquartile range, IQR) BALF PTX3 for aspergillosis cases was significantly higher than for non-aspergillosis cases: 6.97 (2.91-13.51) ng/mL versus 1.26 (0.76-1.76) ng/mL. When the PTX3 threshold was set at 1.9 ng/mL, sensitivity and specificity of BALF PTX3 for aspergillosis were 86.3% (95%CI 83.8-88.4%) and 82.5% (95%CI 79.7-85.0%), respectively. The median (IQR) plasma PTX3 for aspergillosis cases was significantly higher than for non-aspergillosis cases and healthy controls: 7.10 (3.36-9.53) ng/mL versus 1.57 (0.86-2.35) ng/mL versus 1.10 (0.49-1.51) ng/mL. With a PTX3 threshold of 2.3 ng/mL, sensitivity and specificity were 79.8% (95%CI 70.1-81.2%) and 72.1% (95%CI 69.5-74.5%) respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

BALF and plasma PTX3 may be biomarkers for differentiating aspergillosis from other conditions such as CAP, lung cancer, and pulmonary cryptococcosis in non-neutropenic patients.

The effect of energy restriction on fatty acid profiles of longissimus dorsi and tissue adipose depots in sheep

Sheep production systems in northwest China depend mostly on natural grasslands. Seasonal growth and maturity fluctuations can cause periodical restrictions in food quality and quantity. These fluctuations, in turn, result in variability in fat deposition and fatty acid profiles in different fat depots. Consequently, the study objective was to compare fat deposition, intramuscular fat (IMF) percentage and fatty acid profiles of the longissimus dorsi (LD), kidney fat (KF), tail fat (TF), and subcutaneous fat (SF) in lambs under ME restrictions similar to seasonal changes observed in the natural grasslands of northwest China. Nineteen male Dorper × Small Tailed Han lambs were assigned to 2 treatments, a control (CON) fed at 1.0 MJ / W × d and restricted (RES) by restricting ME sequentially every 30 d (0.56 MJ / W × d, 0.84 / W × d, 1.0 MJ / W × d, 0.84 MJ / W × d, 0.56 MJ / W × d, 0.28 MJ / W × d). All lambs were harvested at the end of the 180 d experimental period. Compared to CON fed lambs, restricting ME resulted in lesser IMF, fat deposition indexes ( < 0.05) except testicular and heart fat and greater ( < 0.05) SFA in LD, KF, and TF depots. The RES fed lambs had greater ( < 0.05) -3 PUFA, eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3, EPA), and trans-linolelaidic acid (C18:2n6t) in LD muscle. The conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) content was greater in the SF depots of the CON fed lambs compared to the RES fed lambs. Fatty acid ratios (unsaturated fatty acid; USFA:SFA, MUFA:SFA, PUFA:SFA), and percentage USFA in RES fed lambs were lesser in muscle and adipose tissue compared to CON fed lambs ( < 0.05), except SF depots. In RES fed lambs, EFA were less ( < 0.05) in LD and KF depots and the ratios of functional fatty acids were lesser in LD and some adipose tissues ( < 0.05), including lesser n-6:n-3 in KF and SF ( < 0.05) depots, lesser USFA, SFA, MUFA, SFA in LD, KF, and TF ( < 0.05) depots, and lesser PUFA and SFA in LD and TF ( < 0.05) depots. Results from this research demonstrate that sequential energy restriction, as might be experience during seasonal forage quality and quantity changes in natural grasslands, result in lesser intramuscular fat with associated lesser quality, as well as, changes in fatty acid composition in different fat depots, which has implications for both meat quality and animal physiological functions.

[Analysis of correlative factors of serum leptin levels in asthmatic patients]

Objective: To analysis the correlative factors that probably affect serum leptin levels in asthmatic patients. Methods: Seventy-eight patients with asthma and 29 health controls who were admitted into outpatient clinic of Peking University Third Hospital from April 2014 to December 2015 were consecutively enrolled in our study prospectively. Serum leptin level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The sex, body mass index (BMI), onset age of asthma, allergen detection test, induced sputum cell count and classification, lung function test and asthma control level were recorded. Asthmatic patients were further divided into groups according to these factors and serum leptin levels were compared among groups. Results: Serum leptin levels were not different between asthmatic patients and health controls [(15.0±10.4) vs (15.2±11.7) μg/L, P=0.939]. Female asthmatic patients had significantly higher serum leptin levels than male [(18.2±10.7) vs (7.9±4.8) μg/L, P<0.001]. Asthmatic patients with obesity had significantly higher serum leptin levels than asthmatic patients with overweight, with normal BMI, with underweight and health controls [(29.7±10.8) vs (17.1±11.1), (11.8±7.7), (9.1±0.96), (15.2±11.7) μg/L, all P<0.01]. Serum leptin level was positively related to percentage of induced sputum eosinophil in female asthmatic patients (r=0.331, P=0.032). Onset age of asthma, positive allergen detection, airflow limitation or asthma control level did not affect serum leptin level. Conclusion: Sex and BMI are important factors affecting serum leptin levels in patients with asthma.

