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Egan JW, Griswold DE, Hillegass LM, Newton JF, Eckardt RD, Slivjak MJ, Smith EF. Selective antagonism of peptidoleukotriene responses does not reduce myocardial damage or neutrophil accumulation following coronary artery occlusion with reperfusion. PROSTAGLANDINS 1989; 37:597-613. [PMID: 2544926 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(89)90075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effect of a peptidoleukotriene receptor antagonist, SK&F 104353, for limiting myocardial damage and neutrophil accumulation in rats subjected to myocardial reperfusion injury (MI/R). In conscious rats, SK&F 10,4353 (25 mg/kg, i.v.) antagonized LTD4-induced vasopressor responses by 90% and 60% at 1 and 4 hr, respectively, indicating effective blockade of peptido-leukotriene responses. In another group of animals subjected to 30 min of coronary artery occlusion with reperfusion for 24 hr, myocardial injury and neutrophil infiltration were determined by measuring creatine phosphokinase (CPK) specific activity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, respectively, in the left ventricular free wall (LVFW). Myocardial CPK levels were 8.1 +/- 0.2 U/mg protein in Sham-MI/R vehicle-treated animals, and were significantly decreased to 6.4 +/- 0.6 U/mg protein in MI/R-vehicle animals. Myocardial MPO values were 1.5 +/- 0.5 U/g LVFW in Sham-MI/R vehicle-treated animals, and significantly increased to 4.3 +/- 0.6 U/g LVFW in MI/R-vehicle animals. Administration of SK&F 10,4353 (25 mg/kg, i.v.) 1 min prior to coronary occlusion and 3.5 hr post reperfusion had no effect on the loss of myocardial CPK specific activity or the increase in MPO levels (p greater than 0.05, compared to the MI/R-vehicle group). Thus, at a dose that antagonized LTD4-induced vasopressor responses, SK&F 104353 did not attenuate either the extent of myocardial injury or inflammatory cell accumulation associated with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. These results suggest that peptidoleukotrienes do not contribute to the progression of myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury.
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Griswold DE, Hillegass L, Hill DE, Sherief HT, Kopia GA. Evaluation of the effect of evan's blue and triphenyltetrazolium chloride dyes on myeloperoxidase activity in canine cardiac tissue. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS 1989; 21:13-9. [PMID: 2539540 DOI: 10.1016/0160-5402(89)90018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in postinfarction, dual-stained canine tissue in the presence of Evan's Blue (EB) and Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was evaluated. Perfusion of EB and TTC allows quantification of the area of necrosis, area-at-risk of infarction and noninvolved, normal tissue postinfarction. EB in cardiac tissue has been reported to interfere with MPO activity used to measure polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration, thus requiring that infarct size and MPO activity be measured in separate groups of animals. Admixtures of EB- or TTC-stained canine cardiac tissue extracts with MPO homogenates were found to have similar MPO activity. Addition of a constant amount of EB- or TTC-stained tissue to a standard curve of MPO activity failed to influence the concentration-activity relationship. Furthermore, EB in the presence of inflammatory cell infiltration in vivo in the mouse did not alter MPO activity. Thus, neither EB nor TTC significantly interfered with the measurement of MPO activity so that EB and/or TTC-stained tissue can be utilized to examine the role of PMN's in myocardial infarction.
