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Lorusso A, Ciacci-Zanella JR, Zanella EL, Pena L, Perez DR, Lager KM, Rajão DS, Loving CL, Kitikoon P, Vincent AL. Polymorphisms in the haemagglutinin gene influenced the viral shedding of pandemic 2009 influenza virus in swine. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2618-2626. [PMID: 25127710 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.067926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the viral surface glycoprotein haemagglutinin (HA) and the corresponding receptors on host cells is one important aspect of influenza virus infection. Mutations in HA have been described to affect pathogenicity, antigenicity and the transmission of influenza viruses. Here, we detected polymorphisms present in HA genes of two pandemic 2009 H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) isolates, A/California/04/2009 (Ca/09) and A/Mexico/4108/2009 (Mx/09), that resulted in amino acid changes at positions 186 (S to P) and 194 (L to I) of the mature HA1 protein. Although not reported in the published H1N1pdm09 consensus sequence, the P186 genotype was more readily detected in primary infected and contact-naïve pigs when inoculated with a heterogeneous mixed stock of Ca/09. Using reverse genetics, we engineered Ca/09 and Mx/09 genomes by introducing Ca/09 HA with two naturally occurring variants expressing S186/I194 (HA-S/I) and P186/L194 (HA-P/L), respectively. The Ca/09 HA with the combination of P186/L194 with either the Ca/09 or Mx/09 backbone resulted in higher and prolonged viral shedding in naïve pigs. This efficiency appeared to be more likely through an advantage in cell surface attachment rather than replication efficiency. Although these mutations occurred within the receptor-binding pocket and the Sb antigenic site, they did not affect serological cross-reactivity. Relative increases of P186 in publicly available sequences from swine H1N1pdm09 viruses supported the experimental data, indicating this amino acid substitution conferred an advantage in swine.
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Gonzalez G, Marshall JF, Morrell J, Robb D, McCauley JW, Perez DR, Parrish CR, Murcia PR. Infection and pathogenesis of canine, equine, and human influenza viruses in canine tracheas. J Virol 2014; 88:9208-19. [PMID: 24899186 PMCID: PMC4136294 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00887-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A viruses (IAVs) can jump species barriers and occasionally cause epidemics, epizootics, pandemics, and panzootics. Characterizing the infection dynamics at the target tissues of natural hosts is central to understanding the mechanisms that control host range, tropism, and virulence. Canine influenza virus (CIV; H3N8) originated after the transfer of an equine influenza virus (EIV) into dogs. Thus, comparing CIV and EIV isolates provides an opportunity to study the determinants of influenza virus emergence. Here we characterize the replication of canine, equine, and human IAVs in the trachea of the dog, a species to which humans are heavily exposed. We define a phenotype of infection for CIV, which is characterized by high levels of virus replication and extensive tissue damage. CIV was compared to evolutionarily distinct EIVs, and the early EIV isolates showed an impaired ability to infect dog tracheas, while EIVs that circulated near the time of CIV emergence exhibited a CIV-like infection phenotype. Inoculating dog tracheas with various human IAVs (hIAVs) showed that they infected the tracheal epithelium with various efficiencies depending on the virus tested. Finally, we show that reassortant viruses carrying gene segments of CIV and hIAV are viable and that addition of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of CIV to the 2009 human pandemic virus results in a virus that replicates at high levels and causes significant lesions. This provides important insights into the role of evolution on viral emergence and on the role of HA and NA as determinants of pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have entered new host species in recent history, sometimes with devastating consequences. Canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N8 originated from a direct transfer of an equine influenza virus (EIV) in the early 2000s. We studied the infection patterns of IAVs that circulate in dogs or to which dogs are commonly exposed and showed that CIV emergence was likely caused by an adaptive driver, as evolutionarily distinct EIVs display distinct infection phenotypes. We also showed that many human viruses can infect dog tracheas and that reassortment with CIV results in viable viruses. Finally, we showed that the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of CIV act as virulence factors. Our findings have significant implications because they show that dogs might act as "mixing vessels" in which novel viruses with pandemic potential could emerge and also provide experimental evidence supporting the role of viral evolution in influenza virus emergence.
