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Shamri R, Minai-Fleminger Y, Gangwar RS, Migalovich-Sheikhet H, Seaf M, Levi-Schaffer F. Author response to 'Staphylococcus aureus and primary lysis of eosinophils' by Dr Persson. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:490-1. [PMID: 25565468 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Landolina N, Gangwar RS, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells' integrated actions with eosinophils and fibroblasts in allergic inflammation: implications for therapy. Adv Immunol 2015; 125:41-85. [PMID: 25591464 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils (Eos) are the key players in the development of allergic inflammation (AI). Their cross-talk, named the Allergic Effector Unit (AEU), takes place through an array of soluble mediators and ligands/receptors interactions that enhance the functions of both the cells. One of the salient features of the AEU is the CD48/2B4 receptor/ligand binding complex. Furthermore, MCs and Eos have been demonstrated to play a role not only in AI but also in the modulation of its consequence, i.e., fibrosis/tissue remodeling, by directly influencing fibroblasts (FBs), the main target cells of these processes. In turn, FBs can regulate the survival, activity, and phenotype of both MCs and Eos. Therefore, a complex three players, MCs/Eos/FBs interaction, can take place in various stages of AI. The characterization of the soluble and physical mediated cross talk among these three cells might lead to the identification of both better and novel targets for the treatment of allergy and its tissue remodeling consequences.
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Siebenhaar F, Falcone FH, Tiligada E, Hammel I, Maurer M, Sagi-Eisenberg R, Levi-Schaffer F. The search for mast cell and basophil models--are we getting closer to pathophysiological relevance? Allergy 2015; 70:1-5. [PMID: 25155287 DOI: 10.1111/all.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Landolina NAC, Levi-Schaffer F. Eosinophils as a pharmacological target for the treatment of allergic diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 17:71-80. [PMID: 25128782 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are innate immune cells and active players in inflammatory responses. Their activation and increased levels in the blood and at specific sites are associated with parasitic infections and several inflammatory conditions, notably allergic diseases in which eosinophils are considered to be damaging cells. Intervention targeting eosinophils is thought to prevent and/or limit irreversible organ damage and other eosinophil-associated disorders like hypereosinophilic syndromes, some cancers and autoimmune diseases. Several eosinophil-targeted therapeutic agents which block specific steps in eosinophil differentiation, migration and activation have recently been developed, showing encouraging results and new insights into their specific role in allergy. Here, we review some potentially effective drug compounds, their drawbacks and future prospective focusing on allergic diseases.
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Mizrahi S, Gibbs BF, Karra L, Ben-Zimra M, Levi-Schaffer F. Siglec-7 is an inhibitory receptor on human mast cells and basophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:230-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Melo FR, Vita F, Berent-Maoz B, Levi-Schaffer F, Zabucchi G, Pejler G. Proteolytic histone modification by mast cell tryptase, a serglycin proteoglycan-dependent secretory granule protease. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7682-90. [PMID: 24478313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.546895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark feature of mast cells is their high content of cytoplasmic secretory granules filled with various preformed compounds, including proteases of tryptase-, chymase-, and carboxypeptidase A3 type that are electrostatically bound to serglycin proteoglycan. Apart from participating in extracellular processes, serglycin proteoglycan and one of its associated proteases, tryptase, are known to regulate cell death by promoting apoptosis over necrosis. Here we sought to outline the underlying mechanism and identify core histones as primary proteolytic targets for the serglycin-tryptase axis. During the cell death process, tryptase was found to relocalize from granules into the cytosol and nucleus, and it was found that the absence of tryptase was associated with a pronounced accumulation of core histones both in the cytosol and in the nucleus. Intriguingly, tryptase deficiency resulted in defective proteolytic modification of core histones even at baseline conditions, i.e. in the absence of cytotoxic agent, suggesting that tryptase has a homeostatic impact on nuclear events. Indeed, tryptase was found in the nucleus of viable cells and was shown to cleave core histones in their N-terminal tail. Moreover, it was shown that the absence of the serglycin-tryptase axis resulted in altered chromatin composition. Together, these findings implicate histone proteolysis through a secretory granule-derived serglycin-tryptase axis as a novel principle for histone modification, during both cell homeostasis and cell death.