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Smith EF, Egan JW, Griswold DE. Effect of propranolol on ischemic myocardial damage and left ventricular hypertrophy following permanent coronary artery occlusion or occlusion followed by reperfusion. Pharmacology 1989; 38:298-309. [PMID: 2527373 DOI: 10.1159/000138550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the effect of propranolol for limiting myocardial damage and hypertrophy in rats with permanent coronary artery occlusion or occlusion followed by reperfusion. Rats were subjected to occlusion of the left main coronary artery for 48 h (MI) or 0.5 h of occlusion followed by reperfusion for 47.5 h (MI/R). Myocardial injury was determined by measuring the depletion of creatine phosphokinase (CK) levels from the left ventricular free wall. In comparison to sham-occluded animals, myocardial CK levels were significantly decreased by 40% in MI + vehicle animals and 30% in MI/R + vehicle animals. Propranolol (0.3 mg/kg 1 min before occlusion followed by 1 mg/kg at 4 and 24 h after occlusion) significantly reduced the loss of myocardial CK-specific activity in MI animals, but failed to prevent the loss of CK-specific activity in animals subjected to coronary artery reperfusion. Left ventricular hypertrophy developed to a similar extent in both vehicle-treated MI and MI/R groups. Propranolol had no effect on the myocardial hypertrophy in MI or MI/R animals. Likewise, in MI/R animals no diminution of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration was seen with propranolol. These data indicate that propranolol had a significant cardioprotective effect in rats with permanent coronary artery occlusion but failed to salvage ischemic tissue, reduce myocardial hypertrophy or mitigate neutrophil infiltration in animals with early reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium. These results suggest that propranolol may afford a significant protection of the ischemic myocardium, but the combination of reperfusion and propranolol may not result in any greater reduction in infarct size than reperfusion alone.
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Griswold DE, Hillegass LM, Hill DE, Egan JW, Smith EF. Method for quantification of myocardial infarction and inflammatory cell infiltration in rat cardiac tissue. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS 1988; 20:225-35. [PMID: 2853255 DOI: 10.1016/0160-5402(88)90065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A method to quantitate both creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity from the same cardiac tissue homogenate preparation is described. Depletion of CPK specific activity is used to quantitate myocardial infarct size, while MPO activity is utilized as a marker for polymorphonuclear leukocyte and monocyte infiltration into inflammatory sites. However, the standard assay systems are not compatible, necessitating the use of different groups of animals for these two parameters. This leads to an increase in cost, effort, and variability. The described method utilized a standard CPK methodology. It was found that interference in the MPO assay was likely caused by 2-mercaptoethanol present in the homogenate buffer (IC50 = 90 microM). Washing of the 30 K X g pellet followed by rehomogenization restored the MPO activity. Negligible MPO activity was found in the original supernatant or washes. Through the use of this technique, MPO activity was measured in the hearts of myocardial infarcted animals. The results indicated that MPO activity generated from CPK homogenate pellets compared favorably to the activity seen using standard methodology homogenates. The procedure described thus allowed the simultaneous determination of myocardial CPK specific activity and MPO activity, resulting in decreased animal usage and potentially less variability.
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Griswold DE, Hillegass LM, Meunier PC, DiMartino MJ, Hanna N. Effect of inhibitors of eicosanoid metabolism in murine collagen-induced arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1988; 31:1406-12. [PMID: 3142488 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780311110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The dual inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism, Smith Kline & French (SK&F) 86002, SK&F 104351, and phenidone; the corticosteroid, dexamethasone; and the selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, and piroxicam were evaluated for their antiarthritic potency in the murine, collagen-induced arthritis model. The ability of these compounds to alter the severity of arthritic lesions and to reduce serum levels of the acute-phase reactant, serum amyloid P component (SAP) were monitored. Serum concentrations of SAP were found to correlate strongly (r = 0.985) with disease severity at day 35 postimmunization. Treatment with SK&F 86002, SK&F 104351, phenidone, or dexamethasone significantly reduced disease severity, as judged by clinical score (55%, 72%, 41%, and 45% inhibition, respectively) and SAP levels (62%, 94%, 52%, and 94% inhibition, respectively) in arthritic mice. This profile of activity was not shared by the selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors, which did not uniformly inhibit disease activity by both parameters. The results suggest that dual inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase may prove more effective than selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors as anti-arthritic agents.