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Perez DR, Kemeny NE, Brown KT, Gewirtz AN, Paty PB, Jarnagin WR, D'Angelica MI. Angiographic identification of extrahepatic perfusion after hepatic arterial pump placement: implications for surgical prevention. HPB (Oxford) 2014; 16:744-8. [PMID: 24345007 PMCID: PMC4113257 DOI: 10.1111/hpb.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) chemotherapy is an effective treatment for patients with liver malignancy. Extrahepatic perfusion (EHP) after HAI pump placement requires correction prior to starting chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to define the origin of arterial branches causing EHP in order to determine if alterations in surgical technique during pump placement might prevent EHP. METHODS A prospectively maintained, single-centre HAI database was reviewed for all patients (2008-2011) with EHP. The origin of arterial branches causing EHP was classified anatomically and patient outcomes were analysed. RESULTS Of the 327 patients with pumps implanted, 24 evidenced EHP. The arterial branch responsible for EHP perfused the duodenum, pancreas and/or stomach. The branch responsible for EHP arose from the proper hepatic artery (PHA), 1(st) , 2(nd) , or 3(rd) order hepatic artery branches in 7, 10, 5 and 2 patients, respectively. The majority of branches beyond the PHA causing EHP (13/17) originated from the right hepatic artery. In 18 patients, aberrant branches were successfully treated with embolization. CONCLUSION These findings provide the anatomic basis for prevention of up to one-third of the cases of EHP intra-operatively, decreasing the number of patients who will require additional procedures for correction of EHP post-operatively.
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Kitikoon P, Gauger PC, Anderson TK, Culhane MR, Swenson S, Loving CL, Perez DR, Vincent AL. Swine influenza virus vaccine serologic cross-reactivity to contemporary US swine H3N2 and efficacy in pigs infected with an H3N2 similar to 2011-2012 H3N2v. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 7 Suppl 4:32-41. [PMID: 24224818 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swine influenza A virus (IAV) reassortment with 2009 H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm09) virus has been documented, and new genotypes and subclusters of H3N2 have since expanded in the US swine population. An H3N2 variant (H3N2v) virus with the H1N1pdm09 matrix gene and the remaining genes of swine triple reassortant H3N2 caused outbreaks at agricultural fairs in 2011-2012. METHODS To assess commercial swine IAV vaccines' efficacy against H3N2 viruses, including those similar to H3N2v, antisera to three vaccines were tested by hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assay against contemporary H3N2. Vaccine 1, with high HI cross-reactivity, was further investigated for efficacy against H3N2 virus infection in pigs with or without maternally derived antibodies (MDA). In addition, efficacy of a vaccine derived from whole inactivated virus (WIV) was compared with live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) against H3N2. RESULTS Hemagglutinin inhibition cross-reactivity demonstrated that contemporary swine H3N2 viruses have drifted from viruses in current swine IAV vaccines. The vaccine with the highest level of HI cross-reactivity significantly protected pigs without MDA. However, the presence of MDA at vaccination blocked vaccine efficacy. The performance of WIV and LAIV was comparable in the absence of MDA. CONCLUSIONS Swine IAV in the United States is complex and dynamic. Vaccination to minimize virus shedding can help limit transmission of virus among pigs and people. However, vaccines must be updated. A critical review of the use of WIV in sows is required in the context of the current IAV ecology and vaccine application in pigs with MDA.