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Gangwar RS, Levi-Schaffer F. Eosinophils interaction with mast cells: the allergic effector unit. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1178:231-249. [PMID: 24986621 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1016-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) and eosinophils are the key effector cells of allergy (Minai-Fleminger and Levi-Schaffer, Inflamm Res 58:631-638, 2009). In general, allergic reactions have two phases, namely, an early phase and a late phase. MC and eosinophils abundantly coexist in the inflamed tissue in the late and chronic phases and cross talk in a bidirectional manner. This bidirectional interaction between MC and eosinophils is mediated by both physical cell-cell contacts through cell surface receptors such as CD48 receptors CD48, 2B4 , 2B4 and soluble mediators through various specific granular mediators, arachidonic acid metabolites, cytokines cytokines , and chemokines, collectively termed the "Allergic Effector Unit" (AEU) (Elishmereni et al., Allergy 66:376-385, 2011; Minai-Fleminger et al., Cell Tissue Res 341:405-415, 2010). These bidirectional interactions can be studied in vitro in a customized coculture system of MC and eosinophils derived from either mouse or human source.
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Nissim Ben Efraim AH, Levi-Schaffer F. Roles of Eosinophils in the Modulation of Angiogenesis. CHEMICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2014; 99:138-54. [DOI: 10.1159/000353251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ben-Zimra M, Bachelet I, Seaf M, Gleich GJ, Levi-Schaffer F. Eosinophil major basic protein activates human cord blood mast cells primed with fibroblast membranes by integrin-β1. Allergy 2013; 68:1259-68. [PMID: 24112102 DOI: 10.1111/all.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cell (MC) - eosinophil (Eos) activating cross-talk might be critical for the severity and chronicity of allergy. Among soluble mediators, eosinophil major basic protein (MBP), a hallmark of allergy, is particularly important because it was shown to activate specific MC subtypes. We previously demonstrated that MBP activates IgE-desensitized rat MC and human lung and cord blood-derived MC (CBMC) after priming with fibroblast membranal stem cell factor. However, a distinct mechanism for this activation was missing. Therefore, we aimed to investigate it. METHODS Major basic protein-1 activation of CBMC primed with fibroblast-derived membranes (FBM) was measured by β-hexosaminidase and tryptase release. Chemical cross-linking followed by micrometric flow cytometry probed direct interactions. Antibodies neutralized integrin-β1 and recognized its active form. Pertussis toxin (Ptx) was used to decrease integrin-β1 active form expression. Hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) was identified by immunoprecipitation (IP) and silenced by siRNA. RESULTS Major basic protein-1-induced CBMC activation is mediated partly by MBP1-integrin-β1 interaction on the MC surface. FBM prime CBMC via a G protein, as confirmed by Ptx, to shift integrin-β1 to its active form. Following MBP1 binding, integrin-β1 binds Hck that further transduces the activation signal. MC priming with FBM leads to up-regulation in Hck protein level. MC integrin-β1 neutralization inhibits MBP1-induced activation and uptake. Hck silencing results with reduced MBP1-induced activation. CONCLUSIONS Fibroblast-derived membranes, integrin-β1, and Hck are involved in MBP1-induced activation of CBMC and therefore represent a distinct mechanism for this activation. This finding might implicate integrin-β1 and Hck as targets for decreasing MC - Eos activating cross-talk in allergy.