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Smith EF, Egan JW, Bugelski PJ, Hillegass LM, Hill DE, Griswold DE. Temporal relation between neutrophil accumulation and myocardial reperfusion injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1988; 255:H1060-8. [PMID: 2847556 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1988.255.5.h1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is associated with the progression of myocardial infarction and reperfusion injury. However, little is known about the time course of cellular infiltration. To investigate this issue, rats were subjected to 30 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion for less than or equal to 96 h. Myocardial injury was determined by measuring the depletion of myocardial creatine phosphokinase activity, and PMN infiltration was assessed by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. MPO activity increased from 0.7 U/g tissue in non-operated animals, to a peak of 6.7 +/- 0.8 and 6.4 +/- 1.4 U/g at 6 and 24 h after coronary artery reperfusion, respectively. MPO activity decreased to 3.3 +/- 0.8 U/g at 48 h and 1.1 +/- 0.4 U/g at 96 h, suggesting diminished PMN accumulation. Histological examination confirmed the accumulation and resolution of PMN over the 96-h period. At 24 h, there was a significant linear correlation between infarct size and MPO activity, whereas at 96 h no relationship was found. These data indicate that PMN infiltration occurs early in response to reperfusion injury and persists for only 24 h after initiation of reperfusion. These findings suggest that attempts to moderate inflammatory cell responses to myocardial injury should be administered early after coronary artery reperfusion to limit the accumulation of potentially deleterious inflammatory cells.
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Lee JC, Griswold DE, Votta B, Hanna N. Inhibition of monocyte IL-1 production by the anti-inflammatory compound, SK&F 86002. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1988; 10:835-43. [PMID: 3148560 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(88)90007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of several anti-inflammatory/anti-arthritic drugs on the in vitro production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) by human monocytes were examined. SK&F 86002, a novel dihydroimidazo thiazoline which inhibits both 5-lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-mediated arachidonate metabolism was shown to be a potent inhibitor of IL-1 production by LPS-stimulated human monocytes. The inhibition was dose-dependent (IC50 = 1.30 +/- 1 microM), reversible and was independent of the concentration or type of stimulus used. The compound also inhibited cell-associated IL-1 activity. The compound did not exert general inhibitory effects on such parameters as adherence, cytotoxic function and protein synthesis of the monocytes. Other cyclooxygenase and/or 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism tested, with the exception of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, were inactive in inhibiting monocyte IL-1 production suggesting that the inhibition of IL-1 production by 86002 may be dissociated from its inhibition of the fatty acid oxygenases. The inhibition of IL-1 production by SK&F 86002 adds another facet of drug action contributing to its spectrum of anti-inflammatory activities.
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83
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Griswold DE, Marshall PJ, Webb EF, Godfrey R, Newton J, DiMartino MJ, Sarau HM, Gleason JG, Poste G, Hanna N. SK&F 86002: a structurally novel anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:3463-70. [PMID: 2823821 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of SK&F 86002 [5-(4-pyridyl)-6 (4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroimidazo (2,1-b) thiazole] on the generation of eicosanoids in vitro and on inflammatory responses in vivo are described and compared to other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. SK&F 86002 inhibited prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) synthase activity (IC50 120 microM) as well as prostanoid production by rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells (IC50 70 microM) and its sonicate (IC50 100 microM) and human monocytes (IC50 1 microM). In addition, SK&F 86002 inhibited the generation of dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (diHETE) and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) by a high speed supernatant fraction of RBL-1 cells (IC50 10 microM). Cellular production of 5-lipoxygenase products was inhibited by SK&F 86002 as measured by leukotriene B4 (LTB4) generation from human neutrophils (IC50 20 microM), leukotriene C4 (LTC4) generation by human monocytes (IC50 20 microM), and 5-HETE production by RBL-1 cells (IC50 40 microM). The in vivo profile of anti-inflammatory activity of SK&F 86002 supports the dual inhibition of arachidonate metabolism as indicated by its activity in inflammation models that are insensitive to selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors. The responses of arachidonic-acid-induced edema in the mouse ear and rat paw, as well as the cell infiltration induced by carrageenan in the mouse peritoneum and by arachidonic acid in the rat air pouch, were inhibited by SK&F 86002 and phenidone but not by the selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors naproxen and indomethacin.