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El Gammal AT, Sander N, Foelster A, Konczalla L, Friedenberger H, Guengoer C, Wolters-Eisfeld G, Sreseli R, Hofmann BT, Izbicki JR, Bockhorn M, Perez DR. The role of RANK-signaling in tumor cell proliferation and migration in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.e15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ramey AM, Poulson RL, González-Reiche AS, Perez DR, Stallknecht DE, Brown JD. Genomic characterization of H14 subtype Influenza A viruses in new world waterfowl and experimental infectivity in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). PLoS One 2014; 9:e95620. [PMID: 24788792 PMCID: PMC4006863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent repeated isolation of H14 hemagglutinin subtype influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the New World waterfowl provides evidence to suggest that host and/or geographic ranges for viruses of this subtype may be expanding. In this study, we used genomic analyses to gain inference on the origin and evolution of H14 viruses in New World waterfowl and conducted an experimental challenge study in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) to evaluate pathogenicity, viral replication, and transmissibility of a representative viral strain in a natural host species. Genomic characterization of H14 subtype IAVs isolated from New World waterfowl, including three isolates sequenced specifically for this study, revealed high nucleotide identity among individual gene segments (e.g. ≥95% shared identity among H14 HA gene segments). In contrast, lower shared identity was observed among internal gene segments. Furthermore, multiple neuraminidase subtypes were observed for H14 IAVs isolated in the New World. Gene segments of H14 viruses isolated after 2010 shared ancestral genetic lineages with IAVs isolated from wild birds throughout North America. Thus, genomic characterization provided evidence for viral evolution in New World waterfowl through genetic drift and genetic shift since purported introduction from Eurasia. In the challenge study, no clinical disease or lesions were observed among mallards experimentally inoculated with A/blue-winged teal/Texas/AI13-1028/2013(H14N5) or exposed via contact with infected birds. Titers of viral shedding for mallards challenged with the H14N5 IAV were highest at two days post-inoculation (DPI); however shedding was detected up to nine DPI using cloacal swabs. The distribution of viral antigen among mallards infected with H14N5 IAV was largely restricted to enterocytes lining the villi in the lower intestinal tract and in the epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius. Characterization of the infectivity of A/blue-winged teal/Texas/AI13-1028/2013(H14N5) in mallards provides support for similarities in viral replication and shedding as compared to previously described waterfowl-adapted, low pathogenic IAV strains in ducks.
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Blanco JC, Boukhvalova MS, Perez DR, Vogel SN, Kajon A. Modeling Human Respiratory Viral Infections in the Cotton Rat ( Sigmodon hispidus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:40-42. [PMID: 25635205 DOI: 10.4172/jaa.1000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For over three decades, cotton rats have been a preferred model for human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection and pathogenesis, and a reliable model for an impressive list of human respiratory pathogens including adenoviruses, para influenza virus, measles, and human metapneumo virus. The most significant contribution of the cotton rat to biomedical research has been the development of anti-RSV antibodies for prophylactic use in high-risk infants. More recently, however, the cotton rat model has been further explored as a model for infection with other respiratory viral pathogens including influenza and rhinovirus.Together with RSV, these viruses inflict the greatest impact on the human respiratory health.This review will focus on the characteristics of these new models and their potential contribution to the development of new therapies.
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Fouchier RAM, Kawaoka Y, Cardona C, Compans RW, García-Sastre A, Govorkova EA, Guan Y, Herfst S, Orenstein WA, Peiris JSM, Perez DR, Richt JA, Russell C, Schultz-Cherry SL, Smith DJ, Steel J, Tompkins SM, Topham DJ, Treanor JJ, Tripp RA, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Gain-of-function experiments on H7N9. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013. [PMID: 23929965 DOI: 10.1126/science.341.6146.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Fouchier RAM, Kawaoka Y, Cardona C, Compans RW, García-Sastre A, Govorkova EA, Guan Y, Herfst S, Orenstein WA, Peiris JSM, Perez DR, Richt JA, Russell C, Schultz-Cherry SL, Smith DJ, Steel J, Tompkins SM, Topham DJ, Treanor JJ, Tripp RA, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Gain-of-Function Experiments on H7N9. Science 2013; 341:612-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1243325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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86