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Nissim Ben Efraim AH, Karra L, Ben-Zimra M, Levi-Schaffer F. The inhibitory receptor CD300a is up-regulated by hypoxia and GM-CSF in human peripheral blood eosinophils. Allergy 2013; 68:397-401. [PMID: 23346884 DOI: 10.1111/all.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils are involved in several inflammatory processes including allergic inflammation. It has been shown that eosinophil functions may be regulated by activating or inhibitory receptors. Hypoxia is a feature of inflamed tissues and has recently been shown to regulate eosinophil viability and pro-angiogenic potential. In this study, the effect of hypoxia and GM-CSF on the inhibitory receptor CD300a in human peripheral blood eosinophils was investigated. METHODS CD300a expression on eosinophils was analyzed by flow cytometry and evaluated by immuno-fluorescence; mRNA levels were evaluated by RT-PCR. RESULTS An increase in the expression of CD300a was observed in hypoxic eosinophils compared to the normoxic ones. GM-CSF strongly induced CD300a increase also after 3 h in culture. In addition, hypoxia augmented mRNA levels of CD300a. Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 abolished the hypoxia-/GM-CSF-induced CD300a increase. CONCLUSION CD300a expression is up-regulated by hypoxia, and GM-CSF where HIF-1 might play an important role. These results are important for the understanding of eosinophils behavior in inflamed tissue and suggest a new effect on their function in allergic inflammation. Taken together our data point out CD300a as a novel target for the treatment of allergy.
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Elishmereni M, Bachelet I, Nissim Ben-Efraim AH, Mankuta D, Levi-Schaffer F. Interacting mast cells and eosinophils acquire an enhanced activation state in vitro. Allergy 2013. [PMID: 23205534 DOI: 10.1111/all.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils (Eos), the key effector cells in allergy, are abundantly co-localized particularly in the late and chronic stages of allergic inflammation. Recent evidence has outlined a specialized 'allergic effector unit' in which MCs and Eos communicate via both soluble mediators and physical contact. However, the functional impact of this bi-directional crosstalk on the cells' effector activities has not yet been revealed. We aimed to investigate whether MC/eosinophil interactions can influence the immediate and late activation phenotypes of these cells. METHODS Human and murine MCs and Eos were co-cultured under various conditions for 1-2 h or 1-3 days, and in selected experiments cell-cell contact was blocked. Cell migration and mediator release were examined, and flow cytometry was applied to stain intracellular signaling molecules and surface receptors. RESULTS Eosinophils enhanced basal MCs mediator release and co-stimulated IgE-activated MCs through physical contact involving CD48-2B4 interactions. Reciprocally, resting and IgE-stimulated MCs led to eosinophil migration and activation through a paracrine-dependent mechanism. Increased phosphorylation of activation-associated signaling molecules, and enhanced release of tumor necrosis factor α, was observed in long-term co-cultures. Eosinophils also showed enhanced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, which depended on direct contact with MCs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a new role for MC/eosinophil interplay in augmenting short- and long-term activation in both cells, in a combined physical/paracrine manner. This enhanced functional activity may thus critically contribute to the perpetuation of the inflammatory response in allergic conditions.
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Minai-Fleminger Y, Gutgold A, Barhoum A, Eliashar R, Leibovici V, Berkman N, Levi-Schaffer F. Mechanisims of asthma and allergic disease – 1072: CD48: a novel biomarker for asthma? World Allergy Organ J 2013. [PMCID: PMC3643556 DOI: 10.1186/1939-4551-6-s1-p69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Gibbs BF, Sabato V, Bridts CH, Ebo DG, Ben-Zimra M, Levi-Schaffer F. Expressions and inhibitory functions of CD300a receptors on purified human basophils. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:884-6. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Micera A, Puxeddu I, Balzamino BO, Bonini S, Levi-Schaffer F. Chronic nerve growth factor exposure increases apoptosis in a model of in vitro induced conjunctival myofibroblasts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47316. [PMID: 23071784 PMCID: PMC3468503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the conjunctiva, repeated or prolonged exposure to injury leads to tissue remodeling and fibrosis associated with dryness, lost of corneal transparency and defect of ocular function. At the site of injury, fibroblasts (FB) migrate and differentiate into myofibroblasts (myoFB), contributing to the healing process together with other cell types, cytokines and growth factors. While the physiological deletion of MyoFB is necessary to successfully end the healing process, myoFB prolonged survival characterizes the pathological process of fibrosis. The reason for myoFB persistence is poorly understood. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), often increased in inflamed stromal conjunctiva, may represent an important molecule both in many inflammatory processes characterized by tissue remodeling and in promoting wound-healing and well-balanced repair in humans. NGF effects are mediated by the specific expression of the NGF neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (trkA(NGFR)) and/or the pan-neurotrophin glycoprotein receptor (p75(NTR)). Therefore, a conjunctival myoFB model (TGFβ1-induced myoFB) was developed and characterized for cell viability/proliferation as well as αSMA, p75(NTR) and trkA(NGFR) expression. MyoFB were exposed to acute and chronic NGF treatment and examined for their p75(NTR)/trkA(NGFR), αSMA/TGFβ1 expression, and apoptosis. Both NGF treatments significantly increased the expression of p75(NTR), associated with a deregulation of both αSMA/TGFβ1 genes. Acute and chronic NGF exposures induced apoptosis in p75(NTR) expressing myoFB, an effect counteracted by the specific trkA(NGFR) and/or p75(NTR) inhibitors. Focused single p75(NTR) and double trkA(NGFR)/p75(NTR) knocking-down experiments highlighted the role of p75(NTR) in NGF-induced apoptosis. Our current data indicate that NGF is able to trigger in vitro myoFB apoptosis, mainly via p75(NTR). The trkA(NGFR)/p75(NTR) ratio in favor of p75(NTR) characterizes this process. Due to the lack of effective pharmacological agents for balanced tissue repairs, these new findings suggest that NGF might be a suitable therapeutic tool in conditions with impaired tissue healing.
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Migalovich-Sheikhet H, Friedman S, Mankuta D, Levi-Schaffer F. Novel identified receptors on mast cells. Front Immunol 2012; 3:238. [PMID: 22876248 PMCID: PMC3410575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are major participants in the allergic reaction. In addition they possess immunomodulatory roles in the innate and adaptive immune reactions. Their functions are modulated through a number of activating and inhibitory receptors expressed on their surface. This review deals with some of the most recently described receptors, their expression patterns, ligand(s), signal transduction mechanisms, possible cross-talk with other receptors and, last but not least, regulatory functions that the MC can perform based on their receptor expression in health or in disease. Where the receptor role on MC is still not clear, evidences from other hematopoietic cells expressing them is provided as a possible insight for their function on MC. Suggested strategies to modulate these receptors’ activity for the purpose of therapeutic intervention are also discussed.
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Nissim Ben Efraim A, Karra L, Minai-Fleminger Y, Eliashar R, Levi-Schaffer F. Hypoxia Regulates Activation/Inhibitory Receptors on Eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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92
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Levi-Schaffer F, Micera A, Maquart F, Aloe L. Nerve Growth Factor Is Produced by Human Fibroblasts and Modulates Them: Role of Nerve Growth Factor in Tissue Repair. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1159/000053732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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93
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Draber P, Halova I, Levi-Schaffer F, Draberova L. Transmembrane adaptor proteins in the high-affinity IgE receptor signaling. Front Immunol 2012; 2:95. [PMID: 22566884 PMCID: PMC3342071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) initiates a cascade of signaling events leading to release of preformed inflammatory and allergy mediators and de novo synthesis and secretion of cytokines and other compounds. The first biochemically well defined step of this signaling cascade is tyrosine phosphorylation of the FcεRI subunits by Src family kinase Lyn, followed by recruitment and activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Activity of Syk is decisive for the formation of multicomponent signaling assemblies, the signalosomes, in the vicinity of the receptors. Formation of the signalosomes is dependent on the presence of transmembrane adaptor proteins (TRAPs). These proteins are characterized by a short extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail with various motifs serving as anchors for cytoplasmic signaling molecules. In mast cells five TRAPs have been identified [linker for activation of T cells (LAT), non-T cell activation linker (NTAL), linker for activation of X cells (LAX), phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane microdomains (PAG), and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2)-binding adaptor protein, transmembrane (GAPT)]; engagement of four of them (LAT, NTAL, LAX, and PAG) in FcεRI signaling has been documented. Here we discuss recent progress in the understanding of how TRAPs affect FcεRI-mediated mast cell signaling. The combined data indicate that individual TRAPs have irreplaceable roles in important signaling events such as calcium response, degranulation, cytokines production, and chemotaxis.