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Griswold DE, Webb E, Schwartz L, Hanna N. Arachidonic acid-induced inflammation: inhibition by dual inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism, SK&F 86002. Inflammation 1987; 11:189-99. [PMID: 3108157 DOI: 10.1007/bf00916020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The antiinflammatory activity of the structurally novel dual inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism, SK&F 86002 was evaluated using arachidonic acid-induced edema and inflammatory cell infiltration. Histological examination demonstrated extensive subcutaneous edema and neutrophil (PMN) accumulation in perivascular and interstitial locations one hour after application of arachidonic acid to the ear. SK&F 86002 and, to a lesser extent, phenidone demonstrated potent inhibition of this inflammatory response following oral and topical administration. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) displayed only topical activity. The selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors ibuprofen and naproxen were either inactive or stimulated ear swelling. Histological evaluation of the lesion in drug-treated animals revealed that SK&F 86002 impaired edema formation and caused a significant reduction in numbers of infiltrating neutrophils. Using arachidonic acid-induced peritoneal exudation, a reduction in the cellular infiltrate was observed after oral treatment with SK&F 86002 or phenidone, but not with naproxen. Taken together, these data illustrate the potent antiinflammatory effects of SK&F 86002 and support the suggestion that 5-lipoxygenase products play a significant role in both the edematous and cellular phases of arachidonic acid-induced inflammation.
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85
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DiMartino MJ, Griswold DE, Berkowitz BA, Poste G, Hanna N. Pharmacologic characterization of the antiinflammatory properties of a new dual inhibitor of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1987; 20:113-23. [PMID: 3107354 DOI: 10.1007/bf01965633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SK&F 86002 [6-(4-fluorophenyl)2,3-dihydro-5-(4-pyridinyl)imidazo (2,1-b)thiazole], a dual inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism, administered orally to rats prevented the development of carrageenan-induced edema, immune- and nonimmune-mediated inflammation of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) and reduced established inflammation in AA and collagen type II-induced arthritis. A similar profile of activity was observed following treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. However, unlike other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, SK&F 86002 exhibited antiinflammatory activity in inflammation models that are insensitive to cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as the established inflammation in carrageenan-induced edema and the edema induced by arachidonic acid and platelet activating factor. Moreover, SK&F 86002, but not indomethacin, inhibited the immune-mediated inflammatory responses evoked in sensitized animals by challenge with purified protein derivative. In addition, SK&F 86002 produced dose-related analgesia in mice, which was not reversed by the narcotic antagonist, naltexone. SK&F 86002 thus represents an orally active antiarthritic and analgesic compound with novel antiinflammatory properties.
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Griswold DE, Alessi S, Badger AM, Poste G, Hanna N. Differential sensitivity of T suppressor cell expression to inhibition by histamine type 2 receptor antagonists. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1986; 137:1811-5. [PMID: 2875110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the histamine type 2 (H2) receptor antagonists cimetidine and oxmetidine to inhibit the immune suppression mediated by different types of murine T suppressor cells has been evaluated. Both compounds at doses as low as 1 mg/kg administered as a per os (p.o.) twice a day (b.i.d.) regimen abrogated the expression of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced, Lyt-2+, T suppressor cells and stimulated contact sensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene in adoptive transfer experiments. Comparable inhibition of Lyt-1+, T suppressor cell activity induced by UV irradiation required higher doses of cimetidine and oxmetidine (200 and 25 mg/kg; p.o., b.i.d., respectively). In contrast, the T suppressor cell-mediated unresponsiveness induced by inoculation with a high dose of sheep red blood cells was refractory to treatment in vivo with either cimetidine or oxmetidine regardless of the dose. These results indicate that T suppressor cell populations differ markedly in their susceptibility to modulation by H2 antagonists. The histamine type 1 (H1) receptor antagonist diphenhydramine, had no effect on suppressor cell activity in any of these systems, indicating that modulation of suppressor cell activity is mediated through an H2 receptor interaction.