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Boyce WM, Mena I, Yochem PK, Gulland FM, García-Sastre A, Moreno N, Perez DR, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Stewart BS. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in marine mammals in California. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e40. [PMID: 26038474 PMCID: PMC3698372 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pena L, Sutton T, Chockalingam A, Kumar S, Angel M, Shao H, Chen H, Li W, Perez DR. Influenza viruses with rearranged genomes as live-attenuated vaccines. J Virol 2013; 87:5118-27. [PMID: 23449800 PMCID: PMC3624320 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02490-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza virus subtypes top the World Health Organization's list for the greatest pandemic potential. Inactivated H5N1 vaccines induce limited immune responses and, in the case of live-attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIV), there are safety concerns regarding the possibility of reassortment between the H5 gene segment and circulating influenza viruses. In order to overcome these drawbacks, we rearranged the genome of an avian H9N2 influenza virus and expressed the entire H5 hemagglutinin open reading frame (ORF) from the segment 8 viral RNA. These vectors had reduced polymerase activities as well as viral replication in vitro and excellent safety profiles in vivo. Immunization with the dual H9-H5 influenza virus resulted in protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice and ferrets, and also against a potentially pandemic H9 virus. Our studies demonstrate that rearranging the influenza virus genome has great potential for the development of improved vaccines against influenza virus as well as other pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Female
- Ferrets
- Genetic Engineering
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Recombination, Genetic
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance has been scarce in most countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. Historically, avian influenza surveillance efforts in Central and South America have been localized in places where outbreaks in poultry have occurred. Since the emergence of the H5N1 subtype in Asia, active surveillance in wild birds has increased in a number of Latin American countries, including Barbados, Guatemala, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. A broad diversity of virus subtypes has been detected; however, nucleotide sequence data are still limited in comparison to other regions of the world. Here we review the current knowledge of AIV in Latin America, including phylogenetic relationships among publicly available viral genomes. Overall AIV reports are sparse across the region and the cocirculation of two distinct genetic lineages is puzzling. Phylogenetic analysis reflects bias in time and location where sampling has been conducted. Increased surveillance is needed to address the major determinants for AIV ecology, evolution, and transmission in the region.
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Blair PJ, Putnam SD, Krueger WS, Chum C, Wierzba TF, Heil GL, Yasuda CY, Williams M, Kasper MR, Friary JA, Capuano AW, Saphonn V, Peiris M, Shao H, Perez DR, Gray GC. Evidence for avian H9N2 influenza virus infections among rural villagers in Cambodia. J Infect Public Health 2013; 6:69-79. [PMID: 23537819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southeast Asia remains a critical region for the emergence of novel and/or zoonotic influenza, underscoring the importance of extensive sampling in rural areas where early transmission is most likely to occur. METHODS In 2008, 800 adult participants from eight sites were enrolled in a prospective population-based study of avian influenza (AI) virus transmission where highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus had been reported in humans and poultry from 2006 to 2008. From their enrollment sera and questionnaires, we report risk factor findings for serologic evidence of previous infection with 18 AI virus strains. RESULTS Serologic assays revealed no evidence of previous infection with 13 different low-pathogenic AI viruses or with HPAI avian-like A/Cambodia/R0404050/2007(H5N1). However, 21 participants had elevated antibodies against avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), validated with a monoclonal antibody blocking ELISA assay specific for avian H9. CONCLUSIONS Although cross-reaction from antibodies against human influenza viruses cannot be completely excluded, the study data suggest that a number of participants were previously infected with the avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2) virus, likely due to as yet unidentified environmental exposures. Prospective data from this cohort will help us better understand the serology of zoonotic influenza infection in a rural cohort in SE Asia.
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Perez DR, Trakarnsanga A, Shia J, Nash GM, Temple LK, Paty PB, Guillem JG, Garcia-Aguilar J, Bello D, Ariyan C, Carvajal RD, Weiser MR. Locoregional lymphadenectomy in the surgical management of anorectal melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:2339-44. [PMID: 23328972 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of lymph node metastasis on local tumor control and distant failure in patients with anorectal melanoma has not been fully studied. Understanding the significance of lymphatic dissemination might assist in stratifying patients for either organ preservation or radical surgery. METHODS A retrospective review of all patients with anorectal melanoma who underwent surgery at our institution between 1985 and 2010. Abdominoperineal resection (APR) was performed in 25 patients (39 %), and wide local excision (WLE) in 40 (61%). Extent of primary surgery and locoregional lymphadenectomy (mesorectal vs. inguinal vs. none) and pattern of treatment failure were analyzed. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were calculated. RESULTS In patients undergoing APR, DSS was not associated with presence (29 %) or absence (71 %) of metastatic melanoma in mesorectal lymph nodes. There was a trend toward improved DSS in patients with clinically negative inguinal lymph nodes (n = 17) compared with patients with proven inguinal metastasis (n = 6; P = 0.12). Type of surgery (WLE vs. APR) was not associated with subsequent development of distant disease. Twelve patients (18 %) had synchronous local and distant recurrence. Synchronous recurrence was not associated with surgical strategy used to treat primary tumor (P = 0.28). Perineural invasion (PNI) was significantly correlated with RFS (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Outcome following resection of anorectal melanoma is independent of locoregional lymph node metastasis; lymphadenectomy should be reserved for gross symptomatic disease. PNI is a powerful prognostic marker warranting further exploration in clinical trials.