Body Surface Laplacian Mapping of Bioelectrical Activity

A method is described to process and interpret multi-channel bioelectrical signals. The bioelectrical signals were recorded noninvasively over the body surface of human subjects at 120 sites. The body surface Laplacian maps were then constructed from the multi-channel bioelectrical potential measurement. The method was evaluated by means of computer simulations, and applied to imaging cardiac electrical activity. The present investigation suggests body surface Laplacian mapping provides an important means in interpreting bioelectrical signals.

A Comparison of Body Surface Laplacian and Potential Maps During Paced Ventricular Activation

The objective of this study is to evaluate the spatial resolution of body surface Laplacian maps (BSLMs) in localizing ventricular electrical activity by means of computer simulation. A 3-D computer heart-torso model was used to simulate cardiac electrical activity and the body surface maps. A two-site pacing protocol was used to generate two simultaneously activated myocardial events on the anterior epicardial wall and the anterior endocardial wall. Following the pacing, the BSLMs and the body surface potential maps (BSPMs) were calculated and compared with the known activation pattern. As a result, the BSLMs showed superior resolution than the BSPMs for localized initial ventricular activity. In summary, the present study suggests that body surface Laplacian mapping may provide a useful methodology for the clinical diagnosis of cardiac electrical abnormalities.

Cortical Potential Imaging of Brain Electrical Activity by Means of Parametric Projection Filter

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore suitable spatial filters for inverse estimation of cortical potentials from the scalp electroencephalogram. The effect of incorporating noise covariance into inverse procedures was examined by computer simulations and tested in human experiment.

Methods: The parametric projection filter, which allows inverse estimation with the presence of information on the noise, was applied to an inhomogeneous three-concentric-sphere model under various noise conditions in order to estimate the cortical potentials from the scalp potentials. The method for determining the optimum regularization parameter, which can be applied for parametric inverse techniques, is also discussed.

Results: Human visual evoked potential experiment was carried out to examine the performance of the proposed restoration method. The parametric projection filter gave more localized inverse solution of cortical potential distribution than the truncated SVD and Tikhonov regularization.

Conclusion: The present simulation results suggest that incorporation of information on the noise covariance allows better estimation of cortical potentials, than inverse solutions without knowledge about the noise covariance, when the correlation between the signal and noise is low.

A Network Inversion Technique for Estimating Equivalent Dipole Description of Visual Evoked Potential

For the activation study of the brain, dipole localization from the scalp potential is one of the most promising techniques to realize a reasonable temporal resolution which cannot be realized in functional MR and PET. The goal of our study is to estimate inversely the electrical brain activity in the form of several dipoles from the scalp potential, using a network inversion technique. As a basic approach, we have inversely estimated several dipoles from the potential distribution on a spherical surface, in the homogeneous sphere model.

In the training phase, by expanding the neural network input dimensions being redundant, the network can easily learn the forward mapping. In the inversion phase, the space of the expanded-network-input-vector can be narrowed by introducing a penalty term. Additionally, a consensus term was used to force several dipoles to have a similar orientation. We estimate that this is applicable to the localization of several dipoles that reflect the actual brain activity, especially in the visual evoked potentials.

Combined rTMS and virtual reality brain-computer interface training for motor recovery after stroke

OBJECTIVE

Combining repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with brain-computer interface (BCI) training can address motor impairment after stroke by down-regulating exaggerated inhibition from the contralesional hemisphere and encouraging ipsilesional activation. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of combined rTMS  +  BCI, compared to sham rTMS  +  BCI, on motor recovery after stroke in subjects with lasting motor paresis.

APPROACH

Three stroke subjects approximately one year post-stroke participated in three weeks of combined rTMS (real or sham) and BCI, followed by three weeks of BCI alone. Behavioral and electrophysiological differences were evaluated at baseline, after three weeks, and after six weeks of treatment.

MAIN RESULTS

Motor improvements were observed in both real rTMS  +  BCI and sham groups, but only the former showed significant alterations in inter-hemispheric inhibition in the desired direction and increased relative ipsilesional cortical activation from fMRI. In addition, significant improvements in BCI performance over time and adequate control of the virtual reality BCI paradigm were observed only in the former group.

SIGNIFICANCE

When combined, the results highlight the feasibility and efficacy of combined rTMS  +  BCI for motor recovery, demonstrated by increased ipsilesional motor activity and improvements in behavioral function for the real rTMS  +  BCI condition in particular. Our findings also demonstrate the utility of BCI training alone, as shown by behavioral improvements for the sham rTMS  +  BCI condition. This study is the first to evaluate combined rTMS and BCI training for motor rehabilitation and provides a foundation for continued work to evaluate the potential of both rTMS and virtual reality BCI training for motor recovery after stroke.