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Griswold DE, Alessi S, Badger AM, Poste G, Hanna N. Differential sensitivity of T suppressor cell expression to inhibition by histamine type 2 receptor antagonists. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1986. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.137.6.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of the histamine type 2 (H2) receptor antagonists cimetidine and oxmetidine to inhibit the immune suppression mediated by different types of murine T suppressor cells has been evaluated. Both compounds at doses as low as 1 mg/kg administered as a per os (p.o.) twice a day (b.i.d.) regimen abrogated the expression of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced, Lyt-2+, T suppressor cells and stimulated contact sensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene in adoptive transfer experiments. Comparable inhibition of Lyt-1+, T suppressor cell activity induced by UV irradiation required higher doses of cimetidine and oxmetidine (200 and 25 mg/kg; p.o., b.i.d., respectively). In contrast, the T suppressor cell-mediated unresponsiveness induced by inoculation with a high dose of sheep red blood cells was refractory to treatment in vivo with either cimetidine or oxmetidine regardless of the dose. These results indicate that T suppressor cell populations differ markedly in their susceptibility to modulation by H2 antagonists. The histamine type 1 (H1) receptor antagonist diphenhydramine, had no effect on suppressor cell activity in any of these systems, indicating that modulation of suppressor cell activity is mediated through an H2 receptor interaction.
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88
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Griswold DE, Hillegass L, Antell L, Shatzman A, Hanna N. Quantitative Western blot assay for measurement of the murine acute phase reactant, serum amyloid P component. J Immunol Methods 1986; 91:163-8. [PMID: 3525679 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(86)90474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantitation of the murine acute-phase reactant, serum amyloid P component (SAP), by Western blot is described. The assay is sensitive, reliable and inexpensive. Electrophoresis in standard SDS-polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE) effectively separates SAP from other serum proteins. Electrophoretic blotting of SAP from the SDS-PAGE onto nitrocellulose (NC) paper is followed by a bovine serum albumin 'blocking' wash and exposure to anti-SAP antibody. Subsequent incubation with radioiodinated protein A was followed by autoradiography, and SAP bands were cut from the NC paper and counted in a gamma counter. The utility of this method for quantitation of SAP in biological fluids was verified using sera from normal mice and mice undergoing an acute inflammatory response. The results confirm the elevation of SAP associated with acute inflammation. The sensitivity of this technique coupled with the minute volumes of biological sample required renders it of potential utility for SAP quantitation in a variety of inflammatory disease states.
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Abstract
An investigation of the phlogistic activity of LTD4 in the mouse was accomplished by examination of its ability to cause increased capillary permeability and edema formation following subcutaneous administration. It was observed that nanogram quantities of LTD4 caused edema and increased capillary permeability in a dose-related manner. The increase in capillary permeability was not inhibited by pretreatment with indomethacin and thus was unrelated to the production of cyclo-oxygenase products. These data suggest that LTD4 can mediate the edematous phase of the inflammatory response in the mouse and illustrate the sensitivity of this species to LTD4.
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90
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Griswold DE, Antell L, Bender PE, Hanna N, Poste G. Induction of suppressor cells, interleukin-2 production and mitogenesis with monomeric concanavalin A: different actions of tetrameric and monomeric concanavalin A. Mol Immunol 1985; 22:1311-6. [PMID: 2937999 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(85)90051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a photoalkylated monomeric concanavalin A (Con A) derivative to induce mitogenesis, interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and suppressor cells in murine spleen cell cultures has been compared with the activity of native, tetrameric Con A. The monomeric derivative was prepared by photochemically induced alkylation of tryptophan residues of tetravalent Con A in the presence of chloroacetamide followed by sizing chromatography [Tanaka et al. (1981) J. Biochem. 89, 1643-1646]. The monomeric derivative appeared to display less mitogenic activity than the tetramer and was also less effective in inducing IL-2 production. No difference was detected between the monomeric and tetrameric forms of Con A in inducing suppressor cells. The data suggest that cross-linking and bridging via sugar-binding sites, while potentiating mitogenesis and IL-2 production, had little effect on suppressor cell induction.