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Perez DR, Baser RE, Cavnar MJ, Balachandran VP, Antonescu CR, Tap WD, Strong VE, Brennan MF, Coit DG, Singer S, Dematteo RP. Blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is prognostic in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 20:593-9. [PMID: 23054118 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system has been shown to play an important role in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in blood is an easily assessable parameter of systemic inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to determine whether the NLR is prognostic in GIST. METHODS A total of 339 previously untreated patients with primary, localized GIST operated at our institution between 1995 and 2010 were identified from a prospectively collected sarcoma database. NLR was assessed preoperatively. Patients who received adjuvant imatinib treatment were excluded from the analysis (n = 64). Cox regression models were calculated and correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS On univariate analysis, NLR was associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS) (P = 0.003, hazard ratio 3.3, 95 % confidence interval 1.5-7.4). Patients with a low NLR had a 1- and 5-year RFS of 98 and 91 %, compared with 89 and 76 % in those with a high NLR. The median RFS was not reached. Positive correlations were found between NLR and mitotic rate (Pearson correlation coefficient [r] = 0.15, P = 0.03), and NLR and tumor size (r = 0.36, P = 0.0001). RFS in patients with a GIST >5 cm with low NLR was significantly longer compared to patients with high NLR (P = 0.002). Flow cytometry analysis of freshly obtained GISTs revealed that neutrophils constituted a minimal percentage of intratumoral immune cells. CONCLUSIONS NLR is a surrogate for high-risk tumor features. Elevated blood NLR appears to represent systemic inflammation in patients with high-risk GIST.
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Loving CL, Vincent AL, Pena L, Perez DR. Heightened adaptive immune responses following vaccination with a temperature-sensitive, live-attenuated influenza virus compared to adjuvanted, whole-inactivated virus in pigs. Vaccine 2012; 30:5830-8. [PMID: 22835742 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the United States there are currently two influenza vaccine platforms approved for use in humans-conventional inactivated virus and live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV). One of the major challenges for influenza A virus (IAV) vaccination is designing a platform that provides protection across strains. Pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) IAV swept the globe in 2009 and crossed the species barrier, infecting swine in several countries. Pigs are a natural host for IAV and serve as a model for evaluating immune responses following vaccination and challenge. Recently, a temperature-sensitive (ts) LAIV was developed by introducing modifications in the polymerase genes of a swine-like triple reassortant (tr) virus and when paired with pandemic HA and NA, provided sterilizing immunity upon intratracheal challenge with virulent pH1N1 virus. The utility of a ts LAIV is expanded in this report to show vaccination of pigs induced a cell-mediated immune response characterized by an increased number of antigen-specific IFN-secreting cells and expanded T cell populations when compared to pigs vaccinated with a whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccine. Following challenge, there was a significant increase in the percentage of proliferating lymphocytes in the LAIV group compared to the WIV group following restimulation with pH1N1 in vitro. Also, there was an increase in the percentage of CD4/CD8 double-positive memory T cells in LAIV vaccinated pigs compared to WIV vaccinated pigs. Hemagglutination inhibition and serum neutralization titers were significantly higher in the LAIV-vaccinated pigs compared to the WIV vaccinated pigs following the initial dose of vaccine. Taken together, these results indicate the ts LAIV vaccine, generated from a triple reassortant IAV, elicits greater cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in pigs.