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Sabato V, Verweij MM, Bridts CH, Levi-Schaffer F, Gibbs BF, De Clerck LS, Schiavino D, Ebo DG. CD300a is expressed on human basophils and seems to inhibit IgE/FcεRI-dependent anaphylactic degranulation. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2011; 82:132-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cohen S, Efraim ANB, Levi-Schaffer F, Eliashar R. The effect of hypoxia and cycloxygenase inhibitors on nasal polyp derived fibroblasts. Am J Otolaryngol 2011; 32:564-73. [PMID: 21315485 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis is unknown. Chronic inflammation along with local tissue hypoxia may effect polyp's growth. Activation of Cycloxygenases may also be involved. COX-2 up-regulates in response to different stimuli including hypoxia. Its activation is associated with enhanced cell proliferation. Histologically, besides inflammatory cells, increased stromal fibrosis is seen in nasal polyposis. The aims of this study were to test whether hypoxia amplifies nasal polyp fibroblasts proliferation, whether treatment with various COX inhibitors could influence fibroblasts, and whether this effect may be modulated in response to different oxygenation conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polyp fibroblasts were incubated under hypoxic or normoxic conditions with or without NSAIDs at different concentrations for 12 or 24 hours. Cell proliferation was quantified using BrdU ELISA. Metabolic activity was evaluated using MTT assay. Cell death was measured using Annexin V staining and FACS scan. RESULTS No significant difference was found between proliferation of fibroblasts treated under hypoxia or normoxia. Cells incubated with indomethacin proliferated in a slightly enhanced manner compared with non-treated cells. Celecoxib inhibited fibroblast proliferation (P < .001) but did not influence cell survival. Metabolic activity of cells treated with celecoxib was significantly reduced (P < .003), unlike cells treated with indomethacin or rofecoxib. CONCLUSION Hypoxia does not affect fibroblasts proliferation. It may contribute to nasal polyposis pathogenesis in other ways. The anti-proliferative effect of celecoxib may be associated with cell cycle arrest rather than with pro-apoptotic activity. Celecoxib may be considered for treating nasal polyposis.
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Stoyanov E, Uddin M, Mankuta D, Dubinett SM, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells and histamine enhance the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Lung Cancer 2011; 75:38-44. [PMID: 21733595 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form of lung cancer with an extremely low survival rate. It is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process with intense mast cell infiltrate that is associated with reduced survival. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that mast cells have an enhancing effect on NSCLC proliferation. To assess the tumor-promoting potential of mast cells, we used the human alveolar basal adenocarcinoma (A549) and the mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell lines, umbilical cord blood-derived mast cells (CBMC) and the mast cell-deficient mouse Sash model. The proliferation rate of A549/LLC cells was markedly increased by mast cells and histamine. Histamine proliferating activity was mediated via H(1), H(2) and H(4) receptors and caused ERK phosphorylation. LLC induced in Sash mice or in wild-type mice treated with the mast cell stabilizer nedocromil sodium displayed an accelerated growth (number of metastic colonies in the lungs, total lung area and lung/total mice weight ratio). In summary, we have shown a significant effect of mast cells and histamine in enhancing NSCLC/LLCX growth in vitro, while in a mouse LLC model in vivo we have found that mast cells are important negative regulators of cancer development. Therefore our results would indicate a pro-tumorogenic effect of the mast cells in vitro on established lung tumor cell lines, and anti-tumorogenic effect in mice at lung cancer induction. In conclusion, mast cell/anti-histamine targeted therapies should carefully consider this dual effect.