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91
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Bender PE, Hill DT, Offen PH, Razgaitis K, Lavanchy P, Stringer OD, Sutton BM, Griswold DE, DiMartino M, Walz DT. 5,6-Diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: a new class of immunoregulatory antiinflammatory agents. J Med Chem 1985; 28:1169-77. [PMID: 4032421 DOI: 10.1021/jm00147a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of substituted 5,6-diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles were synthesized and evaluated in the rat adjuvant-induced arthritis and mouse oxazolone-induced contact sensitivity assays to determine the potential of these compounds for use as immunoregulatory antiinflammatory agents. This class of compounds was derived by combining salient structural features of the antiinflammatory agent flumizole and the immunoregulatory drug levamisole. Unlike the latter two, a number of compounds in the target series were found to possess the desired combination of activities. Exploration of structure-activity relationships in the adjuvant-induced arthritic rat assay revealed that optimal potency was exhibited by symmetrically substituted 5,6-diaryl compounds having one of the following alkyl heteroatom or halogen functions at the para position: methoxy, ethoxy, methylthio, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, fluoro, or chloro. Scrambling of these two substituent classes to yield the asymmetrically substituted 5,6-diaryl compounds resulted in potent activity only with the 5-alkyl heteroatom, 6-halo-substituted regioisomers. However in the oxazolone-induced contact sensitivity assay, no consistent relationship of variation in activity with structural change was apparent. The initial target compound 5,6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (1) was compared with its progenitors in additional models of inflammation and immunoregulation.
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Griswold DE, Lee JC, Poste G, Hanna N. Modulation of macrophage-lymphocyte interactions by the antiarthritic gold compound, auranofin. J Rheumatol 1985; 12:490-7. [PMID: 2931519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Auranofin (AF), a new oral gold agent effective for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was evaluated for its ability to alter macrophage and lymphocyte functions of immune mediated chronic inflammation. AF (2 microM) inhibited antigen presentation by splenic macrophages to sensitized (DNFB) lymph node cells in vitro and also inhibited production of IL-2 and IL-1 by lymphocytes and macrophages, respectively. When AF suppressed Con-A induced mitogenesis in vitro, there were no inhibitory effects on Con-A induced suppressor T cell functions. AF administered orally to normal mice did not affect antigen presentation. DNFB contact sensitivity or Con-A induced mitogenesis. High concentrations of topical AF inhibited local immune responses to contact sensitizing agents and enhanced the induction of antigen specific suppressor T cells. Optimally, in vitro or in vivo AF inhibited macrophage and helper T cell functions with impairing the induction of suppressor T cells. After chronic treatment, similar effects could contribute to the efficacy of AF in humans with RA.
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93
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Muirhead KA, Kloszewski ED, Antell LA, Griswold DE. Identification of live cells for flow cytometric analysis of lymphoid subset proliferation in low viability populations. J Immunol Methods 1985; 77:77-86. [PMID: 3882845 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(85)90185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Combined analysis of single cell DNA content and immunofluorescence by flow cytometry is complementary to tritiated thymidine analysis of cellular proliferation, allowing detailed dissection of particular cell types in a mixed population which respond proliferatively to selective stimuli. However, in vitro culture of primary immune cells (e.g., mouse spleen or lymph node) for periods of 24-72 h frequently results in a considerable fraction of non-viable cells which bind antibodies non-specifically, resulting in altered immunofluorescence distributions, inaccurate distinctions between positive and negative cells, and sometimes in misleading DNA distributions. Forward angle light scatter cannot readily be used to distinguish live from dead cells in this case because of the heterogeneous size distributions characteristic of cultured populations. We describe a method which uses treatment with DNAase prior to immunofluorescence staining to allow more accurate distinction between live and dead cells. This treatment markedly reduces the intensity of DNA staining for non-viable cells, providing complete live/dead discrimination and improved ability to analyze the proliferative status of specific cell subtypes in low viability cultures.
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94
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Webb EF, Griswold DE. Microprocessor-assisted plethysmograph for the measurement of mouse paw volume. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS 1984; 12:149-53. [PMID: 6536818 DOI: 10.1016/0160-5402(84)90032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible method of measuring mouse paw volume was developed by interfacing a Mettler DeltaRange top-loading balance with a microcomputer. This methodology combined ease of operation and precision with the advantages of computer-controlled data processing and archivable storage of data.