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Pena L, Vincent AL, Loving CL, Henningson JN, Lager KM, Li W, Perez DR. Strain-dependent effects of PB1-F2 of triple-reassortant H3N2 influenza viruses in swine. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2204-2214. [PMID: 22815274 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.045005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The PB1-F2 protein of the influenza A viruses (IAVs) can act as a virulence factor in mice. Its contribution to the virulence of IAV in swine, however, remains largely unexplored. In this study, we chose two genetically related H3N2 triple-reassortant IAVs to assess the impact of PB1-F2 in virus replication and virulence in pigs. Using reverse genetics, we disrupted the PB1-F2 ORF of A/swine/Wisconsin/14094/99 (H3N2) (Sw/99) and A/turkey/Ohio/313053/04 (H3N2) (Ty/04). Removing the PB1-F2 ORF led to increased expression of PB1-N40 in a strain-dependent manner. Ablation of the PB1-F2 ORF (or incorporation of the N66S mutation in the PB1-F2 ORF, Sw/99 N66S) affected the replication in porcine alveolar macrophages of only the Sw/99 KO (PB1-F2 knockout) and Sw/99 N66S variants. The Ty/04 KO strain showed decreased virus replication in swine respiratory explants, whereas no such effect was observed in Sw/99 KO, compared with the wild-type (WT) counterparts. In pigs, PB1-F2 did not affect virus shedding or viral load in the lungs for any of these strains. Upon necropsy, PB1-F2 had no effect on the lung pathology caused by Sw/99 variants. Interestingly, the Ty/04 KO-infected pigs showed significantly increased lung pathology at 3 days post-infection compared with pigs infected with the Ty/04 WT strain. In addition, the pulmonary levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and gamma interferon were regulated differentially by the expression of PB1-F2. Taken together, these results indicate that PB1-F2 modulates virus replication, virulence and innate immune responses in pigs in a strain-dependent fashion.
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Xu K, Ferreri L, Rimondi A, Olivera V, Romano M, Ferreyra H, Rago V, Uhart M, Chen H, Sutton T, Pereda A, Perez DR. Isolation and characterization of an H9N2 influenza virus isolated in Argentina. Virus Res 2012; 168:41-7. [PMID: 22709552 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of our ongoing efforts on animal influenza surveillance in Argentina, an H9N2 virus was isolated from a wild aquatic bird (Netta peposaca), A/rosy-billed pochard/Argentina/CIP051-559/2007 (H9N2) - herein referred to as 559/H9N2. Due to the important role that H9N2 viruses play in the ecology of influenza in nature, the 559/H9N2 isolate was characterized molecularly and biologically. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene revealed that the 559/H9N2 virus maintained an independent evolutionary pathway and shared a sister-group relationship with North American viruses, suggesting a common ancestor. The rest of the genome segments clustered with viruses from South America. Experimental inoculation of the 559/H9N2 in chickens and quail revealed efficient replication and transmission only in quail. Our results add to the notion of the unique evolutionary trend of avian influenza viruses in South America. Our study increases our understanding of H9N2 viruses in nature and emphasizes the importance of expanding animal influenza surveillance efforts to better define the ecology of influenza viruses at a global scale.
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Ye J, Shao H, Perez DR. Passive immune neutralization strategies for prevention and control of influenza A infections. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:175-86. [PMID: 22339460 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination significantly reduces influenza severity, seasonal human influenza epidemics still cause more than 250,000 deaths annually. Vaccine efficacy is limited in high-risk populations such as infants, the elderly and immunosuppressed individuals. In the event of an influenza pandemic (such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic), a significant delay in vaccine availability represents a significant public health concern, particularly in high-risk groups. The increasing emergence of strains resistant to the two major anti-influenza drugs, adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors, and the continuous circulation of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential in poultry, strongly calls for alternative prophylactic and treatment options. In this review, we focus on passive virus neutralization strategies for the prevention and control of influenza type A viruses.