Cortical Dipole Imaging of Movement-related Potentials by Means of Parametric Inverse Filters Incorporating with Signal and Noise Covariance

Objective : The objective of this study is to explore suitable spatial filters for inverse estimation of cortical equivalent dipole layer imaging from the scalp electroencephalogram. We utilize cortical dipole source imaging to locate the possible generators of scalpmeasured movement-related potentials (MRPs) in human.

Methods : The effects of incorporating signal and noise covariance into inverse procedures were examined by computer simulations and experimental study. The parametric projection filter (PPF) and parametric Weiner filter (PWF) were applied to an inhomogeneous threesphere head model under various noise conditions.

Results : The present simulation results suggest that the PWF incorporating signal information provides better cortical dipole layer imaging results than the PPF and Tikhonov regularization under the condition of moderate and high correlation between signal and noise distributions. On the other hand, the PPF has better performance than other inverse filters under the condition of low correlation between signal and noise distributions. The proposed methods were applied to self-paced MRPs in order to identify the anatomic substrate locations of neural generators. The dipole layer distributions estimated by means of PPF are well-localized as compared with blurred scalp potential maps and dipole layer distribution estimated by Tikhonov regularization. The proposed methods demonstrated that the contralateral premotor cortex was preponderantly activated in relation to movement performance.

Conclusions : In cortical dipole source imaging, the PWF has better performance especiallywhen the correlation between the signal and noise is high. The proposed inverse method was applicable to human experiments of MRPs if the signal and noise covariances were obtained.

Environment-stimulated nanocarriers enabling multi-active sites for high drug encapsulation as an “on demand” drug release system

Limited active sites in polyesters hinder fabrication of multifunctional biodegradable nanocarriers for successful clinical applications.

[Early detection of the cardiotoxicity induced by chemotherapy drug through two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography combined with high-sensitive cardiac troponin T]

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography(2D-STE) combined with high-sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) in early detection of the cardiotoxicity induced by chemotherapy drug. Methods: Seventy-five non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients who received the CHOP regimen were recruited in this study. Conventional echocardiography and 2D-STE were performed on these patients before chemotherapy, the second day after the third course of chemotherapy (during chemotherapy) and the second day after the last course of chemotherapy (after chemotherapy). The parameters included left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (LS), global circumferential strain (CS) and global radial strain (RS). The serum hs-cTNT levels were tested simultaneously. Results: Three cycles of CHOP were completed in 30 patients and 6-8 cycles of CHOP were completed in 45 patients. The LVEF of 75 patients before, during and after chemotherapy was (63.8±2.6)%, (63.8±2.8)% and (64.0±3.3)%, respectively, without significant difference (P=0.91). However, the LS of 75 patients before, during and after chemotherapy was (-18.5±1.7)%, (-16.5±1.9)% and (-16.0±1.6)%, respectively. The CS was (-20.9±2.9)%, (-19.3±3.5)% and (-19.2±3.2)%, respectively. The RS was (39.2±6.4)%, (35.3±5.2)% and (35.0±6.2)%, respectively. The hs-cTnT was (0.001 0±0.002 0)ng/ml, (0.006 3±0.008 9)ng/ml and (0.007 3±0.003 8)ng/ml, respectively. The LS, CS and RS were significantly decreased while hs-cTnT was significantly increased during chemotherapy when compared to those before chemotherapy (all of P<0.01). Alternatively, the LS, CS, RS and hs-cTnT after chemotherapy were marginally different from those during chemotherapy (all of P>0.05). Moreover, T(LS-SD), T(CS-SD) and T(RS-SD) showed no significant difference before, during and after chemotherapy (all of P>0.05). The reduction of LS was positively associated with the enhancement of hs-cTnT after chemotherapy (r=0.60, P<0.01). Conclusion: 2D-STE combined with hs-cTnT can effectively and precisely detect the occult cardiotoxicity induced by anthracycline.

Overexpressed miR-195 attenuated immune escape of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by targeting PD-L1

BACKGROUND

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) seriously threatens patients life with the morbidity increases at a high rate. Immune response disorder is the potential factor that induces DLBCL, while the potential mechanism still not fully understand.

METHODS

Real-time PCR and western blot were performed to determine genes expression. Flow cytometry was employed to detect the expression of PD-1 and the ratio of PD-1⁺T cells. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the cytokines secretion.

RESULTS

MiR-195 was down-regulated, while PD-L1 was up-regulated in DLBCL tissues, and the rate of PD-1⁺T cells was increased in T cells of peripheral blood in DLBCL. Overexpressed miR-195 suppressed the expression of PD-L1. Moreover, miR-195 overexpression significantly promoted the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α, but decreased IL-10 and PD-1⁺T cells rate in the co-culture model of T cells and OCI-Ly-10 cells. MiR-195 targets PD-L1 to regulate the expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and the rate of PD-1⁺T cells.

CONCLUSION

MiR-195 regulated immune response of DLBCL through targeting PD-L1.