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95
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Griswold DE, Alessi S, Badger AM, Poste G, Hanna N. Inhibition of T suppressor cell expression by histamine type 2 (H2) receptor antagonists. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1984; 132:3054-7. [PMID: 6202771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of histamine type 2 (H2) receptor antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine, on the induction and expression of hapten-specific suppressor T cells was studied. The activity of DNBSO3 -induced suppressor cells was evaluated after adoptive transfer to naive syngeneic recipients. Treatment with cimetidine or ranitidine markedly inhibited suppressor T cell activity in a dose-related manner and enhanced the contact sensitivity response to DNFB. Both H2 antagonists were effective in inhibiting the expression and, to a lesser extent, the induction of suppressor T cells. In contrast, norburimamide , a non-H2 antagonist structurally related to cimetidine, was inactive. The relevance of these findings to the clinical observation of cimetidine-induced reversal of acquired tolerance to dinitrochlorobenzene in anergic patients is discussed.
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Griswold DE, Alessi S, Badger AM, Poste G, Hanna N. Inhibition of T suppressor cell expression by histamine type 2 (H2) receptor antagonists. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1984. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.132.6.3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The effect of histamine type 2 (H2) receptor antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine, on the induction and expression of hapten-specific suppressor T cells was studied. The activity of DNBSO3 -induced suppressor cells was evaluated after adoptive transfer to naive syngeneic recipients. Treatment with cimetidine or ranitidine markedly inhibited suppressor T cell activity in a dose-related manner and enhanced the contact sensitivity response to DNFB. Both H2 antagonists were effective in inhibiting the expression and, to a lesser extent, the induction of suppressor T cells. In contrast, norburimamide , a non-H2 antagonist structurally related to cimetidine, was inactive. The relevance of these findings to the clinical observation of cimetidine-induced reversal of acquired tolerance to dinitrochlorobenzene in anergic patients is discussed.
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Lantos I, Bender PE, Razgaitis KA, Sutton BM, DiMartino MJ, Griswold DE, Walz DT. Antiinflammatory activity of 5,6-diaryl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles. Isomeric 4-pyridyl and 4-substituted phenyl derivatives. J Med Chem 1984; 27:72-5. [PMID: 6690686 DOI: 10.1021/jm00367a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Isomeric 5(6)-(4-pyridyl)- and 6(5)-(4-substituted-phenyl)-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles were prepared by a mixed benzoin-imidazothione route, and their structures were assigned by spectral comparison to compounds of established substitution pattern. The structural assignment was confirmed by X-ray analysis. Examination of the compounds for antiinflammatory activity by an adjuvant arthritic rat assay revealed strikingly higher potencies for one analogous series than for their isomers. This selectivity was paralleled in the ability to stimulate cell-mediated immunity, as reflected in an oxazolone-induced contact sensitivity model. A drug-receptor complex is proposed that requires at least three sites of interactions.
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Walz DT, DiMartino MJ, Griswold DE, Intoccia AP, Flanagan TL. Biologic actions and pharmacokinetic studies of auranofin. Am J Med 1983; 75:90-108. [PMID: 6318557 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The preclinical profiles of auranofin (Ridaura), an oral chrysotherapeutic agent, parenteral gold sodium thiomalate, gold thioglucose, and their respective ligands were compared. Auranofin was more effective than gold sodium thiomalate in suppressing inflammation and stimulating cell-mediated immunity. In contrast to gold sodium thiomalate and gold thioglucose, auranofin inhibited cellular release of lysosomal enzymes, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, production of antibodies in adjuvant arthritic rats, and antibodies involved in cytotoxicity reactions. The respective ligands were without significant biologic activity. In rats, a higher fraction of gold was associated with blood cells after auranofin administration than after gold sodium thiomalate. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of auranofin are uniquely different from other gold compounds.
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Griswold DE, Badger AM, Bender PE, Sitrin RD, Antell L, Greig RG, Poste G. Differential effects of intact subunits and nicked fragments of concanavalin A on immune functions in vitro and in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1983. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.131.4.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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100
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Griswold DE, Badger AM, Bender PE, Sitrin RD, Antell L, Greig RG, Poste G. Differential effects of intact subunits and nicked fragments of concanavalin A on immune functions in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1983; 131:1626-8. [PMID: 6225794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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