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González-Reiche AS, Morales-Betoulle ME, Alvarez D, Betoulle JL, Müller ML, Sosa SM, Perez DR. Influenza a viruses from wild birds in Guatemala belong to the North American lineage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32873. [PMID: 22427902 PMCID: PMC3302778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role wild bird species play in the transmission and ecology of avian influenza virus (AIV) is well established; however, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the worldwide distribution of these viruses, specifically about the prevalence and/or significance of AIV in Central and South America. As part of an assessment of the ecology of AIV in Guatemala, we conducted active surveillance in wild birds on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. Cloacal and tracheal swab samples taken from resident and migratory wild birds were collected from February 2007 to January 2010.1913 samples were collected and virus was detected by real time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) in 28 swab samples from ducks (Anas discors). Virus isolation was attempted for these positive samples, and 15 isolates were obtained from the migratory duck species Blue-winged teal. The subtypes identified included H7N9, H11N2, H3N8, H5N3, H8N4, and H5N4. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral sequences revealed that AIV isolates are highly similar to viruses from the North American lineage suggesting that bird migration dictates the ecology of these viruses in the Guatemalan bird population.
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Fouchier RAM, García-Sastre A, Kawaoka Y, Barclay WS, Bouvier NM, Brown IH, Capua I, Chen H, Compans RW, Couch RB, Cox NJ, Doherty PC, Donis RO, Feldmann H, Guan Y, Katz J, Klenk HD, Kobinger G, Liu J, Liu X, Lowen A, Mettenleiter TC, Osterhaus ADME, Palese P, Peiris JSM, Perez DR, Richt JA, Schultz-Cherry S, Steel J, Subbarao K, Swayne DE, Takimoto T, Tashiro M, Taubenberger JK, Thomas PG, Tripp RA, Tumpey TM, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Pause on avian flu transmission research. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012. [PMID: 22282787 DOI: 10.1126/science.335.6067.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Perez DR. Public health and biosecurity. H5N1 debates: hung up on the wrong questions. Science 2012; 335:799-801. [PMID: 22267585 DOI: 10.1126/science.1219066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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99
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Cappuccio JA, Pena L, Dibárbora M, Rimondi A, Piñeyro P, Insarralde L, Quiroga MA, Machuca M, Craig MI, Olivera V, Chockalingam A, Perfumo CJ, Perez DR, Pereda A. Outbreak of swine influenza in Argentina reveals a non-contemporary human H3N2 virus highly transmissible among pigs. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2871-2878. [PMID: 21849519 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.036590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic outbreaks of human H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV) infections in swine populations have been reported in Asia, Europe and North America since 1970. In South America, serological surveys in pigs indicate that IAVs of the H3 and H1 subtypes are currently in circulation; however, neither virus isolation nor characterization has been reported. In November 2008, an outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs consistent with swine influenza virus (SIV) infection was detected in Argentina. The current study describes the clinical epidemiology, pathology, and molecular and biological characteristics of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the virus isolate shared nucleotide identities of 96-98 % with H3N2 IAVs that circulated in humans from 2000 to 2003. Antigenically, sera from experimentally inoculated animals cross-reacted mainly with non-contemporary human-origin H3N2 influenza viruses. In an experimental infection in a commercial swine breed, the virus was of low virulence but was transmitted efficiently to contact pigs and caused severe disease when an infected animal acquired a secondary bacterial infection. This is the first report of a wholly human H3N2 IAV associated with clinical disease in pigs in South America. These studies highlight the importance of two-way transmission of IAVs and SIVs between pigs and humans, and call for enhanced influenza surveillance in the pig population worldwide.
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Shao H, Ye J, Vincent AL, Edworthy N, Ferrero A, Qin A, Perez DR. A novel monoclonal antibody effective against lethal challenge with swine-lineage and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in mice. Virology 2011; 417:379-84. [PMID: 21774955 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The HA protein of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses (H1N1pdm) is antigenically closely related to the HA of classical North American swine H1N1 influenza viruses (cH1N1). Since 1998, through mutation and reassortment of HA genes from human H3N2 and H1N1 influenza viruses, swine influenza strains are undergoing substantial antigenic drift and shift. In this report we describe the development of a novel monoclonal antibody (S-OIV-3B2) that shows high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralization titers not only against H1N1pdm, but also against representatives of the α, β, and γ clusters of swine-lineage H1 influenza viruses. Mice that received a single intranasal dose of S-OIV-3B2 were protected against lethal challenge with either H1N1pdm or cH1N1 virus. These studies highlight the potential use of S-OIV-3B2 as effective intranasal prophylactic or therapeutic antiviral treatment for swine-lineage H1 influenza virus infections.
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