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Shpacovitch VM, Feld M, Holzinger D, Kido M, Hollenberg MD, Levi-Schaffer F, Vergnolle N, Ludwig S, Roth J, Luger T, Steinhoff M. Role of proteinase-activated receptor-2 in anti-bacterial and immunomodulatory effects of interferon-γ on human neutrophils and monocytes. Immunology 2011; 133:329-39. [PMID: 21501162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) contributes to the development of inflammatory responses. However, investigations into the precise role of PAR(2) activation in the anti-microbial defence of human leucocytes are just beginning. We therefore evaluated the contribution of PAR(2) to the anti-microbial response of isolated human innate immune cells. We found that PAR(2) agonist, acting alone, enhances phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and killing of Escherichia coli by human leucocytes, and that the magnitude of the effect is similar to that of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). However, co-application of PAR(2) -cAP and IFN-γ did not enhance the phagocytic and bacteria-killing activity of leucocytes beyond that triggered by either agonist alone. On the other hand, IFN-γ enhances PAR(2) agonist-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) secretion by human neutrophils and monocytes. Furthermore, phosphoinositide-3 kinase and janus kinase molecules are involved in the synergistic effect of PAR(2) agonist and IFN-γ on MCP-1 secretion. Our findings suggest a potentially protective role of PAR(2) agonists in the anti-microbial defence established by human monocytes and neutrophils.
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Elishmereni M, Alenius HT, Bradding P, Mizrahi S, Shikotra A, Minai-Fleminger Y, Mankuta D, Eliashar R, Zabucchi G, Levi-Schaffer F. Physical interactions between mast cells and eosinophils: a novel mechanism enhancing eosinophil survival in vitro. Allergy 2011; 66:376-85. [PMID: 20977491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils (Eos) are the key effector cells of the allergic reaction. Although classically associated with different stages of the response, the cells co-exist in the inflamed tissue in the late and chronic phases in high numbers and are likely to cross-talk. While some mediators of MCs are known to affect Eos biology and vice versa, paracrine and physical interplay between the two cells has not been described yet. We aimed to investigate whether intercellular MC-Eos communication could take place in the allergic response and exert functional bidirectional changes on the cells. METHODS Tissue sections from various allergic disorders were specifically stained for both cells. Human cord blood-derived MCs and peripheral blood Eos, co-cultured under different conditions, were studied by advanced microscopy and flow cytometry. RESULTS Several co-localized MC-Eos pairs were detected in human nasal polyps and asthmatic bronchi, as well in mouse atopic dermatitis. In vitro, MCs and Eos formed stable conjugates at high rates, with clear membrane contact. In the presence of MCs, Eos were significantly more viable under several co-culture conditions and at both IgE-activated and steroid-inhibited settings. MC regulation of Eos survival required communication through soluble mediators but was even more dependent on physical cell-cell contact. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide the first evidence for a complex network of paracrine and membrane interactions between MCs and Eos. The prosurvival phenotype induced by this MC-Eos interplay may be critical for sustaining chronic allergic inflammation.
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Berent-Maoz B, Gur C, Vita F, Soranzo MR, Zabucchi G, Levi-Schaffer F. Influence of FAS on murine mast cell maturation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 106:239-44. [PMID: 21354026 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FAS has been shown to be involved in the regulation of many immune processes by induction of cellular apoptosis. However, accumulated evidence shows that FAS signaling also exhibits nonapoptotic functions, such as induction of cell proliferation and differentiation. FAS is the only death receptor known to be expressed on murine mast cells (MCs). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of FAS on murine MC maturation. METHODS Mouse bone marrow-derived MCs (BMMCs) or peritoneal MCs were derived from FAS-deficient, FASlpr/lpr, and congenic wild-type strains. The MC degranulation and cytokine release after IgE activation was assessed by measuring β-hexosaminidase, interleukin 13, and tumor necrosis factor α release. Transmission electron microscopy analysis was performed to evaluate the level of BMMC maturation. The surface markers and intracellular preformed mediators were measured as well. RESULTS Our data reveal that FAS deficiency has an impact on IgE-dependent activation of BMMCs, resulting in a significant decrease in β-hexosaminidase, interleukin 13, and tumor necrosis factor α release. The total content of preformed mediators (eg, tryptase and β-hexosaminidase) was reduced in BMMCs derived from FAS-deficient mice. We also found that the level of FcεRI in peritoneal mast cells from FAS-deficient mice was significantly diminished. FAS deficiency also influenced the kinetics of BMMC maturation as was revealed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. CONCLUSION Our data show that FAS has an impact on the regulation of mouse MC maturation in vitro.
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Elishmereni M, Levi-Schaffer F. CD48: A co-stimulatory receptor of immunity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:25-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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